Biologia populacional de Cyphocarax modestus no córrego Ribeirão Claro, município de Rio Claro (SP)

This work aimed a better understanding of the annual cycle of Cyphocarax modestus in the reservoir of water captation of Ribeirao Claro stream. The growth parameters were estimated through the analysis of length distribution and the relationships among time of smaller growth, alimentary activity, fat accumulation and reproductive period were considered. Besides, the instantaneous rate of natural mortality was calculated. Monthly samplings were accomplished in the Ribeirao Claro stream, in the reservoir of water captation of Rio Claro city. For that, 50 m of wait net was used, with meshes of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 cm measured between adjacent knots. The ELEFAN I program was used to estimate the growth parameters, and its application was done using the FISAT program. It was also used the seasonal version of von Bertalanffy's growth curve. It was considered that the reproduction of C. modestus is annual and concentrated from December to February, allowing the identification of different modas in the distributions, an essential condition for the conduction of that analysis type. The estimated parameters were: K = 0.34/year, L [infinity] = 15.40 cm, C = 0.2, Wp = 0.6 and M = 0.949/year, with the identification of four cohorts. The physiologic sequence in the annual cycle of the specie could be noted when data of accumulated fat in the visceral cavity, alimentary activity, reproduction time and time of smaller growth were analyzed together. It was noted that with the beginning of the maturation of gonads, the energy resources stopped being invested in the growth and passed to be used for reproduction.

Mutilating predation in the Cheirodontinae Odontostilbe pequira (Characiformes: Characidae)

We observed individuals of Odontostilbe pequira, a small characid, approaching and biting individuals of larger-bodied fishes of other species. This observation was made in two clear water headwater streams of the Cuiaba basin, Paraguay River system, located in Nobres, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, which led us to investigate the behavioral interactions of these fish. We characterized behavioral interactions between species by direct underwater observations using snorkelling and video recordings. Additionally, we proceeded diet analyses of O. pequira, obtaining intestinal coefficient and the index of alimentary importance. During underwater observations we checked the relative frequency of attacks by O. pequira on larger fish species. Odontostilbe pequira attacked individually or in large groups, and the anostomid Leporinus friderici was the preferred target prey species, while Prochilodus lineatus was apparently avoided. Our study sustains that O. pequira is omnivorous, with a diet that varies seasonally. It feeds mainly on plants, but also on animal prey, including the scales of small fishes, and, possibly, the mucus and epidermis of larger fish species. We suggest the term "mutilating predation" to describe the latter relationship.

Alimentação dos peixes em um riacho do Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, bacia do Alto Rio Paraná, sudeste do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Meso and microhabitat analysis and feeding habits of small nektonic characins (Teleostei: Characiformes) in Neotropical streams

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Perda endógena e absorção real de fósforo em dietas para eqüinos em crescimento

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de P na dieta de eqüinos em crescimento sobre sua perda endógena fecal, e verificar qual seja a exigência mínima diária desse elemento na sua alimentação. Foram utilizados 16 eqüinos machos em crescimento, recebendo dieta basal sem suplementação de P, e dieta basal suplementada com fosfato bicálcico, para fornecer 15, 20 e 25 g P/animal/dia. No 16º dia experimental, foram injetados 30 MBq de 32P/animal e coletaram-se amostras de sangue, fezes e urina, durante sete dias. Foram determinadas as atividades específicas do P no plasma, nas fezes e na urina, e calculou-se a perda endógena fecal e a absorção real de P. A perda endógena fecal e a absorção real de P não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos, e foram estimados, em média, 10,34 mg P/kg PV/dia e 47,07%, respectivamente, o que indica que, nas condições experimentais, animais com idade média de 19 meses necessitam de 21,96 mg de P/kg PV/dia para manter o balanço da perda metabólica fecal, e a quantidade diária de P de 14,75 g.

