Avian communities in woodlots in the Parque das Neblinas, Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil

Parque das Neblinas (PN) is a 2,800 ha nature reserve contiguous with an Atlantic Forest fragment known as Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar located in the municipality of Bertioga, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The area originally contained Eucalyptus trees grown for paper pulp production. The aims of the study were the following: (1) to characterize the diversity of the bird community in PN; (2) to compare bird species observed in PN to species found in the Atlantic Forest; and (3) to list the percentages of species endemic to the Atlantic Forest and present in PN. Quantitative surveys used the point count method. The number of avian species recorded in PN totaled 222, of which 150 (66.4%) were associated with forest environments, 66 (29.3%) with open areas, and 10 (4.3%) with aquatic environments. The quantitative survey recorded 141 species and 2,527 contacts in 120 samples for an average of 21.05 contacts per sample. The general diversity index was H´=3.82. The study identified 15 bird species that actively participated in mixed flocks and 25 species endemic to Atlantic Forest, two of which present some kind of concern relating to conservation. Areas with Eucalyptus trees and a dense understory displayed the greatest bird species diversity, as opposed to areas with less developed or non-existent understories.

Analysis of effectiveness of three forest interventionist techniques and proposal of a new and integrated model of forest restoration

We assessed the efficacy of three different forest intervention techniques, in terms of phytosociological and edaphic responses, that were implemented in 2007. In a farm where trees are planted and managed for cellulose production as well as set aside for environmental conservation, four stands were analysed: three of them were considered degraded and were managed using different intervention techniques (transposition, perch, and abandonment), and a fourth stand comprising pristine vegetation was considered a control (reference). Floristic and phytosociology data were collected in three 10 × 10 m plots established in each stand. Also, a total of 48 soil samples were collected to analyse physical and chemical attributes of the topsoil for the different stands. In terms of biodiversity, all the treatments showed significantly lower values when compared to the reference area. However, the soils in all the treatment and reference stands are similar in terms of physical and chemical attributes. Taking into account the specificities of each restoration technique, we verified that the integrated use of a set of management practices, constituted by the (1) abandonment of the area and (2) following a selective killing of the eucalyptus, is the most suitable and promising model to provide fast and effective restoration in terms of environmental indicators.

Study of combustion of different biomass and its atmospheric emissions

One of the energy alternatives that provide utility, flexibility, cleanliness and economy is biomass, such as forest waste (wood) and agricultural (sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, coffee pods, etc.). However, with its increasing supply and use grows also the concern of industries to invest in monitoring and control of emissions into the atmosphere, because during biomass burning are emitted as exhaust gases, fine particles known as particulates, which greatly contribute to the triggering of serious health problems to humans, in addition to the environmental damage. With that, this work aimed to conduct a monitoring of particulate and gaseous pollutants emissions to the atmosphere from the burning of various types of biomass used by industries. The equipment used for sampling were the optical monitor DataRAM 4 and the Unigas3000 + gas sampler. The results showed that biomass coffee pods presented the greatest concentration of particulates (485119 μg m-3) with particle diameters between 0.0602 μm and 0.3502 μm, i.e. the most ultrafine particles, harmful to human health and the environment. The largest emissions of CO and NOx were observed, respectively, for the coffee pods (3500 ppm) and for the rice husk (48 ppm). As for the superior calorific value (PCS), the best of fuel, with higher PCS, was the Eucalyptus grandis.

Crescimento, características nutricionais e fisiológicas de progênies de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill. Ex Maiden sob diferentes doses de fósforo

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Variação dimensional de tábuas de Eucalyptus grandis durante alguns níveis de tempo e temperatura de termorretificação

The objective of this study was evaluate the effects of retification® temperatures and times on thickness variation from Eucalyptus grandis timber. Boards from logs of 30-year-old Eucalyptus grandis trees, from São Paulo Forest Institute in Santa Barbara, Brazil, were thermally modified at 180ºC for 2.5 hours, at 200ºC for 3.0 hours and 200ºC for 4.0 hours. The results showed that: (1) the thermally modified wood at 200°C by 3.0 to 4.0 hours showed increased thickness between 0.698 mm and 0.874 mm due to the internal cracks, (2) the thermally modified wood at 180°C by 2.5 hours has a decreased from 0,177 mm in thickness and the absences of internal cracks.

Modelo matemático aplicado na vaporização de toras de Eucalyptus grandis

O objetivo deste estudo é obter um modelo matemático logístico que representa a vaporização de toras de Eucalyptus grandis, em função do diâmetro e do tempo de permanência das toras no tratamento térmico a vapor. Para tanto, foram coletadas toras nas classes diamétricas de 25 a 40 cm de três árvores de E. grandis provenientes do Horto Florestal de Mandurí, SP. Em cada uma das toras foram inseridos três termopares, com profundidades distintas, 1/3 do raio; 2/3 do raio e o terceiro, próximo ao seu centro. Posteriormente, as toras foram vaporizadas a 85ºC e 100% de umidade relativa, até que o último termopar atingisse uma temperatura de 80ºC. Um Datalogger CR10 registrou as temperaturas, no interior do material, durante o tratamento térmico. Conclui-se que o modelo matemático logístico foi bem ajustado, obtido no tratamento térmico com vapor, levando em consideração as três classes de diâmetro e a profundidade máxima de 50 mm de raio, o modelo gerado, apresenta-se uma viabilidade técnica na aplicação do processo de aquecimento de toras com vapor, promovendo um consumo ideal de energia.

