Produção Fecal e Fluxo Duodenal de Matéria Seca e Matéria Orgânica Estimados por Meio de Indicadores

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os indicadores internos, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido indigestíveis, obtidos após 144h de incubação in vitro e in situ (FDNiv; FDNis; FDAiv; FDAis) com o indicador externo, o óxido crômico (Cr2O3), para estimativas da produção fecal, do fluxo duodenal de matéria seca e matéria orgânica em novilhos mestiços (HxZ) confinados. Foram utilizadas dietas à base de silagens de milho, de raspa e de casca de mandioca, e também de cana-de-açúcar ensilada com polpa cítrica peletizada. Os novilhos foram castrados e canulados no rúmen e no duodeno. O período experimental teve 11 dias de adaptação às dietas e 8 dias de coleta. O delineamento experimental foi o quadrado latino (4x4), com quatro tratamentos, num arranjo em parcela subdividida, sendo as dietas estudadas nas parcelas, e os indicadores nas subparcelas. Os resultados obtidos em percentagem do peso vivo para a estimativa da produção fecal, utilizando-se os diferentes indicadores, mostraram que a FDAiv (0,88 %), a FDAis (0,85 %) e o Cr2O3 (0,99 %), embora com diferenças significativas, podem ser utilizados pelos resultados biologicamente consistentes. Para estimar o fluxo duodenal de matéria seca e matéria orgânica, foram utilizados os valores de produção fecal obtidos com a FDAiv. Os indicadores internos não apresentaram diferenças entre si para o fluxo duodenal de matéria seca, com média de 3,29 kg/dia, porém o óxido crômico superestimou o fluxo (4,95 kg/dia). Para o fluxo duodenal de matéria orgânica não houve diferença entre os indicadores com média de 2,73 kg/dia.

Consumo e Digestibilidade Aparente Total e Parcial de Rações com Cana-de-açúcar, Casca e Raspa de Mandioca Ensiladas com Polpa Cítrica

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente total (DAT) e parcial dos nutrientes das silagens de cana-de-açúcar (SCnPc), de raspa (SRpPc) e de casca de mandioca (SCcPc) ensiladas com polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP). A dieta basal foi constituída de silagem de milho com farelo de soja, participando com 60% da matéria seca (MS) dos tratamentos com SRpPc e SCcPc. Foram utilizados novilhos mestiços, fistulados no rúmen e duodeno, num delineamento experimental em quadrado latino (4x4). A determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade total e parcial dos nutrientes, a produção fecal e o fluxo duodenal de MS foram estimados a partir da fibra detergente ácido indigestível. Os consumos de MS e proteína bruta (PB) (% PV) foram superiores para a SMi (2,47 e 0,33), SCcPc (2,12 e 0,30) e SRpPc (1,88 e 0,27) em relação à SCnPc (1,38 e 0,19), respectivamente. As DAT da matéria seca (65,0%), matéria orgânica (66,9%) e energia bruta (64,3%) para a SRpPc foram superiores em relação às demais dietas, menos para a FDN (39,4%). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ruminal (CDR) e intestinal (CDI) da MS, MO e PB não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as dietas, somente o CDR da FDN (% ingerido) apresentou valores superiores para SMi (43,5), SRpPc (39,3) e SCnPc (37,0), sobre a SCcPc (20,0). A utilização da silagem de raspa de mandioca adicionada da PCP mostrou-se uma alternativa de boa qualidade na alimentação de bovinos.

Avaliação de indicadores para estimativa das digestibilidades parciais e total de dietas em bovinos

Avaliaram-se os indicadores fibra detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e óxido crômico (Cr2O3) na estimativa das digestililidades parciais e total das frações nutritivas da dieta. Foram utilizados quatro tourinhos Santa Gertrudes canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4 (animais ´ período) para estimativa da digestibilidade de quatro dietas compostas de feno de capim-marandu e concentrados, ajustadas para proporcionar ganho de peso corporal diário de 0,5 e 1 kg/animal e potencial de fermentação microbiana de 9,5 e 11 g de PB microbiana/MJ em fermentável. Os suplementos foram formulados com mistura mineral, milho, soja e farelos de soja e algodão. Não houve interação significativa dietas ´ indicadores. À exceção dos coeficientes de digestibilidade intestinal da MS e da FDN, todos os outros coeficientes de digestibilidade (MS, PB e CT) diferiram significativamente entre os indicadores avaliados. Quando utilizado o indicador FDAi, foram registrados maiores valores de digestibilidade ruminal e total e menores coeficientes de digestibilidade intestinal. A FDAi possibilitou melhor estimativa dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das dietas, quando compostas na sua maior parte de volumosos (57 a 70% da MS).

