344 resultados para Efeitos de microcistinas


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Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos de diferentes granulometrias, expressa em Diâmetro Geométrico Médio (DGM) do milho (0,336mm, 0,585mm, 0,856 mm e 1,12 mm) de dietas fornecidas na forma farelada (FAR) e peletizada (PEL), no desempenho e no rendimento de carcaça e de cortes de frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Dietas FAR, produzidas com DGM de 0,336 mm resultaram em um menor consumo (p<0,001), ganho de peso (p<0,001) e pior conversão alimentar (p<0,001) do que as PEL de mesmo DGM. Os demais DGM não mostraram diferenças entre ração FAR e PEL. Quando avaliada somente a granulometria, observou-se que o aumento no DGM melhorou o ganho de peso linearmente e de forma quadrática o consumo e a conversão alimentar. Não houve influência da forma física ou DGM em rendimento de carcaça e rendimento de perna+coxa. Porém foi verificada uma redução em rendimento de peito com DGM 0,336 mm (p<0,001), na forma FAR.

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The experiment was conducted with grama seda (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) hays stored with a low moisture content (12-15%) and without chemical treatment, and hays stored with a high moisture content (20-25%) and treated with anhydrous ammonia (NH3) al 0.5 and 1.0% of DM, and urea at 0.9 and 1.8% of DM. At 65 days after treatment (AT) under a plastic cover, the bales were opened and samples were taken at 3, 15 and 30 days to determine the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility (IVDMD) of the hays. For the identification of fungi, samples were taken at 0, 15 and 30 days AT. The data were analyzed according to a split-plot design with the effects of the chemical treatments studied in the main plot and the effects of the periods of post-treatment studied in the sub-plots, Fourteen genera of fungi were observed in the hays, not treated and treated with NH3 and urea, with a higher occurrence of Cladosporium, Curvularia, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Treatment with anhydrous ammonia and 1.8% urea controlled the occurrence of Aspergillus; however, Penicillium decreased in hays treated with ammonia 30 days AT. Ammoniation did not influence the contents of ADF, cellulose and lignin in the hays, but NDF and hemicellulose decreased with the use of ammonia 30 days AT. The CP contents and the IVDMD increased with ammoniation. The CP contents decreased in hays treated with NH3 as days AT increase, while hays treated with urea did not change.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Quatro búfalos com cânulas ruminais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quadrado latino 4 x 4, compreendendo quatro rações com feno de capim-coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) (50% MS) e níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada em substituição ao milho em grão moído no concentrado (0, 33, 66 e 100% MS). Foram avaliadas a degradabilidade dos nutrientes e a população de protozoários no rúmen. Houve efeito quadrático da fração solúvel dos nutrientes entre os tratamentos, com valores maiores nos dois extremos. A taxa de degradação da PB do feno e da MS da polpa cítrica apresentou-se linear com aumento da polpa cítrica na ração. As rações contendo polpa cítrica promoveram menores concentrações de Entodinium e número total de ciliados/mL que a dieta só com milho. Houve predominância dos Entodinium nas dietas contendo somente milho ou somente polpa cítrica, enquanto em mistura predominaram os ciliados da subfamília Diplodiniinae. Observou-se efeito de interação da polpa cítrica com o milho, promovendo modificações no metabolismo ruminal, especialmente na solubilidade dos nutrientes, na curva do pH e na composição da fauna.

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As cultivares Mineiro e Vrockwona do capim-elefante (Pennisetumpurpureun Schum) foram cortadas aos 75 dias de desenvolvimento, ensiladas em tambores metálicos e submetidas a quatro tratamentos: 1. Emurchecimento ao sol por oito horas; 2. Adição de 0,5% de formal ao material seco e picado; 3. Adição de 0,5% de ácido fórmico (85%); e 4. Adição de 0,2% da solução de "Viher" (70% formal + 26% ácido fórmico + 4% água). Quando o tratamento adotado foi o emurchecimento, os teores de carboidratos solúveis foram suficientes para produzir silagens láticas com baixos teores de pH, e ácidos acético e butírico. Na ensilagem das duas cultivares do capim-elefante, cortadas aos 75 dias de desenvolvimento, houve necessidade de se elevar a dose da solução de "Viher" para que se evitasse a obtenção de silagens inferiores.

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Estudaram-se os efeitos da rufiação e da manipulação do sistema genital (estocadas) sobre a fertilidade de éguas inseminadas com sêmen fresco (exp. 1) e resfriado/transportado a 14ºC/3,6 horas (exp. 2). No experimento 1 utilizaram-se 42 ciclos de 29 éguas, e no experimento 2, 148 ciclos de 100 éguas, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais definidos por um esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com número desigual de repetições, de acordo com o tipo de rufiação utilizado (éguas rufiadas e não rufiadas) e o tipo de manipulação do sistema genital da fêmea no momento da inseminação (estocadas e não estocadas). Em ambos os experimentos não se observou efeito da estimulação sexual da égua sobre a fertilidade. No experimento 2 não se observou efeito da estimulação sexual sobre a dinâmica de crescimento folicular e ovulação.