Cultivation and bromatological analysis of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst cultivated in agricultural waste

The objective of the study was to evaluate the production of two strains of Ganoderma lucidum on agricultural waste and carry out bromatological analyses of the basidiomata obtained from the cultivation. The experiment was carried out at the Mushroom Module at the School of Agronomic Sciences of the São Paulo State University (FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, SP, Brazil) and two strains were used (GLM-09/01 and GLM-10/02) which were cultivated on waste, oat straw, bean straw, brachiaria grass straw, Tifton grass straw and eucalyptus sawdust under two situations: with (20%) and without (0%) supplementation with wheat bran. All the waste was taken from dumps of agricultural activities in Botucatu-SP. Both treatments were carried out in 10 repetitions, totaling 200 packages. The mushrooms cultivation took 90 days. Next, the biological efficiency of the treatments and the bromatological analysis of the basidiomata were evaluated. The biological efficiency (BE) values (%) varied from 0.0 to 6.7%. In the mushroom bromatological analyses, the results ranged from 8.7 to 13.7%, from 2.0 to 6.7%, from 0.83 to 1.79% and from 38.8 to 54.5%, for total protein, ethereal extract, ash and crude fiber, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the substrates which presented the greater yield were the brachiaria straw, 20% in both strains tested (GLM-09/01 and GLM-10/02) and the bean straw, 20% in the strain GLM-10/02. The mushrooms showed high levels of ethereal extract, fibers and ashes and a low level of proteins.

Evaluation of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as parasitoid of the Sarsina violascens Herrich-Schaeffer (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

This is the first report on the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis, genus Eulophidae, found in the field parasitizing pupae of defoliating eucalyptus. Lepidopterous pests occur in eucalyptus plantations in Brazil, reaching high population levels. Due to the complexity of pest control in eucalyptus forests, alternative control methods have been proposed, for instance biological control through use of parasitoids. Natural enemies play an important role in regulating host populations because their larvae feed on the eggs, larvae, pupae or adults of other insects. The parasitic Hymenoptera are important agents in biological control programs against forest pests, and may provide economic and environmental benefits. The generalist endoparasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) can develop in its host’s pupae, which overcome the host’s physiology and can therefore be used for biological control of agricultural and forest pests. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of P. elaeisis as a pupal parasitoid of S. violascens in providing a potential alternative to chemical control of the pest and creation of an alternative host. The experiment was developed in the Laboratory for Biological Control of Forest Pests, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio Mesquita Filho”. Parasitoids used in this test were originally collected on pupae of E. eucerus. (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in eucalyptus plantations at Lençois Paulistas, São Paulo state, Brazil, in 2011. Thereafter, a laboratory culture has been maintained, using pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae) as hosts. S. violascens eggs were collected in a eucalyptus clonal plantation in Sao Paulo state (Brazil). Larvae were reared under ambient conditions on Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (Myrtaceae) leaves. The following parameters were determined: parasitism level, numbers of emerged and non-emerged parasitoids and duration of egg-adult cycle. The S. violascens pupae were dissected to evaluate the non-emerged parasitoids. The parasitism level reached 100%, with a 100% emergence rate. It was verified that 113.2±0.8 parasitoids emerged per individual pupa versus only 0.7±0.1 that did not emerge. The P. elaeisis egg-adult cycle was 20.3±0.6 days in S. violascens pupae. This opens new perspectives for utilizing this parasitoid in biological control programs against caterpillars important to forestry. Sarsina violascens in Brazil.

Sobrevivência de enxertos de Eucalyptus com metodologia adaptada

One of the important techniques to assist a tree improvement program is the grafting, which is used for the propagation of selected trees. The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival rate using a modified method of lateral grafting on Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus urophylla and a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis. The work was conducted by the research teams of Eucatex and Palmasola companies, in September of 2011, and 589 grafts were made. The survival rate of the grafts was evaluated 180 days after grafting. Survival grafts rates were: 74% for E. dunnii, 55% for E. urophylla and 62% for the hybrid E. urophylla x E. grandis. These survival rates were higher than those currently obtained by the conventional method of eucalypt grafting. Thus, the method seems promising to assist in forest tree improvement programs, but further studies are still necessary to refine this grafting approach.

Variabilidade genética e alterações morfológicas em progênies de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis sob o efeito do paclobutrazol

The research objective was to study the genetic diversity of morphological traits in Eucalyptus grandis progenies growing under paclobutrazol regulator effects. The progeny trail was set up through design of randomized blocks. The morphological changes occurred before and during the plant flowering were analyzed. The estimation of genetic parameters were for plant height and stem diameter. The paclobutrazol have caused changes on plant development being strong by the beginning and becoming lightening through the evaluations. The coefficients of variation have shown there is higher genetic diversity within than among progenies for the studied traits. Therefore, it can have high efficiency on selection within progenies in the Eucalyptus grandis breeding program.

Tamanho de parcelas experimentais e seleção simultânea de caracteres em progênies de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação de um sistema florestal de curta rotação de Eucalyptus spp. em função da desbrota e adubação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cultivo de Eucalyptus urograndis em atmosfera enriquecida com CO2: mudanças no proteoma cloroplastidial

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aplicação de polímero hidroretentor no desenvolvimento inicial de Eucalyptus grandis

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Avaliação da influência do caráter lignotúber sobre características silviculturais em testes de progênies de Eucalyptus spp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)