Consumo e digestibilidade total e parcial de dietas utilizando farelo de girassol e três fontes de energia em novilhos confinados

Avaliaram-se o consumo alimentar, a digestibilidade parcial e total e o balanço de nitrogênio, em novilhos confinados. Foram utilizados três novilhos de corte cruzados, canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois delineamentos em quadrado latino 3 x 3. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de 60% de silagem de milho, tendo como fonte de proteína o farelo de girassol e, como fonte de energia, o milho (MI). O milho foi substituído parcialmente pela casca de soja (CS) ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM). Quatro indicadores internos (lignina e FDA, FDN e lignina indigestíveis) foram submetidos a 144 horas de digestão in vitro, para estimativa da digestibilidade parcial e total das dietas. Houve maior ingestão dos componentes fibrosos na dieta CS, porém não foi observado efeito sobre o consumo de matéria seca. A lignina subestimou significativamente a digestibilidade. A utilização da FDAi, FDNi e lignina-i para estimar a digestibilidade total é viável, no entanto, a FDAi e lignina-i não estimaram adequadamente as digestibilidades parciais. Houve efeito significativo na digestibilidade ruminal da FDA, com valores mais elevados para CS e semelhantes para FGM, em relação à dieta MI. A digestibilidade total da FDA foi maior na dieta CS, porém, as digestibilidades dos demais componentes não foram afetadas pelas diferentes fontes energéticas. Não houve diferença significativa para a digestibilidade da energia e nos valores obtidos de NDT, com média de 61,5%. A casca de soja e o farelo de gérmen de milho, em substituição parcial do milho, mostraram-se fontes alternativas satisfatórias para a inclusão na dieta de bovinos.

Influência do nitrogênio degradável no rúmen sobre a degradabilidade in situ, os parâmetros ruminais e a eficiência de síntese microbiana em novilhos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fiber sources in diets for newly weaned piglets

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of fiber length and juvenile and mature wood zones from Hevea brasiliensis trees grown in Brazil

The aim of this study was to verify the average fiber length and the juvenile and mature wood zones from Hevea brasiliensis proveniences from a reforestation area in São Paulo, Brazil. For this purpose, five Hevea brasiliensis trees were randomly collected from a 50-year-old plantation, located in Balsamo, São Paulo, Brazil. The trees were cut and five flat sawn boards were obtained. The juvenile and mature wood zones were determined by fiber length measurement from the pith to the bark. The results showed that: (a) the juvenile wood of this species occurred approx. between 40 and 55 mm, from the pith, and from this point forward, the mature wood zone was found; (b) there was a significant difference between the average fiber length of juvenile wood (1.26 mm) and mature wood (1.51 mm).

Carbon fiber microelectrodes for adsorptive stripping analysis of trace nucleic acids

Carbon fiber ultramicroelectrodes are shown to be suitable for adsorptive stripping potentiometric measurements of trace DNA and RNA. The origin of the carbon fiber has a profound effect upon its suitability for trace analysis of nucleic acids, with the 'Aesar' materials performing most favorably. The resulting ultramicroelectrodes offer effective adsorptive accumulation of DNA and RNA from unstirred microliter-volume solutions, and are shown to be useful in adsorptive stripping transfer experiments. The influence of the surface pretreatment and accumulation conditions is described, along with the analytical-performance characteristics. The detection limits are 6, 15 and 40 mu g/l tRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA, respectively (5 min accumulation). (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. S.A.

Caffeine Determination at a Carbon Fiber Ultramicroelectrodes by Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Processing and hygrothermal effects on viscoelastic behavior of glass fiber/epoxy composites

Fiber reinforced epoxy composites are used in a wide variety of applications in the aerospace field. These materials have high specific moduli, high specific strength and their properties can be tailored to application requirements. In order to screening optimum materials behavior, the effects of external environments on the mechanical properties during usage must be clearly understood. The environmental action, such as high moisture concentration, high temperatures, corrosive fluids or ultraviolet radiation (UV), can affect the performance of advanced composites during service. These factors can limit the applications of composites by deteriorating the mechanical properties over a period of time. Properties determination is attributed to the chemical and/or physical damages caused in the polymer matrix, loss of adhesion of fiber/resin interface, and/or reduction of fiber strength and stiffness. The dynamic elastic properties are important characteristics of glass fiber reinforced composites (GRFC). They control the damping behavior of composite structures and are also an ideal tool for monitoring the development of GFRC's mechanical properties during their processing or service. One of the most used tests is the vibration damping. In this work, the measurement consisted of recording the vibration decay of a rectangular plate excited by a controlled mechanism to identify the elastic and damping properties of the material under test. The frequency amplitude were measured by accelerometers and calculated by using a digital method. The present studies have been performed to explore relations between the dynamic mechanical properties, damping test and the influence of high moisture concentration of glass fiber reinforced composites (plain weave). The results show that the E' decreased with the increase in the exposed time for glass fiber/epoxy composites specimens exposed at 80 degrees C and 90% RH. The E' values found were: 26.7, 26.7, 25.4, 24.7 and 24.7 GPa for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of exposure, respectively. (c) 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