Farinha de vísceras de aves na alimentação de alevinos de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Farinha de vísceras de aves na alimentação de alevinos de lambari

O lambari, Astyanax altiparanae, é uma espécie muito comum em rios nacionais, com grande potencial para a piscicultura nacional. Ele apresenta crescimento rápido e carne de excelente sabor, sendo muito apreciado com petisco e como isca viva para a pesca esportiva. A farinha de vísceras de aves é uma importante fonte protéica de origem animal. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves (FV) em rações para alevinos de lambari. Foram utilizados 125 alevinos, apresentando peso e comprimento inicial médio de 0,080±0,002g e 1,86±0,20cm, respectivamente, distribuídos em 25 aquários. As rações foram formuladas de forma a conter 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de FV na dieta. O arraçoamento foi realizado quatro vezes ao dia, na forma farelada e à vontade. O valores médios de peso final (1,47, 1,92, 2,02, 2,11 e 2,15g) e comprimento final (4,40, 4,78, 4,92, 4,92 e 5,08cm) dos alevinos de lambari apresentaram aumento linear (P<0,05) diretamente proporcional aos níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de FV) nas rações. A sobrevivência (88, 96, 92, 76 e 88%) e a conversão alimentar aparente (4,58, 3,29, 3,25, 3,92 e 3,34) não apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) entre os níveis de FV na dieta. A inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves em rações à base de ingredientes de origem vegetal melhora o desempenho e o teor protéico da carcaça.

Avaliação da ingestão dietética de cálcio em indivíduos adultos portadores de hipertensão arterial idiopática

Foi estudada a relação entre a ingestão dietética de cálcio e os demais parâmetros alimentares e antropométricos em 60 indivíduos adultos, portadores de hipertensão arterial idiopática (10 homens e 50 mulheres), com média etária de 48,6 anos, seguidos no Centro de Hipertensão Arterial do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (SP), Brasil. Foram utilizados três métodos diferentes de inquérito aumentar em três diferentes ocasiões: recordatório de 24h, questionário de freqüência alimentar, dirigido para ingestão de cálcio, e registro alimentar de 3 dias. As médias de ingestão de cálcio, extraídas desses inquéritos, foram semelhantes, mostrando que, em relação á ingestão de cálcio, esses métodos de inquérito alimentar podem ser utilizados indistintamente com o objetivo de se mensurar à ingestão de cálcio de um grupo de indivíduos. Além da ingestão de cálcio, foi avaliada a ingestão protéico-calórica e de diversos outros nutrientes, assim como realizada a antropometria desse grupo de hipertensos em três ocasiões diferentes, com intervalos variando de duas semanas a 15 meses. Quando comparado a um grupo de referência local, constituído de indivíduos sadios, com média etária semelhante, o grupo de hipertensos mostrou ter menor ingestão média de cálcio. Comparados por sexo, os homens dos dois grupos exibiram perfis nutricional e antropométrico semelhantes. em relação às mulheres, houve diferenças quanto à ingestão protéico-calórica, o que se supõe ser devido à ingestão menor do leite e derivados entre as hipertensas. Estas estavam mais pesadas que as mulheres do grupo de referências, à custa de maior massa muscular, provavelmente devido a maior atividade física. Concluiu-se que o cálcio dietético foi o principal item alimentar que distinguiu hipertensos de normotensos. Como existem estudos clínicos comprovando o efeito benéfico da suplementação de cálcio na redução dos níveis pressóricos de indivíduos hipertensos, sugere-se a repetição deste tipo de trabalho, em outros locais, visando ao embasamento de programa nacional de suplementação de cálcio dietético entre indivíduos hipertensos idiopáticos.

