Produção e imobilização de celulases em matriz de agarose com diferentes ativações químicas

Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - IQ

Obtenção de um ataque químico padrão, zona de annealing parcial e temperatura de fechamento para o epídoto através do método dos traços de fissão

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determinação da temperatura de referência T0 da curva mestre na região de transição dúctil-frágil de aços ARBL

Materiais estruturais utilizados no projeto de equipamentos e instalações industriais podem apresentar mudança de seu comportamento à fratura quando se varia a temperatura. Este tipo de comportamento caracteriza-se pela existência de uma curva de transição, onde 3 regiões ficam bem definidas: os patamares inferior e superior e a região de transição. Na região de transição, os resultados experimentais apresentam alto espalhamento e são bastante dependentes da geometria ensaiada. Para solucionar este problema, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico experimental, que resultou na edição da norma ASTM E1921-97. O trabalho inclui um estudo da influência de diversas rotas de tratamentos térmicos aplicadas em um aço 4130 utilizado pela indústria aeronáutica, um aço de qualidade API utilizado pela indústria petrolífera e um aço da classe A516 atualmente utilizado pela indústria nacional de vasos de pressão, na microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas de tração e tenacidade à fratura. Os resultados mostraram que o aço 4130 A450, apresentou a melhor correlação entre resistência e tenacidade entre as microestruturas pesquisadas. Este comportamento deve estar associado a rota de tratamento térmico aplicada a esta condição. O tratamento de austêmpera possibilita a formação de bainita que, tradicionalmente é conhecida por apresentar elevados valores de tenacidade. O método proposto pela ASTM pode ser considerado viável para as diversas microestruturas pesquisadas ampliando a aplicação da metodologia que recomenda o ensaio apenas para aços ferríticos. No entanto, a metodologia da Curva Mestra em materiais tratados termicamente deve ser conduzida de forma a se estabelecer parâmetros que considerem as modificações microestruturais sofridas pelo material.

Umedecimento do substrato e temperatura na germinação e vigor de sementes de melão

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides in desiccation Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) in different application times and their effects on weed seed germination. The experimental had a randomized block design with three replications. The herbicides used were: glyphosate (360; 720; and 1080 g ha(-1)), 2,4-D (335; 670; and 1005 g ha(-1)), glyphosate + 2,4-D (360 + 335; 720 + 670; and 1080 + 1005 g ha(-1)). Spraying was conducted at three different times: 1st season (full bloom) - at 62 days after emergence (DAE), 2nd season (beginning of pod formation) - at 92 DAE and 3rd season (end of pod formation) - at 108 DAE. At 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after application (DAA), the desiccation was evaluated visually, and 42 DAA dry mass of shoots and seeds of the 2nd and 3rd times were collected for the test of germination. All chemical treatments tested were effective in controlling the plants of wild radish in the 1st and 2nd times, but in the 3rd time doses of 2,4-D applied singly were not effective and only the highest dose of glyphosate applied singly or in mixture provided a total plant control. In terms of percentage, the reduction in dry matter of plants was higher with the application of larger doses of chemical treatments. The herbicides affected the germination of seeds of wild radish, and the herbicide 2,4-D provided greater reduction in germination in the 2nd and 3rd seasons.

O clima urbano de Assis/SP: estudo comparativo da temperatura e umidade relativa entre a cidade e o campo

It is known that the urban environment modifies the energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere, causing changes in temperature, relative humidity, among other things, opening the way for studies aimed at urban climatology. Based on the theme of urban climate, this research focuses on the city of Assis, located west of São Paulo. The generation of urban climate is a result of various factors, among which stand out: the use and different land use, the thermodynamic properties of buildings, number of buildings in the urban, socioeconomic activities, etc.. In general, this increases the temperature and reducing relative humidity, providing thermal discomfort. The rural environment is used for comparison studies to this theme by presenting different characteristics in relation to the structure, morphology and urban functionality. The main objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of temperature and humidity environments with the habits and occupations of the different soils in winter, at night, one inserted into the urban fabric of Assis and the other in the rural environment, to verify for evidence of changes in climatic elements because of urbanization. To collect the data will be used mini automatic weather stations that record data on temperature and humidity. For analysis of the results will be made between the data obtained in the city and the countryside, developing graphics application using Excel to tabulate the data. It was found that there were differences in the thermo-hygrometric data collection points, showing a specific urban climate in the city of Assis

Produção de enzimas xilanolíticas por fungo filamentoso em diferentes fontes de carbono