Hygrothermal effects on the shear properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

The environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, can limit the applications of composites by deteriorating the mechanical properties over a period of time. Environmental factors play an important role during the manufacture step and during composite's life cycle. The degradation of composites due to environmental effects is mainly caused by chemical and/or physical damages in the polymer matrix, loss of adhesion at the fiber/matrix interface, and/or reduction of fiber strength and stiffness. Composite's degradation can be measure by shear tests because shear failure is a matrix dominated property. In this work, the influence of moisture in shear properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites ( laminates [0/0](s) and [0/90](s)) have been investigated. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) was measured by using the short beam shear test, and Iosipescu shear strength and modulus (G(12)) have been determinated by using the Iosipescu test. Results for laminates [0/0](s) and [0/90](s), after hygrothermal conditioning, exhibited a reduction of 21% and 18% on the interlaminar shear strenght, respectively, when compared to the unconditioned samples. Shear modulus follows the same trend. A reduction of 14.1 and 17.6% was found for [0/0](s) and [0/90](s), respectively, when compared to the unconditioned samples. Microstructural observations of the fracture surfaces by optical and scanning electron microscopies showed typical damage mechanisms for laminates [0/0](s) and [0/90](s).

Hygrothermal effects on damping behavior of metal/glass fiber/epoxy hybrid composites

Continuous fiber/metal laminates (FML) offer significant improvements over current available materials for aircraft structures due to their excellent fatigue endurance and low density. Glass fibers/epoxy laminae and aluminum foil (Glare) are commonly used to obtain these hybrid composites. The environmental factors can limit the applications of composites by deteriorating the mechanical properties during service. Usually, epoxy resins absorb moisture when exposed to humid environments and metals are prone to surface corrosion. Therefore, the combination of the two materials in Glare (polymeric composite and metal). can lead to differences that often turn out to be beneficial in terms of mechanical properties and resistance to environmental influences. In this work. The viscoelastic properties. such as storage modulus (E') and loss modulus (E'), were obtained for glass fiber/epoxy composite, aluminum 2024-T3 alloy and for a glass fiber/epoxy/aluminum laminate (Glare). It was found that the glass fiber/epoxy (G/E) composites decrease the E' modulus during hygrothermal conditioning up to saturation point (6 weeks). However, for Glare laminates the E' modulus remains unchanged (49GPa) during the cycle of hygrothermal conditioning. The outer aluminum sheets in the Glare laminate shield the G/E composite laminae from moisture absorption. which in turn prevent, in a certain extent, the material from hygrothermal degradation effects. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Damping behavior of continuous fiber/metal composite materials by the free vibration method

Fiber metal laminates (FML) offer significant improvements over current available materials for aircraft structures due to their excellent mechanical characteristics and relatively low density. Non-destructive testing techniques are being used in the characterization of composite materials. Among these, vibration testing is one of the most used tools because it allows the determination of the mechanical properties. In this work, the viscoelastic properties such as elastic (E') and viscous (E) responses were obtained for aluminum 2024 alloy; carbon fiber/epoxy; glass fiber/epoxy and their hybrids aluminum 2024 alloy/carbon fiber/epoxy and aluminum 2024 alloy/glass fiber/epoxy composites. The experimental results were compared to calculated E modulus values by using the composite micromechanics approach. For all specimens studied, the experimental values showed good agreement with the theoretical values. The damping behavior, i.e. The storage modulus and the loss factor, from the aluminum 2024 alloy and fiber epoxy composites can be used to estimate the viscoelastic response of the hybrid FML. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of thermal cycles on the mechanical properties of fiber-metal laminates

The effect of thermal-shock cycles on the mechanical properties of fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) has been evaluated. FML plates were composed by two AA2024 Al sheets (1.6 mm thick) and one composite ply formed by two layers of unidirectional glass fiber epoxy prepreg and two layers of epoxy adhesive tape of glass fiber reinforced epoxy adhesive. The set was manufactured by hand layup and typical vacuum bag technique. The curing cycle was in autoclave at 125 +/- 5 degrees C for 90 min and an autoclave pressure of 400 kPa. FML coupons taken from the manufactured plate were submitted to temperature variations between -50 and +80 degrees C, with a fast transition between these temperatures. Tensile and interlaminar shear strength were evaluated on samples after 1000 and 2000 cycles, and compared to nonexposed samples. 2000 Cycles corresponds to typical C Check interval for commercial aircraft maintenance programs. It was observed that the thermal-shock cycles did not result in significant microstructural changes on the FML, particularly on the composite ply. Similarly, no appreciable effect on the mechanical properties of FML was observed by the thermal-shock cycles. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Composite materials obtained from textile fiber residue

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)