Water productivity of different land uses in watersheds assessed from satellite imagery Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização do uso da terra em diferentes épocas na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão paraíso- são manuel sp, por meio de sistemas de informações geográficas

This study aimed to evaluate a period of 38 years, the use and soil occupation of the Paradise River watershed, inserted in the citys of São Manuel and Areiópolis-SP using aerial photographs for the year 1972 and TM image (Thematic Mapper) obtained by the Landsat-5 satellite, in 2010, using geoprocessing techniques. The watershed in question is very important for the city of São Manuel-SP, because its urban area is inserted in its divisors which part of it belongs to the Environmental Protection Area (APA) Perimeter Botucatu-SP, considered a recharge area of the aquifer Guarani. Today, the development of agriculture faces challenges, which is to produce more food without impacting the environment. Allied to this concern, research institutions have sought new technologies that allow the detection and quantification of human actions, enabling interventions in order to minimize possible damage to the environment. Among these technologies can be cited Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which a large volume of data and information stored in a region at different times can be evaluated in the same time, suggesting different approaches to the planning of land use. The results of the mapping of areas of use and soil occupation result nine classes in 1972, and the coffee culture showed the biggest occupation (37.94%) of the total area. The 2010 mapping formulated twelve classes of use, which demonstrated the predominance of sugar cane (37.94%), on the areas occupied by coffee and pasture before. The land use maps of 1972 and 2010 showed results that show intense human activity in the modification of natural landscape.

Imagens digitais aplicadas no estudo da análise multitemporal do uso e ocupação do solo numa microbacia

The knowledge of the soil occupation as for his nature, location, occurrence form, changes happened in certain periods, they are valuable for the programming of activities that you seek to the development agricultural, economical and social of the area. This work aimed at to identify and to quantify the soil occupation of Stream Petiço Watershed - Botucatu (SP), through the Geographical Information System IDRISI and data of sensor Landsat 5 TM of 09/06/97 and 23/08/2013. For the analysis of the results it was verified that the eucalyptus culture, due to existence of great reforestation companies in the watershed, together with the native forests they are predominant in the study area, the remaining of the area is occupied by pastures and soil prepared for the planting of agricultural cultures.

Soil profile, relief features and their relation to structure and distribution of Brazilian Atlantic rain forest trees

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mapping soil pollution by spatial analysis and fuzzy classification

Spatial analysis and fuzzy classification techniques were used to estimate the spatial distributions of heavy metals in soil. The work was applied to soils in a coastal region that is characterized by intense urban occupation and large numbers of different industries. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using geostatistical techniques and classes of risk were defined using fuzzy classification. The resulting prediction mappings identify the locations of high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu in topsoils of the study area. The maps show that areas of high pollution of Ni and Cu are located at the northeast, where there is a predominance of industrial and agricultural activities; Pb and Zn also occur in high concentrations in the northeast, but the maps also show significant concentrations of Pb and Zn in other areas, mainly in the central and southeastern parts, where there are urban leisure activities and trade centers. Maps were also prepared showing levels of pollution risk. These maps show that (1) Cu presents a large pollution risk in the north-northwest, midwest, and southeast sectors, (2) Pb represents a moderate risk in most areas, (3) Zn generally exhibits low risk, and (4) Ni represents either low risk or no risk in the studied area. This study shows that combining geostatistics with fuzzy theory can provide results that offer insight into risk assessment for environmental pollution.

Cara inchada of cattle, an infectious, apparently soil antibiotics-dependant periodontitis in Brazil

O objetivo desta revisão das pesquisas sobre a cara inchada dos bovinos (CI), realizadas no decorrer dos últimos 30 anos, é de elucidar melhor a sua etiologia. A CI geralmente tem sido considerada de origem nutricional, causada primariamente por deficiência ou desequilíbrio mineral. A doença caracteriza-se por uma periodontite rapidamente progressiva, que afeta os tecidos peridentários a nível dos premolares e molares no período de erupção dos dentes e que se inicia geralmente em bezerros jovens. A doença causou grandes perdas econômicas aos pecuaristas da Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, com a ocupação de novas terras para criação de gado. O freqüente abaulamento lateral dos ossos maxilares nos bezerros, que deu à doença o nome popular de cara inchada, foi demonstrado ser conseqüente à periostite crônica ossificante resultante da alveolite purulenta da CI. Das lesões peridentárias foi isolado, em grande número, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, sempre junto com Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes. Bactérias classificadas como pertencentes ao grupo sacarolí-tico e não-sacarolítico dos pigmentados de negro Bacteroides melaninogenicus e Bacteroides spp também foram isoladas, em pequeno número, de bovinos jovens sadios de fazendas CI-negativas. Ensaios in vitro mostraram que os antibióticos estreptomicina e actinomicina, bem como os sobrenadantes de cultivos de actinomicetos do solo de fazendas CI-positivas, aplicadas nas bactérias ensaiadas em concentrações subinibidoras, aumentaram significativamente (até 10 vezes) a aderência de B.melaninogenicus a células epiteliais da gengiva bovina. Esses antibióticos são produzidos no solo em conseqüência de um aumento do número de actinomicetos, incluindo os do gênero Streptomyces, quando há modificação de sua microbiota em áreas previamente ocupadas por mata virgem ou vegetação natural de Cerrado, que foram cultivadas pela primeira vez na formação de pastagem para o gado. em face da epidemiologia da CI, há fortes evidências de que a ingestão desses antibióticos pelos bovinos, junto com a forrageira, seja importante fator desencadeante para o desenvolvimento da periodontite. Através do aumento da aderência de B. melaninogenicus ao epitélio da gengiva marginal, em face da ingestão dos antibióticos pelos animais, as bactérias conseguem colonizar, formar a placa bacteriana e tornar-se patogênicas. Há evidência de que o fator desencadeante (aparentemente, os antibióticos) esteja também presente no leite de vacas-mães de bezerros afetados pela CI. Foi demonstrado que as bactérias envolvidas na periodontite produzem enzimas e endotoxinas capazes de ação destrutiva sobre os tecidos peridentários. A epidemiologia da CI, com a diminuição de sua incidência e o seu desaparecimento no decorrer dos anos, pode ser explicada pelo fato de que o prévio equílibrio da microbiota no solo virgem foi alcançado novamente e a produção dos antibióticos se reduziu. Desta maneira, a CI deve ser considerada como uma periodontite infecciosa multifatorial, causada sobretudo por bactérias anaeróbias pertencentes ao grupo Bacteroides melaninogenicus e, ao que tudo indica, desencadeada pela ingestão contínua, com a forrageira, de concentrações subinibidoras de antibióticos de solos recentememente cultivados. Esta hipótese é reforçada pela observação recente de novos surtos de CI, em áreas anteriormente positivas para a doença, em conseqüência da reforma de pastagens e capineiras após muitos anos. A natureza infecciosa da CI-periodontite foi confirmada através de experimento, em que virginiamicina mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento oral de bovinos afetados pela doença. Os antibióticos espiramicina e virginiamicina, usados como aditivos em suplementos minerais no campo, mostraram-se eficientes na prevenção da CI.