O trabalho teve como objetivo principal identificar a produção de enzimas xilanolíticas de um fungo encontrado no solo amazônico a partir do seu crescimento em diferentes fontes de carbono e em dois tipos de meio de cultivo: meio semi sólido e meio líquido Vogel. No mei semi sólido o crescimento do fungo aconteceu durante 7 dias, já no meio líquido foi feito em quatro tempos diferentes: 24, 36, 48 e 52 horas. As fontes de carbono usadas para ambos os meios foram: Após o crescimento os meios foram filtrados e foram realizadas a dosagem de proteína pelo método de Lowry e a determinação da atividade específica. Os filtrados foram concentrados através de tratamento com caulin, diálise e precipitação com acetona. Com os filtrados selecionados pode-se determinar o pH e a temperatura ótimas para a xilanase através de curvas de pH e temperatura. O fungo estudado produz enzimas do complexo xilanolítico, sendo que os melhores resultados foram encontrados usando a xilana no meio líquido e o sabugo de milho no meio semi sólido. Para a enzima encontrada o pH de atividade ótima é no valor 5,0 e foram encontrados dois picos de temperaturas ótima, na faixa de 30ºC e 60ºC, o que pode indicar a presença de mais de uma enzima do complexo xilanolítico

Utilização de geotecnologias no monitoramento de processos erosivos e movimentos de massa em trecho da faixa de dutos Rio de Janeiro - Belo Horizonte

The transportation of oil through pipelines raises a concern related to safety and environmental impacts they may cause, especially when exposed to risks that affect their integrity. Among the natural phenomena that can affect the pipelines are erosion and landslides. Considering the large territory involving the pipelines, remote sensing tools have a great applicability for data acquisition. For this, visual analysis techniques were applied to perform change detection in order to monitor erosion features and landslides along a stretch of pipeline Rio de Janeiro – Belo Horizonte, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The work involved the characterization of the study area as well as the erosion and landslide processes, through bibliographical data. The satellite image processing and the application of change detection techniques were developed in two scenes for the years 2002 and 2010. It was noted a small increase in the number of the identified features, however with regard to their area, a decrease of 21.7% was observed

Avaliação do comportamento da temperatura na massa deresíduos com diferentes tempos de disposição no aterro sanitário de Rio Claro - SP

The present work investigates solid waste temperature behavior in different depths in two cells in the Rio Claro-SP city’s sanitary landfill. One of the cells is in operation with waste disposal beginning about one year ago. The other one is located in an closed area and contain waste disposed from five to seven years before. Measures were also made in an area that have no disposed waste in order to collect reference values. The data were obtained every fifteen days. The temperature results shows higher values in the operating cell, with maximum 38,1 °C in a depth of 4,0 m. In the closed cell the highest values were 36,3 °C in a depth of 8,5 m. The highest temperature values were obtained in the operating cell due to wider substract availability that indicates a more intense biological degradation activity. With three meters depth, the temperature results were 36,6 °C in the operating cell, 33,8 °C in the closed cell and 24,5 °C in the reference area. Therefore the temperature can be used as a biological activity indicator in sanitary landfills, supporting biogas studies

Avaliação da auto-suficiência energética em reatores anaeróbios aplicados ao tratamento de resíduos da indústria de produção do etanol

Ethanol, the main automotive biofuel, has its production based on the fermentation of sugars found in biological materials and on the distillation of the alcoholic media formed during the fermentative process. Stillage is the main residue from ethanol production, containing a high organic loading in addition to acidic and corrosive characteristics. Considering the available technologies to treat stillage, we highlight anaerobic digestion, which allows the reduction of the impacts associated to pollutants loading of this effluent and the generation of energy from the methane gas produced in the process. Based on the high treatment efficiency usually associated to the anaerobic process, this work aimed to assess whether anaerobic systems applied to the treatment of stillage are energetically self-sufficient. First we evaluated the energy recovery capacity in an anaerobic reactor applied to the treatment of stillage resulting from corn-to-ethanol processing. The results indicated the great influence that a correct selection of electrical equipment and their respective operating periods have on the net energy balance of the anaerobic treatment. The high energy consumption of the heater would not allow the system to achieve a positive net energy balance – the maximum energy recovery would reach only 0.68% of the consumption. However, the replacement of the mixture equipment would result in energy gains ranging from 8.5 to 967.9% of the consumption. In this work we also assessed the efficiency of methane yields for a few studies and the correlation between some parameters of the anaerobic process. With respect to the methane yield, we noted that mesophilic systems tend to be more advantageous than the thermophilic ones (efficiency of 76.45 ± 22.51% vs. 69.40 ± 30.36%). Considering the study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Calor e temperatura: uma revisão dos conceitos nas diferentes abordagens físicas

