Efeito de fungos contaminantes na produtividade de dois isolados de Agaricus blazei em duas formulações de composto

The effect of the contaminant fungi Trichoderma sp. and Chaetomium olivacearum on the cultivation of the ABL 99/30 and ABL 04/49 isolates of A. blazei in two compost formulations made up with tyfton (Cynodom dactylon) and oat (Avena sativa) was evaluated. The experimental design was a totally randomized 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design with 6 repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of 12-12.5 kg of wet compost. During the spawning, 150 g of Trichoderma sp. and C. olivacearum were added to the compost. The experiment was carried out in a climatized room, with humidity between 75-90% and temperature of 28º C. The productivity averages of the ABL 99/30 isolate of A. blazei were higher than those of ABL 04/49 and Trichoderma sp. and C. olivacearum negatively influenced the production of A. blazei. The different composts (based on tyfton and oat straw) did not influence the production of basidiomata.

Resíduos de bananeira como substrato base para o cultivo in vitro de Coprinus comatus

Coprinus comatus is an edible and lignolitic fungus which has presented great potential for commercial use due to its easy development in the different residues, such as banana tree leave. Thus, the mycelial growth of Coprinus comatus in culture media based on leaves of Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã, Pelipita and Caipira banana tree cultivars, supplemented with 20% of wheat, soy and rice brans, was evaluated. 7 mm-wide discs of CCO 01/01 strain of C. comatus were inoculated in the middle of Petri dishes containing culture medium, inside a laminar flow chamber. Next, the dishes were arranged totally at random inside an incubator at 25 ºC. The daily measurements of the mycelial growth began after 24 hours, until one of the treatments reached the borders of the Petri dish. According to the results obtained, we verified that there was not effect of the kind of supplementation for culture media based on Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã and Pelipita; the best growth averages for culture media based on Caipira were provided by wheat and rice brans. Therefore, banana residues may be a viable and ecologically correct choice for the cultivation of C. comatus, especially for Thap-Maeo and Prata Anã sorts, which provided the best growth averages, regardless of the supplementation used.

Cultivo in vitro de Pleurotus ostreatus em resíduos de bananeira

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus (strain POS 09/100) in culture media based on different banana tree residues. The experimental design was totally randomized in 3 x 4 factorial scheme and consisted in three combinations of residues (pseudostem, leave and pseudostem + leave) and four banana tree cultivars (Thap Maeo, Prata Anã, Pelipita and Caipira), totalizing twelve treatments each with five repetitions, adding up sixty experimental units. Growth was measured every 24 hours until the mycelium of one of the treatments reached the border of the Petri dish, what occurred five days after the beginning of the experiment. The results obtained showed that all the combinations of banana tree residues were favorable to P. ostreatus mycelial growth, especially pseudostem + leaf of Pelipita, Thap maeo and Prata anã cultivars. Thus, the use of banana tree residues is viable for cultivation of P. ostreatus, and considered as an excellent alternative, besides reducing their disposal in the environment.

Cadmium availability and accumulation by lettuce and rice

Among the toxic elements, Cd has received considerable attention in view of its association with a number of human health problems. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Cd availability and accumulation in soil, transfer rate and toxicity in lettuce and rice plants grown in a Cd-contaminated Typic Hapludox. Two simultaneous greenhouse experiments with lettuce and rice test plants were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four Cd rates (CdCl2), 0.0; 1.3; 3.0 and 6.0 mg kg(-1), based on the guidelines recommended by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Cetesb). Higher Cd rates increased extractable Cd (using Mehlich-3, Mehlich-1 and DTPA chemical extractants) and decreased lettuce and rice dry matter yields. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants. Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA extractants were effective in predicting soil Cd availability as well as the Cd concentration and accumulation in plant parts. Cadmium concentration in rice remained below the threshold for human consumption established by Brazilian legislation. on the other hand, lettuce Cd concentration in edible parts exceeded the acceptable limit.