Estudo antropométrico e dietético de nadadores competitivos de áreas metropolitanas da região sudeste do Brasil

Com o objetivo de caracterizar os ábitos alimentares de nadadores competitivos de dois clubes das cidades do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo, foram estudados atletas, 30 homens e 37 mulheres pertencentes às equipes juvenil (15-17 anos) e seniors (18-25 anos). Concomitantemente à avaliação antropométrica, foi feito o inquérito alimentar mediante os métodos de registro alimentar, recordatório de 24 horas e freqüência de consumo alimentar. Os resultados mostraram semelhança antropométrica entre as duas faixas etárias para cada um dos sexos, semelhança dos alimentos prevalentemente ingeridos com aqueles referidos pela população da área metropolitana das duas cidades e semelhança entre os suplementos alimentares ingeridos pelos atletas dos dois clubes. A ingestão calórica observada foi quase o dobro da referida para a população daquelas localidades, mas equivalente à descrita para nadadores de outros países. Os lanches, entre refeições, contribuíram com 25-28% da ingestão calórica global e a maior contribuição energética alimentar foi dada pelo grupo de cereais. Apesar de contribuir com quase 50% do aporte calórico diário, a ingestão glicídica foi menor que a recomendada para atletas competitivos (55-60%). A ingestão protéica de 2,5-3,0 g/kg/dia superou em 100% o valor recomendado para atletas e ultrapassou os 15% na participação calórica diária. A ingestão lipídica foi considerada elevada, particularmente a de gordura saturada. O aporte de micronutrientes foi acima do referido para as populações locais em função da ingestão calórica elevada, mas mostrou-se relativamente inadequado em magnésio, ferro e vitaminas A e D. Conclui-se que o padrão alimentar dos nadadores estudados não difere, muito, do da população local, distinguindo-se pelo elevado e freqüente consumo de alimentos energéticos, maior no sexo masculino que no feminino.

The use of extruded feed in fish food

In our country, the intensive culture of fish has been making progress due to the availability of extruded rations, which are characterized by the way they have been formulated to assist the nutritional demands of the tropical species and for facilitating a better practice of alimentary handling. This process checks the extruded product density and the desirable physical/chemical aspects to a diet that should be handled in the water, the critical factor of this activity. It is important to emphasize that this product stays to the surface of the water, facilitates the consumption control and the observation of the general aspects of the school of fish, as well as guaranteeing that no deterioration of the physical/chemical characteristics of the water occurs. The floating characteristic of the extruded ration is preferable for farmers because most of the tropical species feed at the surface of the water. In some cases, in the function of the alimentary habit, the thermal conditions of the water and the handling system produce granules with different densities. This is due to the humidity and the applied cooking heat, which modifies the time of hydration, and consequently the ability to float. To establish the physical presentation idea for a ration for tropical fishes, it is necessary that the pellets come in sizes, textures, humidities and densities in order to allow for the different phases of the lives of the fishes. This ration should be the result of characteristics of the species, such as the anatomophysiologics particularities, alimentary habits, digestive capacity and alimentary behavior. Only in this way is it possible to offer to those fishes a ration whose nutritious value and physical presentation facilitate the best biological and economic answers.Those aspects need to be reviewed because the tropical species that are cultivated in our country present selective behavior in relation to the size of the pellet. Generally, this has access to the digestive system without waste; the digestibility, therefore, is dependent upon the size of the particles and the physical aspects of the pellets. They should still consider that those granules could be less abrasive and softer. The extruded rations available in the national market present a qualitative reference to its proteic level, whose consequence allows us to infer that those are overestimated for the final phase of those fishes. Thus, the final cost of production is made unfeasible. In this point of view of the development of the national fish culture, and the growing adoption of the intensive system of production, it can link that such progress is a function of the availability of the rations in the extruded form. Although this technique of processing of rations has revolutionized the market in such a way that has been seen as preferable for farmers, some feel that there is a lack of products best suited for the initial phases of fingerlings production.

The STATFLUX code: a statistical method for calculation of flow and set of parameters, based on the Multiple-Compartment Biokinetical Model

