Projeto de recuperação da planta termelétrica do Laboratório de Vapor do Departamento de Energia da Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá

Brazil is nowadays the greatest bet of investors for the future due to its stable economy growth. The country has grown side by side with the greatest demand for electrical energy. The international appeal for renewable sources is causing a change in the Brazilian energetic matrix, raising the amount of energy generated by thermoelectric power plants. The construction of new power plants, running on biomass, requires a crescent number of capacitated personnel to run them. The Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá – UNESP – has a steam laboratory; witch is deactivated, which has a thermoelectric plant of small capacity. The laboratory reactivation and the return of its activities can be an important tool in order to graduate engineer able to operate on such units. This paper proposes four new experiments to be simulated on the Collage’s Energy Dep. Steam Lab when it gets back to its educational activities

Resistividade elétrica em aterro sanitário e relações com a produção de biogás

The landfill biogas can be an alternative energetic resource as a fuel to electrical energy generators, although, there are not too many techniques to prospect the gas. Usually, landfills receive home waste, which in most are constituted by organic matter whose degradation by anaerobic activity produces the biogas. Geophysics is an important tool in environmental studies and the electrorresistivity, an important method employed in contaminated areas by slurry or necroslurry, including a monitoring for each contaminator flow. The electrorresistivity has not too much application in finding biogas. For this work, two biogas drains in Rio Claro-SP landfill were selected: one whose waste disposition correspond to the initial activities in the landfill and another drain whose disposition started more recently. The result consists in a higher biogas production if compared to the biogas from the older drain. The present paper consists in a monitoring along one year, with dates collection in each fifteen days. These dates were tabled in Excel 2010 program and graphics of resistivity x depth were generated. Hereafter, most variable resistivity values depth were chosen, to further graphics pluviosity x resistivity generation in Grapher 8 program and the biogas output (m³/h) in monitoring period. The use of pluviosity parameter can be justified by its influence above resistivity. The results show that there is a horizon with possibly biogas accumulation. Lastly, the method was effective, although, for any application of geophysical methods, the knowledge about its limitations is necessary; in this case the influence of pluviosity and also that the measurements were made in one single point, it will not show any side variation

Cidades sustentáveis: análise comparativa com cidades contemporâneas

Currently the world is under an energy revolution, every day more technologies are developed in order to better use the energy for having better energy efficiency of equipment and processes with minimal environmental degradation. Taking into account that thousands of people live in built environments in the context of cities and that the energy flow to this location is significant, it is important to study the built environment as a potential source of savings, energy recovery and regeneration, because cities are the major bottlenecks energetic. Therefore, this study aimed to examine and to list the most important and promising technologies to be used in the built environment to collect or save energy that would be wasted, such as clothes that generate energy through movement or solar incidence, facades of buildings that generate energy due to solar radiation, fitness centers that produce electricity due to the rotation used in fitness equipment for athletes, elevators that take advantage of the potential energy or use it more rationally, generators that take advantage of energy vibrational, and finally more sustainable vehicles with higher performance and less degrading the environment. The information and results obtained from this study show that the technologies used to harness energy before lost are increasingly evident and also is increased the progress relative to the energy use in a urban context. In the closure, a comparison of energy expenditure between a city that uses some of these sustainable technologies and another of the same size with conventional habits is presented

Avaliação do potencial de microgeração em despacho econômico para atendimento aos requisitos de etiquetagem de edifícios

