Alelopatia de Leucena sobre soja e plantas invasoras

With the advance of agriculture, there was consequent rising in environment degradation. Therefore, It is interesting the use of plants which have in their chemical composition substances capable of helping in the control of weeds to minimize the use of pesticides. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate solutions of leucena extract on weeds that are frequent on soybean crop. The treatments were leucena extracts at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% at room temperature water and water heated to 80 degrees C. The extracts were obtained by crushing 200g of leucena leaves and mixing them with one liter of distilled water with the help of a blender. Seeds were kept in B.O.D. at a temperature of 25 degrees C, with a photoperiod of 12 hours of light. Evaluations were done oil a daily basis, from the first to the last day of the experiment, varying according to the species. Results show a negative interference of the extracts, both hot and cold, in the root length of Ipomoea grandifolia, in the percentage of germination and in the root length of Arrowleaf sida and Hair beggarticks. There was no negative interference in the analyzed parameters for soybean seeds. Thus, the results indicate allelopatic potential of Leucaena leuucocephala as an alternative for the management of weeds without interfering on the development of the soybean crop.

Interferência de Brachiaria Ruziziensis sobre plantas daninhas em sistema de consórcio com milho

Regarding tropical forage plants, the specie Brachiaria ruziziensis are prominence for to be most acceptable for cattle when compared with others Brachiaria species, besides the excellent competitive ability with weeds. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Brachiaria ruziziensis density in intercropping with corn crop, about weeds control and weeds development in the crop-cattle integration system. The experiment was realized during the period between December/2007 to May/2008, in the experimental area of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba - SP. The treatment was composed in a factorial arrangement, by combination of four Brachiaria ruziziensis density (0, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha(-1)) and three weed species ((Ipomoea grandifolia, Digitaria horizontalis e Cenchrus echinatus), in intercropping with corn crop. The evaluations realized were: weed infestation (density m(-2)), the dry biomass (g plant(-1)) and leaf area (cm(2) plant(-1)). It was noted that Brachiaria ruziziensis reduced the all of weeds infestation evaluated. Also, it was checked that Digitaria horizontalis and Ipomoea grandifolia were the weeds with most difficult control.

Densidades de plantas de Urochloa decumbens em convivência com Corymbia citriodora

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant densities of Urochloa decumbens on the early growth of Corymbia citriodora. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications, each plot consisted of a of 60 L capacity vase. The signal grass densities were 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 plants m(-2), along with one eucalyptus plant. At the end of eight months of living together increase in height and in diameter and plant dry mass of eucalyptus and signal grass were carried out. The eucalyptus characteristics were influenced by all the weed populations, the effect being more pronounced with the increasing of grass density.

Salmonelas e coliformes fecais em águas de bebida para animais

Sixty small farms of Botucatu County, S. Paulo, Brazil, given over to cattle breeding were studied. These farms account for 15% of the total of 402 farms that exist in the county. The sample was drawn by simple probabilistic technique. There were found to be one hundred and thirteen drinking places located on the farms. Samples of water were taken from these drinking places and examined for bacteria of the genus Salmonella, for the determination of Most Probable Number (MNP) of fecal coliform bacteria as well as determination of the water's pH. Water temperature was measured before collection. Samples from 15 drinking places (13.3%) were positive for Salmonella. The drinking places belonged to 12 of the sixty farms studied (20%). The following serotypes were identified: S. dublin, S. newport, S. madelia, S. IV 43:g,z57:-, S. saphra, S. glostrup, S. IV ochsenzool; S. I9,12:i:- and two new serotypes S. IV 41:z52:- and S. IV 50:d:-. Of the 113 samples studied 14 (12.4%) presented MPN/100ml of fecal coliforms above 4,000. There was no relationship between MPN/100ml of fecal coliforms above 4,000 and positivity for Salmonella. Highest positivity both for Salmonella and MPN/100mL of fecal coliforms over 4,000 occurred at temperatures above 18 degrees C. As regards pH, in both situations the highest positivity occurred between 6.0 and 7.0.