Digestive and functional properties of a partially hydrolyzed cassava solid waste with high insoluble fiber concentration

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Shiitake (lentinula edodes) production on a sterilized bagasse substrate enriched with rice bran and sugarcane molasses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Postharvest quality of twelve onion cultivars grown in the Southeast of Brazil

Onions (Allium cepa L.) are grown in different parts of the Brazilian territory and are considered the third most important vegetable crop cultivated in the country, only behind potatoes and tomatoes. The present work was carried out aiming to evaluate the postharvest quality of twelve different onion cultivars grown in the Southeast of Brazil. Onions of the cultivars; 'Adocicada', 'Branca', 'Picante' and 'Roxa' were harvested in commercial fields and the cultivars 'Princesa', 'Serrana', 'Bulbo duplo', 'Granex 33', 'XP 6803', 'XP 8418', 'RP 6010' and 'Superex' were obtained in experimental fields. After harvest, bulbs were taken to the postharvest laboratory and evaluated for total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pungency (aliinase activity). For total soluble solids 'Superex' had the lowest sugar content (5.4 degrees Brix) whereas the cultivar named 'Picante' showed the highest Brix (11.0 degrees Brix) among the studied materials. For titratable acidity, it was verified that 'Serrana' had the lowest acid content (0.094 g piruvic acid.100 g(-1) FW) whereas 'Branca' showed the highest content of organic acids. When pungency was evaluated it was verified that aliinase activity varied from 1.37 pg piruvic acid.100 g(-1) FW for 'Adocicada' to 12.18 mu g piruvic acid.100 g(-1) FW for 'Roxa', which was considered to have hot pungency (high alliinase activity and low TSS/TA), whereas 'Bulbo duplo' was evaluated as pungent (high alliinase activity and TSS/TA). The combination of the studied characteristics indicated that an onion with high pungency must have high aliinase activity and titratable acidity, whereas sweet onions shall have high soluble solids contents and low aliinase activity. Based on this information, 'Branca' bulbs were considered acids (weak pungency and high acidity), whereas 'Adocicada', 'Princesa', and 'Serrana' bulbs are sweet, due to low alliinase activity and titratable acidity. 'Superex', 'XP 6803', 'Granex 33' and 'Picante' had a moderately pungent flavor (alliinase activity intermediate and low TSS/TA), but 'XP 8418' and 'RP 6010' flavor was evaluated as lightly pungent (low alliinase activity TSS/TA).

Transgenic lettuce seedlings carrying hepatitis B virus antigen HBsAg

The obtainment of transgenic edible plants carrying recombinant antigens is a desired issue in search for economic alternatives viewing vaccine production. Here we report a strategy for genetic transformation of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) using the surface antigen HBsAg of hepatitis B virus. Transgenic lettuce seedlings were obtained through the application of a regulated balance of plant growth regulators. Genetic transformation process was acquired by cocultivation of cotyledons with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the recombinant plasmid. It is the first description of a lettuce Brazilian variety Vitória de Verão genetically modified.

Diferentes Perfis de Aminoácidos para Frangos de Corte no Período de 43 a 56 Dias de Idade

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de duas marcas comerciais de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes perfis de aminoácidos. Dados de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), carcaça (rendimento de carcaça, peito, pernas, dorso, asas, pés, cabeça e gordura abdominal) e vísceras comestíveis (moela, fígado e coração) foram coletados. O experimento foi realizado no período de 43 a 56 dias de idade e o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4 (duas marcas comerciais -- Hubbard e HI-Yield, e quatro perfis de aminoácidos - NRC (1994), Rostagno et al. (1992), Degussa (1997) e AEC (1993)), com quatro repetições de 50 aves cada. Quando as diferentes recomendações foram comparadas, o nível de lisina foi mantido constante, utilizando o nível do NRC (1994) como padrão. As aves alimentadas com dietas formuladas segundo recomendações do NRC (1994) apresentaram menor ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. As aves da marca comercial Hubbard apresentaram melhor ganho de peso, porém o consumo e a conversão alimentar não foram alterados. O rendimento de carcaça não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Contudo, as aves da marca comercial Hubbard apresentaram melhor rendimento de pernas e as aves HI-Yield, melhor rendimento de peito. A gordura abdominal foi afetada pelos tratamentos estudados em que aves da marca comercial Hubbard e alimentadas de acordo com os níveis recomendados pelo AEC (1993) apresentaram menor porcentagem de gordura abdominal. Não ocorreu efeito significativo para as vísceras comestíveis.