The discussions about the energy rationalization are gaining more and more space on the everyday of engineers and other professionals in the field of energy. A greater focus is being tied to commercial buildings, because they are one of the biggest responsible for the high energetic expenditure according to the National Energetic Balance, especially by the use of air conditioners for the people’s thermal comfort. Such finding made INMETRO to develop a building labeling procedure through th National Program of Electric Energy Conservation in Buildings; by means of this systematic, the built areas are classified by levels that go from A(the best) to E(the worst), taking into account envelopment, illumination system and air conditioning. A bonus process based on water rationalization, use of renewable energy sources, cogeneration systems or technical innovations, allows the classification to be changed up to one level. A study made exactly on a commercial building, the building of Foundation for Technological and Scientific Development located inside of the College of Engineering of Guaratinguetá, sought to identify technical/economic alternatives for the building certification and appealed to the bonus based on water rationalization. The present study is based on analysis of deploying a cogeneration system formed by internal combustion engine and an absorption refrigeration system as bonus alternative, so that the costs are analyzed regarding energy consumption and use of the motor. With the calculations and results, the viability of the building to receive a bonus from INMETRO through its National Program for Energy Conservation in Buildings is studied and concluded from this study whether or not you can get a better level of energy efficiency for the building in question... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Modelagem e avaliação de um sistema de refrigeração por absorção para residências e instalações de pequeno porte

This work presents a study of the absorption refrigeration system and the modeling and evaluation of two cycles using the binary solutions water-lithium bromide and ammonia-water for an equipment to be used in small size plants like residences. The study and evaluation aims the complete understanding of all parts of the system and the influence of each one of them as well as the spread of the knowledge to raise the use of this type of equipment in all sizes in order to decrease the energetic consumption of plants of all scales and making viable the alternative sources. The study is done in each element of the cycle separately and in some auxiliary equipments required in the operation such as the main power source, the solar collector. The software used for modeling, with emphasis on thermal part, was the EES (Engineering Equation Solver), that permitted the thermal balance calculus and acquisition of the used fluids properties. The results obtained for the equipment shows the system is more complex than the widely used in business, however, it can be viable and represents an alternative to increase the energetic efficiency

Avaliação da auto-suficiência energética de reatores anaeróbios no tratamento de esgoto sanitário e água cinza

The anaerobic treatment of sewage is widely employed in Brazil and it is an appreciated way for the treatment of effluents, helping to reduce the environmental impact in rivers. The methane gas obtained from the process can be applied to improve the energetic efficiency of the system, reducing the amount of waste and the cost of the treatment process. This work presents the net energy balance of anaerobic reactors applied to the treatment of sewage. The analysis was performed considering full-scale and laboratory-scale treatment systems. In laboratory scale, the results from three kinds of systems were compared regarding the biological treatment of greywater. Two of them (UASB7 and UASB12) were anaerobic and the other one was a combined anaerobic-aerobic system (UASB7/SBR6). Greywater methanization (compared to theoretical maximum) was calculated considering 100% removal (g BOD/day), the literature percentage removal and the anionic surfactant presence in the effluentt. For each of these three cases, the efficiencies were, respectively, 16.9%, 43.6% and 51.3% in UASB7 reactor, 25.6%, 50.3% and 59.2% in UASB12 reactor and 30.6%, 61.2% and 71.9% in UASB7/SBR6 reactor. The energetic potential was found to be 4.66x10-4, 7.77x10-4 and 5.12x10-4 kWh/L for the UASB7, UASB12 and UASB7/SBR6 reactors, respectively. The pumping system, the aeration (in the anaerobic-aerobic system) and the temperature controlled heating system were considered to calculate the energetic consumption. However, the third one was not employed since tropical regions like Brazil do not need heating systems and also because of its high energetic consumption. The calculated net energy balance in the reactors was negative in the case of greywater, respectively -0.16, -0.28 and -0.18 kWh/L for the reactors UASB7, UASB12 and UASB7/SRB6. In full scale (ETE Jardim das Flores - Rio Claro, SP), the average energy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Análise exergética e ecológica de um sistema compacto de cogeração operando com gás de síntese

