Developmental aspects of early pregnancy in mares

In mares, the embryo migrates to the uterus between days 5 and 6 postovulation beginning its mobility through all uterine segments, which is essential for the maternal recognition of pregnancy. During the mobility phase, the embryonic vesicle shows a linear growth rate until its fixation between days 15 and 17, when the orientation phenomenon occurs. From fixation to day 28 of pregnancy, the embryonic growth is less evident (plateau) by cross-section ultrasound examination. After this period the linear growth rate is reestablished until day 46. This plateau is attributed to the increased uterine tone that compresses the vesicle and to volume expansion, making it difficult to detect the conceptus growth only by the cross-section diameter. Around day 20, the embryo proper is visualized as an echogenic spot in the ventral aspect of the vesicle. Additionally, development of allantoic sac, embryonic heartbeat, yolk sac regression and posterior umbilical cord formation also can be visualized from days 20 to 40. An intimate interaction between uterus and conceptus is essential for the normal pregnancy development. Color-and spectral-Doppler ultrasonography can be useful for the evaluation of this interface. A gradual increase on uterine vascularity during the early pregnancy and transient changes in endometrial vascularity accompanying the vesicle location during the mobility phase have been described. Around day 38 of gestation, the formation of the endometrial cups begins and, consequently, the synthesis of the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) induces the formation and development of supplementary corpora lutea, which are important to secrete progesterone and to maintain pregnancy until around day 120.

Ultrasonography of the conceptus development from days 15 to 60 of pregnancy in non-cyclic recipient mares

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway is involved in aortic hyporeactivity to Phenylephrine associated with late pregnancy in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparative efficacy of exogenous eCG and progesterone on endogenous progesterone and pregnancy in Holstein cows submitted to timed artificial insemination

Coordenação de Apoio de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Pemphigus vulgaris in adolescence: a case report

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Tobacco in adolescence: importance to knowledge the health hazards and preventive measures

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Adolescentes e grávidas: onde buscam apoio?

Adolescência é época de crise, mudança, readaptação ao novo corpo e de novas atitudes frente a vida. Se somarmos a isso o significado da gravidez, dos pontos de vista pessoal, social e familiar, compreenderemos como a gestação pode ser um evento difícil para a adolescente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar onde as adolescentes grávidas buscam apoio. Evidenciou-se que as entrevistadas puderam contar com o apoio da família, principalmente dos pais e, com menos freqüência com o do pai do bebê, bem como a aceitação da gravidez, sua relação com o abandono escolar, a visão idealizada dessas garotas acerca da gestação e expectativas futuras, a preocupação com aspectos biológicos e a despreocupação com problemas concretos.

Percepção de mães adolescentes acerca da participação paterna na gravidez, nascimento e criação do filho

A participação paterna na gravidez de adolescentes ainda é pouco discutida, embora a ausência do companheiro seja apontada como um dos problemas sociais dela decorrente. Esta investigação, de cunho qualitativo, teve por objetivo descrever como se dá a participação do pai do bebê durante a gestação, nacimento e criação do filho nos primeiros meses de vida, na perspectiva de adolescentes que passaram pela experiência de engravidar e ter um filho. Na sistematização dos dados, os mesmos foram agrupados em duas categorias: vivenciando a gravidez e valorizando a presença e participação do companheiro/pai.

A gravidez na adolescência sob a perspectiva dos familiares: compartilhando projetos de vida e cuidado

Estudo qualitativo, que objetivou apreender o significado da gravidez da adolescente para seus familiares. Empregou-se a entrevista semi-estruturada e discurso do sujeito coletivo. A gravidez da adolescente é representada como problema a ser enfrentado com o suporte familiar. As famílias preocupam-se e se mobilizam para resolver as adversidades. Além do choque pela notícia, impotência quanto à prevenção da gravidez, conformismo, alegria e melhora no relacionamento familiar pela chegada do bebê, evidenciou-se a frustração devido à interrupção/mudança no projeto de vida familiar em relação à adolescente sem um relacionamento estável com o pai da criança. Considera-se que, ao se valorizar a perspectiva dos familiares sobre a gestação na adolescência, o cuidado profissional à adolescente grávida e à família pode se dar em parceria e sintonia com o contexto familiar e social, facilitando o enfrentamento de conflitos e reconhecendo a família como sujeito ativo nesse processo.