Efeitos da carência de alguns nutrientes minerais no desenvolvimento de plantas de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Santa Rosa)

The present work studies Ca, B and Zn omission on the development of soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Santa Rosa). The experiment was carried out as hydroponic culture, with complete Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution nr. 2 (C), lacking calcium (-Ca), lacking boron (-B) or lacking zinc (-Zn), a total of 4 treatments. Seven samplings were made to determine: total dry matter (g), root dry matter (g), stem dry matter (g) and leaf dry matter (g). Results showed that Ca and B omissions decreased dry weight. Lack of Zn did not affect dry weight.

Magnésio, cálcio e potássio em sementes e cotilédones de feijoeiros e sua transferência para plantas jovens

Magnesium, calcium and potassium concentration in the seeds and cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca and its translocation from the cotyledons to the plant were evaluated. For such an evaluation plants were cultivated during the cotyledons phase and were irrigated with deionized water. Three samplings of cotyledons completely randomized were done and replicated ten times, before its senescence and fall, at 8, 12 and 15 days after the germination of the seeds. Fresh and dry matter of the cotyledons and its magnesium, calcium and potassium content were determinated in every sample. These parameters were also determined in the seeds from the same lot. Potassium concentration was higher than magnesium in both seeds and cotyledons. Calcium presented the lesser concentration both in seeds and cotyledons. These minerals were translocated from the seeds and cotyledons to the young plants. Eight days after germination 59% of the magnesium, 78% of the calcium and 71% of the potassium were translocated to the plants. Fifteen days after germination these percentages were respectivaley 73%, 82% and 91%. Thus, magnesium was the less and potassium was the most translocated mineral at the end of the study.

Eficiência de absorção e utilização de potãssio por plantas de soja em solução nutritiva

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial design of randomized complete blocks, with three replications, to study plantage response of soybean cultivars on efficiency: update (EAB); conversion (EC) and utilization, as well as utilization index (IU) by soybean cultivars. Four soybean cultivars (IAC 17, IAC 18, IAC 11 e FT 2) were grown in nutrient solutions with either adequate or deficient K levels (0.5 and 1.82 mmol. L-1) and harvested 20, 40 and 60 days after plant emergence (DAPE). The plants were separated in top, median and lower leaves, stems and roots, dried, ground and analyzed for K contents. Regardless of cultivar, in deficient plants K was translocated from the other organs to median leaves, in order to maintain its K contents. This behavior was particularly evident in 'IAC 11' and 'IAC 18'. Well nourished plants showed higher EAB than deficient plants. 'IAC 17' and 'IAC 18' showed higher EAB at either adequate or deficient K. levels. 'FT 2' showed highest EUK in deficient solutions at 40 DAPE (immediately before flowering), and the lowest EUK at 60 DAPE. The utilization index was helpful in determining cultivar plasticity to adapt to K deficiency. The highest plasticity was observed for 'FT 2' at 40 DAPE and for 'IAC 18' at 60 DAPE. K-deficient plants were more efficient in EC, yielding more dry matter for K uptake unit.

Efeito da densidade de plantas de Bracharia decumbens Stapf sobre o crescimento inicial de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden

In order to verify the effect of Brachiaria decumbens plant density on the initial growth of Eucalyptus grandis plants, one assay was conducted under semi-controlled conditions of soil fertility and humidity. Dark red Latossol, collected from the arable layer, was used as substrate in 50 liters amianthus cement boxes. One seedling of Eucalyptus was planted in each box. Fifteen days later, seedlings of B. decumbens were transplanted on the same box. The treatments consisted of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 plants of B. decumbens. The experimental design was the complete randomized design, with 15 treatments and four replicates. The Eucalyptus plants that lived with B. decumbens were evaluated for stem diameter, plant high, leaf area, and dry weight of stem, branches and leaves. B. decumbens plants were evaluated for dry weight of aerial parts. B. decumbens, at the density level of four plants per m 2 and over, reduced of the initial growth of the Eucalyptus plants. B. decumbens reduced on average 27.78% stem diameter, 18.47% plant high, 70.56% leaf number, 63.26% leaf area, and 55.22%, 77.29% and 55.30% of stem, branch and leaf dry weight, respectively. Plant high was not a good parameter to evaluate the B. decumbens interference.