The aim of this work is to make a qualitatively and ecologically evaluation of a compact cogeneration system that operates with synthesis gas obtained from a gasifier. Using the Eucalyptus Biomass as fuel, that passes through a wood gasifier (Drowndraft type) and supply the internal combustion engine. The compact cogeneration system is composed of two heat exchangers, an energy generator connected to an internal combustion engine and an absorption refrigeration system. The complete system is installed in the laboratory from the Energy Department at the University of Guaratinguetá. By the analysis related to the First and Second Thermodynamic Laws applied in this system, was possible to identify the mass flows in each point, energetic efficiency, irreversibility and exergetic efficiency. The components that have the biggest irreversibilities are the gasifier, followed by the internal combustion engine, which should be focused in future improvements. The system efficiency in energetic basis is 51,84% and in exergetic basis is 22,78%. Using the ecologic efficiency methodology was possible to identify the emissions rates, the pollution indicator associated to the combustion of the synthesis gas in the internal combustion engine. The ecologic efficiency considering the energectic analysis is 91,73%, while considering the exergetic analysis, 83,65%. It is concluded that the use of the synthesis gas in a compact cogeneration system is viable from the technical and ecological point of view, making possible to generate energy for isolated communities and promoting the decentralized electricity generation

Avaliação do Efeito Fotodinâmico sobre o Crescimento in vitro de Pythium insidiosum

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic method which employs a photosensitizer and light to cause cellular death. The chemical compounds have low or none toxicity for hosts cells. Under the incidence of light, in an appropriated wavelength, these chemical compounds produce reactive oxygen which affects the biomolecules of the target-cells. The specific illumination of the affected area increases the selectivity of the therapy, since the photodynamic process occurs only in the irradiated area. Pythiosis, for instance, is a life-threatening emerging disease caused by a fungus-like organism called Pythium insidiosum. The disease occurs in man and other animals, being mostly observed in horses. Human pythiosis may present as ophthalmic, cutaneous-subcutaneous and systemic forms of lesions. Due to the fact that P. insidiosum is not a true fungus, it is refractory to most antifungal drugs and the treatment of the disease is difficult. Extensive surgery procedures, such as limb amputation, are the treatment of choice, however relapses may occur frequently. Although not totally effective, the use of immunotherapy associated to surgery have shown some results. Considering that pythiosis is an emerging disease few explored in its etiological and therapeutic aspects, which are limited and few effective, it is of great importance to encourage the development of researches for new strategies of treatment. In this sense, it was evaluated the effect of PDT on in vitro growth of the pathogen employing two chemical compounds as photosensitizer, porphyrin and chlorine, at different concentrations in combination with several energetic dosages. Porphyrin showed inhibition of growth at 25mg/mL with 100J/cm2 of energetic dosage and chlorine showed similar results employing low concentrations (0,7, 1,0 and 1,3mg/mL) with 70J/cm2 of energetic dosage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Avaliação da auto-suficiência energética de reatores anaeróbicos aplicados ao tratamento de resíduos de uma cervejaria em escala piloto

This project aimed to analyze the feasibility of the methane yield associated to the anaerobic digestion of brewery residues, checking whether the energetic balance of the system is favorable. The methane yield efficiency was calculated for the parameters of two papers that treated solids with a particle-size <1mm. Theses solids are not degraded in conventional treatment systems. Calculations were based in the reactions of anaerobic degradation of the macromolecules that compose brewery residues, considering the theoretical production and the effective production of methane. The results were 50.44% and 52.86%. Regarding to the energy balance of the anaerobic treatment, we noted the high influence of the selection and operating regime of electrical equipment over the potential energy. The best situation, in which the energetic self-sufficiency was reached, was observed when using the mixer under an intermittent regime (1min/h), without employing the heating recirculator, for the maximum organic loading of 4.0 gVS/L.day (days 248-258). In this case, the system would generate an amount of energy equal to 0.0356 kWh/day, able to overcome the energy required by the equipment in about 6.5 times. Moreover, we also noted the interference of the application of different solid loadings in the reactors, once the application of the higher organic load generated 5 times more energy than the application of the smaller one