This work research and analyses the formulations and concepts of heat and temperature presented in Physics textbooks. These issues are deemed important because students often have difficulties differentiating and understanding such concepts, which compromises their education. The goal is to show that well-established relationships between Physical quantities such as energy, pressure, heat and temperature, even in different theories of Classical and Quantum Physics are not enough to define either temperature or heat. It also presents simple experiments that complement the teaching and learning of these concepts

Estudo de temperatura de plasma de álcool através de espectroscopia de emissão natural radical C2*

Non-intrusive methods of diagnosis, such as spectral analysis of the radiation emitted by the system, have been used as a viable alternative for determining the temperature of combustion systems. Among them, the determination of temperature by natural emission spectroscopy has the advantage of requiring relatively simple experimental devices. Once Chemiluminescent species are formed directly in the excited state, the collection and recording of radiation emission spectrum is enough to determine the temperature (CARINHANA, 2008). In this study we used the process of making direct comparisons between the experimental spectra obtained in the laboratory from the plasma of alcohol, and the theoretical spectra plotted from a computer program developed at the IEAv. The objective was to establish a fast and reliable method to measure the rotational temperature of the radical C2*. The results showed that the temperature of the plasma, which in turn can be taken as the rotational temperature of the system, is proportional to the pressure. The temperature values ranged from ca. 2300 ~ 2500 K at a pressure of 19 mmHg to 3100 ~ 3500 K for the pressure of 46 mmHg. The temperature values are somewhat smaller when we consider the theoretical spectrum as a Lorentzian curve. The overlap of the spectra was better when using the profile curve, but still were not exactly superimposed. The solution to improve the overlap of the theoretical with the experimental spectra is the use of a curve that has the convolution of two profiles analyzed: Lorentzian and Gaussian. This curve is called the Voigt profile, which will also be implemented by programmers and studied in a next work

Identificação e diagnóstico dos impactos ambientais ocorridos nos cursos d'água localizados na faixa oeste da Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade (Rio Claro-SP)

Desde a década de 1930, com o crescimento da malha urbana do município de Rio Claro, a Floresta Estadual “Edmundo Navarro de Andrade” (FEENA), sofre vários tipos de pressões sobre seu patrimônio. O presente trabalho traz uma pesquisa realizada e em dois cursos d’água localizados na faixa oeste da Floresta Estadual “Edmundo Navarro de Andrade”, com a finalidade de identificar e diagnosticar alguns impactos ambientais negativos que ocorrem nestes cursos e quais os efeitos causados por estes impactos nos ambientes formados pelo córrego Lavapés e pelo Ribeirão Claro, bem como, apontar dados sobre a percepção do visitante da Unidade de Conservação frente a esta situação ambiental referentes à deterioração de um importante patrimônio paisagístico natural e cultural

Projeto de um sistema anaeróbico para estabilização de lodo e recuperação de energia

The treatment of domestic and industrial effluents through Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) generates a residue termed sewage sludge, rich in organic matter, high-volume, occasionally containing pathogens and heavy metals. The sludge generation can minimize the benefits brought by the treatment of sewage, because this residue does not always receive appropriate treatment before final disposal. The disposal is another problem related to sludge. Landfills generally does not have physical space and alternatives such as the use in agriculture requires an intense treatment that could be in many cases operational or economic unfeasible. The objective of this work is the theoretical research about the processes of stabilization of the sludge by anaerobic digestion and the methanogenic activity during the process. Through analysis of each step and contemplating each relevant factor in anaerobic digestion process in order to optimize them, we proposed a theoretical model of reactors capable of stabilize the sludge, reduce its volume and eliminate pathogens. The obtained configuration consists of two anaerobic reactors connected in series. The first one operates in the range mesophilic temperature (35 ° C) and has higher hydraulic retention time (25 days) working primarily in the stabilization of organic matter present in the sludge and producing biogas, whereas the second one operates in the thermophilic range (55 ° C) in order to eliminate pathogens, and to reduce the volume. The hydraulic retention time in the second reactor is lower (10 days). Both mesophilic and thermophilic processes were efficient in what was proposed, promoting the stabilization of organic matter present in the sludge and significant reduction of pathogens. As a final step with the sludge previously digested, it is indicated a final dehydration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Comissionamento de turbinas hidráulicas: ensaios de faixa operativa, índex, test e rejeição de carga

With growing electricty demand, the importance of generation through hydropower, a renewable energy source, it’s of great importance. This demand derives from the country’s growth, as well as events that will occur in the coming years. The commission has a crucial role before the entry into operation of hydroelectric plant, sice, ensures a good operation of hydraulic and electrical systems, as well as the safety of the installation. This paper is a case study, commissioning in a PCH in especially the most important tests, such as range operation, índex tes and load rejection. In these trials we can get a Idea of the actual behavior of the unit, as well as future operation maneuvers, and evidence of real efficiency