Mães adolescentes: estrutura e funcionamento familiar

Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC

Impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de adolescentes grávidas

Pós-graduação em Odontologia Preventiva e Social - FOA

O desenho da figura humana e o TAT em adolescentes grávidas: um estudo no hospital geral

The adolescent pregnancy is a public health problem and a challenge to Psychology, that could contribute proposing health prevention actions to this population. The present study intended to investigate the psychological functioning of 10 pregnant adolescents through analysis of Human Figure Drawing (HFD) and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It was observed a high level of anxiety experienced by the pregnant adolescents verified in tracing, in shading and in the poverty of details, that can lead to the development of problems related to pregnancy and the relationship between the family, the adolescent and the baby. As for the TAT, the stories, in general constructed by the teenagers, were poorly structured with reduced content and a magical happy ending. It was concluded that the HFD and the TAT are discriminating and adequate to evaluate these adolescents’ psychodynamics and allow to indicate supporting preventive actions in this area.

Genotoxicity and Fetal Abnormality in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke Prior to and during Pregnancy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Association Between Insulin Resistance, Glucose Intolerance, and Hypertension in Pregnancy

There is an association between insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and essential hypertension, but the relation between insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and hypertension diagnosed during pregnancy is not well understood. Transient hypertension of pregnancy, the new-onset nonproteinuric hypertension of late pregnancy, is associated with a high risk of later essential hypertension and glucose intolerance; thus, these conditions may have a similar pathophysiology. To assess the association between insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, essential hypertension, and subsequent development of proteinuric and nonproteinuric hypertension in pregnancy in women without underlying essential hypertension, we performed a prospective study comparing glucose (fasting, I and 2 hours postglucose load), insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides levels on routine screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Women who developed hypertension in pregnancy (n = 37) had higher glycemic levels (fasting, 1 and 2 hours postglucose load) on a 100-gram oral glucose loading test, although only the fasting values showed a statistical significance (p < 0.05), and a significantly higher frequency of abnormal glucose loading tests, two hours after glucose load (>= 140 mg/dL) (p < 0.05) than women who remained normotensive (n = 180). Glucose intolerance was common in women who developed both subtypes of hypertension, particularly preeclampsia. Women who developed hypertension had greater prepregnancy body mass index (p < 0.0001), higher frequency and intensity of acanthosis nigricans (p < 0.0001), and higher baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p <= 0.0001 for both), although all subjects were normotensive at baseline by study design; they also presented lower levels of HDL-C (p < 0.05). However, after adjustment for these and other potential confounders, an abnormal glucose loading test remained a significant predictor of development of hypertension (p < 0.05) and, specifically, preeclampsia (p < 0.01). There was a trend toward higher insulin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels in women developing any type of hypertension. When comparing women that remained normotensive to term with those with transient hypertension and preeclampsia, the preeclamptic women were born with lower weight (p < 0.05) and shorter length (p < 0.005); at screening they were older (p < 0.005), showed higher frequency and intensity of acanthosis nigricans (p < 0.0001), had higher prepregnancy BMI (p < 0.0005), as well as higher baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p <= 0.0001 for both). They also showed higher HOMA-IR levels that did not show a statistical significance. When glucose tolerance status was taken in account, an association was found between increasing indexes of hypertension (p < 0.05) and of HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) with the worsening of glucose tolerance. These results suggest that insulin resistance and relative glucose intolerance are associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension in pregnancy, particularly preeclampsia, and support the hypothesis that insulin resistance may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Rational use of antimicrobials in dentistry during pregnancy

The use of medicines during pregnancy deserves special attention from dentists due to the potential risks to fetal development. The prescription of antimicrobial drugs during this period must be based not only on the etiology of the disease but also on the drug's effect on the embryo, which may be toxic, possibly leading to irreversible lesions. Interest in studies of the teratogenic effects of drugs increased in response to reports of the high incidence of phocomelia in patients treated with thalidomide. Although teratogenicity has long been known, pregnant women today are still exposed to this risk. The effects of drugs depend on the level of susceptibility of the fetus and on the period of exposure during pregnancy. In this context, and considering the paucity of studies on this subject in dentistry, the aim of this review was to offer an up-to-date compilation of data on the antimicrobial drugs most frequently used during pregnancy and the effects of their use.