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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Anahuac cultivar, were treated with six triadimenol (0,0; 12,5; 25,0; 37,5; 50,0 and 62,5 g of a.i./100 kg of seeds) and tebuconazole (0,0; 7,5; 15,0; 22,5 30,0 and 37,5 g of a.i./100 kg of seeds) dosis to reduce the subcrown internode length and then to deep the point of emission of adventitious roots. Seeds were seeded in pots with soil, with 5 cm of depth and after two weeks the seedlings number was counted and the subcrown internode length (CM) was evaluated. The CM may be represented by the equations: a) CM = 4,49 - 0,1779 x + 0,002161 x2 (r2 = 0,9247); b) CM = 4,62 - 0,29948 y + 0,006480 y3 - 0,00004622 y3 (r2 = 0,9551), where ''x'' and ''y'' represent tebuconazole and triadimenol dosis, respectively. The CM showed minimum values for triadimenol dosis equal to or higher than 37,5 g a.i./100 kg of seeds and for tebuconazole decreased continuously with the increase of the product dosis, showing values near to 1 cm for the maximum dosis. The triadimenol allowed, at suitable dosis, almost total inhibition of the wheat seedlings subcrown internode with no effects on seedling emergence and initial growth.

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Foi conduzido, em casa de vegetação, um experimento em solução nutritiva de Steimberg modificada, cultivando-se o girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), cv. Anhandy, com cinco níveis de cálcio e cinco de boro combinados, em esquema fatorial completo 5 x 5, visando-se induzir sintomas tardios, no início do florescimento, de deficiência desses elementos. A deficiência isolada de cálcio induziu o sintoma de colapso do capítulo quando o nível inicial de cálcio na solução foi tal (15,24 ppm de Ca) que permitiu a manifestação do sintoma no início do florescimento. A deficiência de boro manifestou-se antes do florescimento, para todos os níveis iniciais do micronutriente em solução, e isto impediu sua avaliação, em relação ao capítulo.

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The purpose of this work was to assess the effects of soil preparation methods (with or without subsoiling) on physical properties of a cerrado soil cropped to corn during the, 1986/87 season, in the Selviria county (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Also, the objective of this was to check the changes in the soil (dark red latosol-Acrustox) caused by the preparation after nine years of cultivation in comparison with natural state. The experiment consisted of six soil preparation systems: conventional, superpreparation, reversed, revolving hoe, reduced and no-tillage. Along with these systems subsoiling was also tested. The reversed system showed the best com grain yield. Subsoiling only presented positive results in productivity with the no-tillage system. All the preparation system tested degraded the physical properties in comparison with the natural soil.

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This work was conducted to determine the effects of ammoniation and supplementation on the nutritive value of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf) hay. The hay was treated with anhydrous ammonia (3.0% DM) and introduced into the rations for sheep with 12.00% of CP, identified as T1 grass hay without NH3 + cotton seed meal; T2 = treated hay (3.0% de NH3); T3 = treated hay (3.0% de NH3) + com grain meal; T4 = hay + cotton seed meal + corn grain meal. nit: following coefficients of digestibility were determined for T1, T2, T3 e T4, respectively: DM (54.90; 55.50); 54.50; and 56.12%); NI)I: (51.36; 60.20; 55.30; and 48.35%); ADF (47.36; 58.66; 56.03; and 47.07%); hemicellulose (58.80; 63.32; 56.00; and 49.70%); cellulose (55.58; 71.80; 68.07; and 58.21%); lignin (10.10; 32.18; 31.74; and 0.72%) and protein (64.6; 59.36; 56.16; and 70. 15%). nle N balances for T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 5.69; 3.88; 3.90; and 8,82 g N/day. It was concluded that the ammoniation was equivalent to the vegetable protein supplementation in the rations. Furthermore, this treatment showed a greater potential to increase fiber digestion, particulary for ADF and cellulose.

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O presente trabalho foi realizado como objetivo de estudar os efeitos de épocas da semeadura na produção de grãos e nos componentes de produção de três cultivares de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) de ciclos culturais distintos. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em campo, no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo (latitude 22º 51 'S e longitude 48º 27'W.Grw.), em solo classificado como Terra Roxa Estruturada, durante os anos agrícolas de 1977/78, 1978/79 e 1979/80. As cultivares empregadas foram Paraná, Santa Rosa, UFV-1. As semeaduras, em número de seis, foram realizadas com intervalos, aproximadamente, quinzenais, com início de semeadura em outubro. Foram avaliados: a produção de sementes (kg/ha), número de vagens/planta, percentagem de vagens normais e peso de 100 sementes. As maiores produções de grãos, para as três cultivares, foram obtidas nas semeaduras realizadas na segunda quinzena de outubro e durante o mês de novembro. O número de vagens por planta e o peso de 100 grãos foram os componentes da produção que mais sofreram efeitos das épocas de semeadura.