Revisão de plantas Brasileiras com comprovado efeito hipoglicemiante no controle do diabetes mellitus

Plants have been used in the cure of diseases from the origins of the humanity. At present, in Brazil, the use is common because of the difficulty of access of part of the population to medical assistance. It is commonly believed that the medicinal plants of traditional use were already tested and ratified by the long-lasting use by the human species, being considered effective medicines, presenting no collateral effects, not needful, therefore, of evaluation. The miraculous self-medication with medicinal plants goes to the point of substituting therapies in serious diseases such as those of hypoglycemic or anti-diabetic effect. For the test of medicinal plants, it is necessary to consider the material quality to be tested, the plant component used, extraction method, dosage, and the experimental species used. Several plants have already had hypoglycemic effects proven experimentally. The objective of this paper was to accomplish a revision of Brazilian medicinal plants, used popularly, as hypoglycemics that had effects proven in animals and in humans.

Produção de composto orgânico a partir de residuos de plantas medicinais

Extraction of active principles from medicinal plants generates wastes usually discharged. This process does not extract minerals from plant tissues, which may be considered of great value in organic composting. Wastes of 81 medicinal plant species processed at Centroflora/Anidro industry were analyzed for macro and micronutrients, and according to the results, three different ways to elaborate the compost were proposed: a) wastes of medicinal plants with high content of a specific mineral, aiming to fertilize soils where would be cultivated species that need high quantities of that mineral; b) wastes with mineral contents in order to support specific failures on mineral content of a soil; c) wastes of the eleven richest species in each nutrient that should elevate all mineral contents in soil.

Eficiência de extratos de plantas medicinais e aromáticas em atrair a abelha africanizada (Apis mellifera L.) em cultura de abacateiro (Persea americana Mili.)

The objective of the experiment was to test attractive substances for Africanized honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in avocado, Persea americana Mill. Were pulverized extracts of lemon grass (Cympobogon citratus), ocimum (Ocimum sellowii), Lippia alba, orange leaves (Citrus sinensis), eucaliptus leaves (Eucalyptus sp), eugenol and linalol and the frequency of bees on flowers were evaluated. The frequency of honey bees did increase with the application of the extracts falsa melissa, eucaliptus leaves and orange leaves, used as attractants in Quintal variety. The products tested in Eppendorf tubes did not increased the frequency the bees in Quintal and Fortuna varieties.

Efeito da densidade de plantas de Panicum maximum Jacq. sobre o crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden

In order to verify the effect of Panicum maximum plant density on the initial growth of Eucalyptus grandis plants, one assay was conducted under semi-controlled conditions of soil fertility and humidity. Dark red Latossol, collected from the arable layer, was used as substrate in 50 liters amianthus cement boxes. One seedling of Eucalyptus was planted in each box. Fifteen days later, seedlings of P. maximum were transplanted on the same box. The treatments consisted of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 plants of P. maximum per m 2. The experimental design was the complete randomized design, with six treatments and eight replicates for P. maximum. One hundred and ten and 190 days after transplanting, Eucalyptus plants grown among P. maximum showed an average reduction of 30.80 and 46.55% stem diameter, 25.10 and 22.50 plant high, 40.18 and 31.29% stem dry weight, 61.32 and 54.06% branch dry weight, 53.72 and 51.82% root dry weight, 44.62 and 38.50% leaf dry weight, 22.51 and 23.16 branch number, 20.72 and 19.97% leaf number, and 33.88 and 17.05% leaf area, respectively.

Faixas de controle de plantas daninhas e seus reflexos no crescimento de plantas de eucalipto

Two field trial were conducted in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake crops at Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul State and Brotas, São Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of weed control in strip of different width on the Eucalyptus plant growth. The experiments consisted of two groups treatments: group 1 - with constant width control strips being kept during the first 12 months, i.e., at 0, 25, 50, 100, 125 and 150cm on each side of the Eucalyptus row and, group 2: with increasing width control strips being adopted along the experimental period, i.e., at 25 to 150, 25-50-150, 50 to 150, 50-125-150, 100-125-150, 100 tot 150 and 125 to 150 cm on each side of the Eucalyptus row during the first 12 months. At 49 moths after planting it was verified that the Eucalyptus plants that had grown both in the constant and increasing width control strips, equal to or higher than 100 and 50 cm, respectively, showed higher steam diameter, plant height, volume and annual increment average of wood. These results led to the conclusion that the minimum control strip width should be 100 cm on each side of the Eucalyptus row in order to keep the crop free of weed interference.