The code STATFLUX, implementing a new and simple statistical procedure for the calculation of transfer coefficients in radionuclide transport to animals and plants, is proposed. The method is based on the general multiple-compartment model, which uses a system of linear equations involving geometrical volume considerations. Flow parameters were estimated by employing two different least-squares procedures: Derivative and Gauss-Marquardt methods, with the available experimental data of radionuclide concentrations as the input functions of time. The solution of the inverse problem, which relates a given set of flow parameter with the time evolution of concentration functions, is achieved via a Monte Carlo Simulation procedure.Program summaryTitle of program: STATFLUXCatalogue identifier: ADYS_v1_0Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADYS_v1_0Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandLicensing provisions: noneComputer for which the program is designed and others on which it has been tested: Micro-computer with Intel Pentium III, 3.0 GHzInstallation: Laboratory of Linear Accelerator, Department of Experimental Physics, University of São Paulo, BrazilOperating system: Windows 2000 and Windows XPProgramming language used: Fortran-77 as implemented in Microsoft Fortran 4.0. NOTE: Microsoft Fortran includes non-standard features which are used in this program. Standard Fortran compilers such as, g77, f77, ifort and NAG95, are not able to compile the code and therefore it has not been possible for the CPC Program Library to test the program.Memory, required to execute with typical data: 8 Mbytes of RAM memory and 100 MB of Hard disk memoryNo. of bits in a word: 16No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 6912No. of bytes in distributed Program, including test data, etc.: 229 541Distribution format: tar.gzNature of the physical problem: the investigation of transport mechanisms for radioactive substances, through environmental pathways, is very important for radiological protection of populations. One such pathway, associated with the food chain, is the grass-animal-man sequence. The distribution of trace elements in humans and laboratory animals has been intensively studied over the past 60 years [R.C. Pendlenton, C.W. Mays, R.D. Lloyd, A.L. Brooks, Differential accumulation of iodine-131 from local fallout in people and milk, Health Phys. 9 (1963) 1253-1262]. In addition, investigations on the incidence of cancer in humans, and a possible causal relationship to radioactive fallout, have been undertaken [E.S. Weiss, M.L. Rallison, W.T. London, W.T. Carlyle Thompson, Thyroid nodularity in southwestern Utah school children exposed to fallout radiation, Amer. J. Public Health 61 (1971) 241-249; M.L. Rallison, B.M. Dobyns, F.R. Keating, J.E. Rall, F.H. Tyler, Thyroid diseases in children, Amer. J. Med. 56 (1974) 457-463; J.L. Lyon, M.R. Klauber, J.W. Gardner, K.S. Udall, Childhood leukemia associated with fallout from nuclear testing, N. Engl. J. Med. 300 (1979) 397-402]. From the pathways of entry of radionuclides in the human (or animal) body, ingestion is the most important because it is closely related to life-long alimentary (or dietary) habits. Those radionuclides which are able to enter the living cells by either metabolic or other processes give rise to localized doses which can be very high. The evaluation of these internally localized doses is of paramount importance for the assessment of radiobiological risks and radiological protection. The time behavior of trace concentration in organs is the principal input for prediction of internal doses after acute or chronic exposure. The General Multiple-Compartment Model (GMCM) is the powerful and more accepted method for biokinetical studies, which allows the calculation of concentration of trace elements in organs as a function of time, when the flow parameters of the model are known. However, few biokinetics data exist in the literature, and the determination of flow and transfer parameters by statistical fitting for each system is an open problem.Restriction on the complexity of the problem: This version of the code works with the constant volume approximation, which is valid for many situations where the biological half-live of a trace is lower than the volume rise time. Another restriction is related to the central flux model. The model considered in the code assumes that exist one central compartment (e.g., blood), that connect the flow with all compartments, and the flow between other compartments is not included.Typical running time: Depends on the choice for calculations. Using the Derivative Method the time is very short (a few minutes) for any number of compartments considered. When the Gauss-Marquardt iterative method is used the calculation time can be approximately 5-6 hours when similar to 15 compartments are considered. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ocorrência e flutuação populacional de ácaros associados a seringais vizinhos de fragmentos de cerrado