Environmental diagnosis in areas with different use and occupation using the perception of diverse biological activity

In Brazil, the degradation of soil and landscape by urban and agricultural frontiers expansion leads to the need for comprehensive studies and consider the diverse biological activities generated from different interventions in the landscape, becoming an instrument for assessing the impacts and the decision for its environmental management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different forms of occupation of the landscape, considering ecological elements and their interactions. The work was carried out on the Instituto Agronômico in the county of Jundiai, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The area under study has been subjected to different use and occupancy for a period of about 40 years. During this period the landscape has been transformed, with the current scenario can be classified as a degraded area mining; grassy area; Araucaria forest and pasture. These areas were evaluated by means of a transect, from which ten sampling sites were selected for the description of diverse biological activities, which included: evaluation and description of ground cover, identifying the presence of fungus and insect species. Furthermore, we evaluated in these points the pH, fertility and porosity of the topsoil (0-0.10 m). The results showed a variation of the elements analyzed and a relationship between the use and occupation of land in the different scenarios of the current landscape. The biological activity was more diverse in the Araucaria forest, reflected by the abundance of litter, higher content of organic matter and soil nutrients, demonstrating the effectiveness of the technique for assessing the level of degradation of the landscape used, which is expeditious and inexpensive.

Soil erodibility assessment in a pasture and forest remnant using the inderbitzen device

Brazil has the largest cattle herd in the world with approximately 200 million head. An important feature of the Brazilian cattle industry is that most of its herd is raised on pasture, which constitutes one of the most economical and practical ways to produce and provide food for cattle. However, this production model is mishandled and can lead to soil degradation. Maintaining soil quality is essential for the conservation of natural ecosystems and the areas of production, thus soil quality improves the conditions for biogeochemical cycles. In this context, the objective of this study was to develop a device for testing the Inderbitzen way of assessing soil erodibility in two situations of usage and occupation. Therefore, one area was used as a sample collection occupied by grazing and the other as a forest fragment; both located in the city of Sorocaba in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Thus, we concluded that the proposed device - the Inderbitzen - proved capable of assessing soil erodibility of the pasture and remnant forest. Accordingly, there was a tendency for a smaller loss of forest soils in the remnant when compared to the degraded pasture. The greatest resistance of the soil erosion in the forest remnant may be associated with the amount of organic matter released by the forest litter in all its diversity, influencing the quality of the structure of aggregates. © 2013 WIT Press.

Soil erodibility assessment in a pasture and forest remnant using the Indrbitzen device

Brazil has the largest cattle herd in the world with approximately 200 million head. An important feature of the Brazilian cattle industry is that most of its herd is raised on pasture, which constitutes one of the most economical and practical ways to produce and provide food for cattle. However, this production model is mishandled and can lead to soil degradation. Maintaining soil quality is essential for the conservation of natural ecosystems and the areas of production, thus soil quality improves the conditions for biogeochemical cycles. In this context, the objective of this study was to develop a device for testing the Inderbitzen way of assessing soil erodibility in two situations of usage and occupation. Therefore, one area was used as a sample collection occupied by grazing and the other as a forest fragment; both located in the city of Sorocaba in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Thus, we concluded that the proposed device – the Inderbitzen – proved capable of assessing soil erodibility of the pasture and remnant forest. Accordingly, there was a tendency for a smaller loss of forest soils in the remnant when compared to the degraded pasture. The greatest resistance of the soil erosion in the forest remnant may be associated with the amount of organic matter released by the forest litter in all its diversity, influencing the quality of the structure of aggregates. Keywords: erosion, forest remnant, degraded pasture, Inderbitzen test.

Off-line TMAH-GC/MS and NMR characterization of humic substances extracted from river sediments of northwestern Sao Paulo under different soil uses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)