Estabelecimento de rotinas de operação e orientações de manutenção para a planta termelétrica do DEN/FEG/UNESP

Steam generation plants have several industrial applications, being important for the national and global energetic matrix. Operational knowledge of steam plants is extremely important to forming a Mechanical Engineer. The facilities from Faculty of Engineering of Guaratingueta have a no operated steam pilot plant, named Thermal Machine Lab. Nowadays, the Energy Department from the faculty cannot explore this lab for its classes, even being essential to consolidate the theoretical concepts with tests simulating industrial applications. The goal of this project was to restore the operational condition of equipment of steam laboratory by fixing the equipment, and creating operational scripts for them. In a close future this lab could be used for classes, research and other applications

Braquiterapia com sementes de iodo-125: manufatura e tratamento

According to the National Institute of Cancer – INCA, 466.730 new cancer cases will occur in Brazil in 2009. Prostate and Lung cancer in man are the most incident types (in exception of the non-melanoma cancer). The brachytherapy with 125-iodine sources is an important method of prostate cancer treatment. The implant with iodine-125 seeds uses aproximately 100 seeds that are imported impossibilitating the treatment in large scale. For this reason, a multidisciplinary group was created at the Energetic and Nuclear Research Institute – Radiation Technology Center (IPEN –CTR / SP) to develop a national 125-iodine source and established a facility for local production. The seeds manufacture in Brazil will diminish the cost of treatment and prostate brachytherapy will be offered to more patients. This work aim is to observe and discuss the methods used in seeds manufacture there are being developed in Brazil and to present an prostate cancer case folloied in A.C. Camargo Hospital. The 125-iodine is adsorbed in an silver wire, then deposited at titanium coat. The weld is made by an process of plasm sealing. The seeds goes through several test to guarantee that there is no leakage. The result is an high quality and cheaper product. The implant tecnique is an fast and save procedure. The medical physicst preplan the case to stipulate the quantity of seeds there will be used. At the dat of the implant the medical physicst replan the procedure due to changes of volume in the organ. That assure the correct dose distribution in the target. Besides, the 125-iodine low energy is absorbed at the volume of interrest saving sourronding healthy tissues such as the rectum and the urethra

Exigência de proteína digestível em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui e a dinâmica do crescimento muscular por aspectos morofológicos e turnover isotópico do carbono-13 e do nitrogênio-15

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Estudo da interação não-nativa no enovelamento de proteínas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Social Stability Related to Sex Group Composition in the Cichlid Nile Tilapia

Aquaculture practices usually put the Nile tilapia in an artificial social environment, which males predominate due to their faster growth desirable for aquaculture purposes. Such a situation can increase male-male fighting because males are generally more aggressive than females, and also because fighting ability is similar within the same sex, leading to longer contests. As behavior has been used to infer welfare in several fish species, the aim of this study was to investigate whether sex composition affects agonistic interactions, social hierarchy and energetic demand in groups of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; L.). Size-matched adult fish were divided in two treatments: MM = four males and MF = two males and two females (10 repetitions for each treatment). The experiment lasted for 11 days and social interactions (aggressiveness and rank order) were recorded at the 2nd, 6th and 10th days (15 min per day). Fish were food deprived and body weight loss was used to infer energetic cost. A higher frequency of lateral threat (Student’s t independent test; t = 2.55; p = 0.02) and total interactions (Student’s t independent test; t = -2.81; p = 0.01) was observed in the MF treatment. MM group showed unstable hierarchy (Binomial test, p = 0.04), which is considered a social stressor. However, mean weight loss was not affected by treatments (Student’s t independent test; t = -0.74; p = 0.47). These results support the idea that sexual composition affects aggressive interactions and destabilizes social hierarchy, but not energy cost

Geomorfologia e evolução quarternária da calha do Alto Rio Paraná, no segmento livre de barramentos, entre os reservatórios de Porto Primavera e Itaipu

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)