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This study aimed to quantify the effects of agroforestry systems (AFS), with different periods of adoption, and slash and burn agriculture (SB) on the chemical attributes of an Ultisol in the 'Cerrado' of Piaui State, Brazil. In two distinct climatic seasons (dry and rainy) four systems were studied: AFS with six (AFS6) and thirteen years (AFS13) of adoption, an area under SB and a native forest (NF), as a reference. In the AFS, in all depths, higher reduction in the Al3+ and H+ + Al3+ contents were observed as well as an increase of pH value and contents of nutrients (N, P, Ca, Mg and K) and organic carbon in soil. In the soil under SB, only in superficial layers, the ash deposited on the soil caused an increase in contents of nutrients, except for P, which was higher in all the depths. There was significant seasonal effect in the contents of nutrients, reducing in the rainy season. Agroforestry systems promoted increase in the nutrient contents of an Ultisol and can be considered useful to improve soil chemical quality in areas of 'Cerrado' of Piau State, Brazil.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical damage and physiological events in harvesting and processing of soybean cv. Mosoy RR 8000. The samples were taken during harvest manual, mechanical harvesting and during processing (receipt, pre-cleaning, cleaning, spiral separator, classification and gravity table). The physiological and physical quality was analized through the purity, germination, vigor (first germination count, seedling dry matter, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium, mechanical damages and seedling field emergence) tests. The statistical design used was a entirely randomized with nine treatments (9 sampling points) with 4 replications, being the means compared by the Tuckey test at 5% probability. In the purity and seedling field emergence were observed highly significative difference between the sampling process, also this differences were obtained the first germination count, seedling dry weight matter, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity which showed smaller results for the mechanical harvesting when compared with the manual harvesting. The germination was obtained differences at 5% for the manual harvesting in relation to the mechanical harvesting were obtained smaller results, being the main cause of reducing the soybean seed quality, when compared with the manual harvesting.

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The present study aims to compare the effects of lower doses of cloprostenol intramuscular (IM) or into vulvar submucosa (IVS) on estrus induction and pregnancy rate in Nelore cows. A total of 100 cycling Nelore cows with body condition score (BCS 3.5) 1 to 5 scale (Radostitis; Blood, 1986) and 170 +/- 11 days postpartum. Females were randomly divided in 5 groups (N=20) G1 to G5 and treated with cloprostenol (Ciosin (R)) on day 0 (D0) and on day 11 (D11) if not detected in estrus. Cows were injected with 500 mu g IM (G1), 250 mu g IM (G2), 125 mu g IM (G3), 250 mu g IVS (G4) and 125 mu g IVS (G5). Estrus was observed twice a day and the females artificially inseminated 12 hours after heat detection. There was no statistical difference (P>0.80) between groups in the estrus induction (first injection to estrus interval): 16/20-96.00 hours (G1), 13/20-90.42 hours (G2), 10/20-84.45 hours (G3), 15/20-87.86 hours (G4), 12/20-81.25 hours (G5) and second injection (P>0.10): 4/20-67.50 hours (G1), 7/20-85.50 hours (G2), 10/20-57.00 hours (G3), 5/20-70.60 hours (G4), 8/20-60.00 hours (G5). There was no statistical difference (0.65(ns)) between groups in the pregnancy rates: 40% (G1), 45% (G2), 50% (G3), 40% (G4), 40% (G5). The results demonstrate that the treatments with lower doses of cloprostenol intramuscular or into vulvar submucosa may be used to induce heat with similar pregnancy rates in cycling Nelore cows with good body condition.

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In recent crop seasons, the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B has become a serious pest in soybean crops due to high infestations and its control difficulties. Therefore, it is important to search control alternatives in the integrated pest management approach. Thus, it was evaluated in this study the efficacy of the whitefly control using different insecticides in greenhouse conditions and their selectivity to the parasitoids Encarsia formosa, Trichogramma pretiosum and Telenomus remus. Buprofezin 150 g.a.i. ha(-1) + mineral oil 0.2% v/v and pyriproxyfen 100 g.a.i. ha(-1) were considered the best options for the whitefly management due to combine good pest control efficacy with higher selectivity to the parasitoids except Encarsia formosa for which no treatment was classified as harmless. Betacyflutrin 9.375 + imidacloprid 75 g.i.a. ha(-1) was efficient on controlling whiteflies nymphs but was not harmless to the studied natural enemies. In general, the treatments including pyretroids compounds (betacyflutrin 9.375 + imidacloprid 75 + spiromesifen 60, betacyflutrin 9.375 + imidacloprid 75 and lambda-cyhalothrin 26.5 + thiametoxan 35.25 g.a.i. ha(-1)) were the most harmful to the evaluated parasitoids and therefore it use should be avoid whenever possible.