Antimutagenic effect of Lentinula edodes (BERK.) Pegler mushroom and possible variation among lineages

This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of four different lineages (95/01, L1, 96/22 and JABK) of Lentinula edodes (BERK.) Pegler mushroom (shiitake) for inhibiting the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) clastogenicity in vivo. Male Swiss mice (10 animals/group) were treated during 15 consecutive days with dried mushroom added to basal diet under three different concentrations (1, 5 and 10%). At day 15, mice were intraperitoneally injected with ENU (50 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 24 h later for evaluation of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE). Negative and positive controls (10 animals each), receiving basal diet and saline or ENU ip injection, respectively, were also evaluated. Results showed that pretreatments with diets containing the lineages 95/01, L1 and 96/22 reduce the frequencies of MNPCE induced by ENU. The absence of an antimutagenic activity for the lineage JABK might be related to intrinsic differences among the lineages such as biochemical composition. Taken together, our data show that the differences in protective activities of the mushrooms need to be clarified in further studies and the mechanisms for such activities need to be investigated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Densidade básica da madeira de sete espécies e três clones de eucalipto antes e durante o cultivo de shiitake

Avaliou-se a densidade básica da madeira e casca de sete espécies (E. saligna, E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. citriodora, E. paniculata e E. pellita) e três clones de eucalipto (híbridos de E. grandis x E. urophylla) antes e durante o cultivo das linhagens LE-95/01 e LE-96/18 de shiitake (Lentinula edodes) em toras. Cada linhagem de shiitake foi inoculada em nove toras de cada tipo de eucalipto com 1 m de comprimento e 9 a 14 cm de diâmetro. Assim, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 20 tratamentos e 9 repetições, sendo cada repetição correspondente a uma tora. As toras foram mantidas em estufa climatizada, com temperatura de 25 ± 5ºC e umidade relativa do ar entre 60-80% durante 12 meses. Para a determinação da densidade básica, analisaram-se cunhas de discos e cascas de eucalipto recém-cortadas (sem inoculação das linhagens de L. edodes) e em cunhas de discos retirados de toras já inoculadas com as linhagens de L. edodes após 8 e 12 meses de incubação. Verificou-se que a densidade básica da madeira, ao longo do ciclo de cultivo, foi reduzida em todos os tipos de eucalipto.

APPLICATION of THE HAZARD ANALYSIS and CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEM on THE MUSHROOM PROCESSING LINE FOR FRESH CONSUMPTION

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive system that intends to guarantee the safety and harmlessness of food. It improves the quality of products as it eliminates possible defects during the process, and saves costs by practically eliminating final product inspection. This work describes the typical hazards encountered on the mushroom processing line for fresh consumption. Throughout the process, only the reception stage of mushrooms has been considered a critical control point (CCP). The main hazards at this stage were: the presence of unauthorised phytosanitary products; larger doses of such products than those permitted; the presence of pathogenic bacteria or thermo-stable enterotoxins. Putting into practice such knowledge would provide any industry that processes mushrooms for fresh consumption with a self-control HACCP-based system for its own productions.

Effect of supplementing compost with grapeseed meal on Agaricus bisporus production

BACKGROUND: This work assesses the agronomic performance of grapeseed meal, before and after oil extraction, in nutritional compost supplement when growing the mushroom species Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The effect of formaldehyde treatment before using this compost is also considered. Materials were applied at different doses at spawning. Along with non-supplemented compost, three commercial nutritional supplements were used as controls.RESULTS: In general terms, grapeseed meal performance was similar to that of commercial delayed-release nutrients, but improved the non-supplemented compost response. We highlight that grapeseed enhances performance as larger yields of harvested mushrooms were obtained with greater dry weight content; however, their protein content was lower. The best performance was displayed by fresh formaldehyde-treated grapeseed (6000 ppm) when applied to the 10 g kg(-1) compost dose.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that grapeseed meal offers a great potential to be applied on a commercial scale. The addition of grapeseed resulted in an enhanced performance as shown by the higher number of harvested mushrooms. The use of grapeseed meal (extracted or non-extracted), a low-cost ingredient with high levels of carbohydrates, may suppose an economic profit on the basis of the positive effect of adding carbon in the mushroom cultivation. (C) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Modelling the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials used as casing layers on the production parameters of Agaricus bisporus

The aim of this research was to show the mathematical data obtained through the correlations found between the physical and chemical characteristics of casing layers and the final mushrooms' properties. For this purpose, 8 casing layers were used: soil, soil + peat moss, soil + black peat, soil + composted pine bark, soil + coconut fibre pith, soil + wood fibre, soil + composted vine shoots and, finally, the casing of La Rioja subjected to the ruffling practice. The conclusion that interplays in the fructification process with only the physical and chemical characteristics of casing are complicated was drawn. The mathematical data obtained in earliness could be explained in non-ruffled cultivation. The variability observed for the mushroom weight and the mushroom diameter variables could be explained in both ruffled and non-ruffled cultivations. Finally, the properties of the final quality of mushrooms were established by regression analysis.

A Study of Compost Added to a Casing Technique in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation from Phase III Bulk Compost

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)