The basic knowledge of the seasonal occurrence of mites can supply data for elaboration of programs of ecological management to be implanted with success in the future. The objective of this study was to determine the species richness and the seasonality of mites present in two areas of rubber tree crops neighboring to native areas in Itiquira, MT. Along one year, 25 quantitative samplings were accomplished in rubber tree crop neighboring to two fragments of Cerrado (Cerradao and Mata Riparia). There were registered 199,380 mites, of 48 species, belonging to 15 families. of those, 13 species are phytophagous, 18 predators and 17 mycophagous or of unknown alimentary habit. Three phytophagous species represented more than 97% of the mites collected: Phyllocoptruta seringueirae Feres (80.8%), Tenuipalpus heveae Baker (12.7%) and Calacarus heveae Feres (3.6%). Among the predators, the most abundant species were Agistemus sp., Scirula sp. and Euseius concordis (Chant). Twenty-eight species were common to both crops. The families that had the largest number of species collected in the neighboring area to Cerradao were Tydeidae (7), Tarsonemidae (6), Eriophyidae and Phytoseiidae (4), and in the area close to Mata Riparia, Tydeidae (9) and Phytoseiidae (8). The presence of vegetation near the crop should explain the great number of species of mites classified as accidental found in this study. The largest abundances and species richness occurred in the end of the rainy season and beginning of the dry season.

2-DEOXYGLUCOSE-INDUCED FOOD-INTAKE BY NILE TILAPIA, OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS (L)

The alimentary and glycemic responses to cytoglycopenia were studied in thirty-one Nile tilapia alevins of indeterminate sex and age, measuring on average 10.67 +/- 0.82 cm. The cytoglycopenia was provoked by ip injection of 60 mg/kg 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG, N = 16). The control group (N = 15) was submitted to ip injection of 0.2 ml saline. Blood samples for glucose determination were obtained before and three hours after drug administration by cardiac puncture. Food was then offered ad libitum. One hour later the animals were sacrificed and their stomachs removed. The difference in wet weight between full and empty stomach was utilized to quantify the food intake. Median food intake was 0.3877 g for the fish treated with 2-DG and 0.107 g for the animals injected with saline. This difference was statistically significant by the Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). The median values of blood glucose levels before drug injection were 46.19 mg/100 ml in the 2-DG-treated fish and 44.54 mg/100 ml in the control group. Three hours after drug administration, the values were 48.64 mg/100 ml in the experimental group and 56.90 mg/100 ml in the control group. The difference between the values of blood glucose before and after the drug was not significant for either group. We conclude that glucoprivation provokes food intake in fish and that the same glucoprivation was not sufficient to provoke hyperglycemia.

INTERFERENCE BETWEEN SALMONELLA SEROTYPES IN INTESTINAL COLONIZATION OF CHICKENS - CORRELATION WITH IN-VITRO BEHAVIOR

The effect of colonisation of the alimentary tract of newly hatched chicks by different Salmonella serotypes on the establishment in the gut by other Salmonella strains inoculated afterwards was assessed. Although profound inhibition of colonisation had been found previously to be genus-specific, considerable variation was found within the Salmonella genus. Some strains were found to be much more inhibitory than others and some were more easily inhibited than were others. There was not an absolute relationship between inhibitory activity and colonisation ability. No relationship was seen between inhibition and serotype or phage types within serotypes. There was no correlation between in vivo inhibition and the extent of inhibition that occurred in early stationary phase cultures in rich, undefined broth cultures.

Diversidade de bactérias de solo sob vegetação natural e cultivo de hortaliças

The microorganisms are essential components in the maintenance of the biological and physicochemical balance of the soil. They exert important function including the degradation of residues of plants and animals and the release of nutrients in the alimentary chain. This work had as objective to compare the microbiota of a soil under bush covering (SMS) and other cropped with vegetables (SHC), suppressive or not it Rhizoctonia solani. Total microbial community DNA was extracted of soils, amplification for PCR of the genes 16S rDNA, inserted into pGEM (R)-T cloning vector and sequencing of the genes of the ribosomal RNA. The analysis of the results demonstrated that this methodology was efficient for evaluation of bacteria in ground. In the bush soil suppressive the microorganisms more found belonged to the phyla of the Acidobacterias, Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacterias and in the soil cultivated with vegetables the biggest frequency was of organisms pertaining to the phyla of the Proteobacterias, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.