Potencial de lixiviação de herbicidas utilizados na cultura do algodão em colunas de solo

O intenso uso de herbicidas implica a necessidade de determinar o potencial dessas substâncias em contaminar fontes aquáticas subsuperficiais. Diante dessa preocupação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de água sobre o potencial de lixiviação de quatro herbicidas utilizados em pré-emergência na cultura do algodão, em dois solos provenientes de Campo Novo do Parecis-MT (RQ - textura arenosa) e Tangará da Serra-MT (LV - textura argilosa). No desenvolvimento deste trabalho utilizouse a técnica de bioensaio em colunas de solo, nas quais foram simuladas irrigações de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mm, após a aplicação de alachlor (RQ 2,40; LV 3,36 kg ha-1), oxyfluorfen (RQ 0,48; LV 0,72 kg ha-1), prometryne (RQ 0,75; LV 1,50 kg ha-1) e S-metolachlor (RQ 1,20; LV 1,44 kg ha-1). Nas amostras de solo com textura arenosa (RQ), evidenciou-se que lâminas de 80 e 100 mm de água proporcionaram lixiviação até a profundidade de 10-15 cm do alachlor e até 15-20 cm do S-metolachlor. Independentemente da lâmina de água aplicada, nas amostras de RQ oxyfluorfen não ultrapassou a camada de 5-10 cm, e o prometryne movimentou-se até a camada de 10-15 cm somente na lâmina de 100 mm de água. Nas amostras de solo com textura argilosa (LV), o oxyfluorfen não se movimentou além da camada superficial, mesmo sob as maiores lâminas de irrigação, e o prometryne atingiu 5-10 cm de profundidade sob lâminas de 80 e 100 mm. Os herbicidas alachlor e S-metolachlor atingiram 10-15 cm de profundidade sob lâminas de 80 e 100 mm no LV. Evidenciou-se uma maior movimentação efetiva das moléculas de herbicidas nas amostras de solo com textura arenosa (RQ), em relação às amostras de solo com textura argilosa (LV).

Efeito residual de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência em diferentes solos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Persistência do herbicida sulfentrazone em solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

População de Metarhizium anisopliae em diferentes tipos e graus de compactação do solo

Este trabalho objetivou investigar a influência do tipo e compactação do solo na sobrevivência do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae. A sobrevivência do fungo foi determinada em quatro tipos de solos: Latossolo Vermelho textura argilosa, Latossolo Vermelho textura média, Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo textura arenosa média e Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo textura areno-argilosa, com maior teor de matéria orgânica. Para determinar o efeito da compactação na sobrevivência do fungo usaram-se os três primeiros tipos de solos nas densidades de 1,12, 1,32, 1,50g cm-3; 1,22, 1,44, 1,65g cm-3; 1,30, 1,50, 1,70g cm-3, respectivamente. Por meio da contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) em placas de Petri, fizeram-se avaliações da sobrevivência do fungo, após zero, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120 dias de incubação a 27 ± 1ºC. Houve influência significativa do tipo de solo e do grau de compactação na sobrevivência do fungo, obtendo-se maior quantidade de UFC no solo textura areno-argilosa. Entre os demais solos, a maior sobrevivência ocorreu no solo textura arenosa e a menor no solo textura argilosa. O efeito da compactação foi significativo para o tipo de solo, exceto no solo textura arenosa. Independentemente do tipo de solo, a maior sobrevivência foi observada nos valores médios de densidade. A compactação teve maior impacto no solo textura média, onde ocorreu queda mais acentuada na quantidade de UFC em todas as densidades.

Effect of the type of environmental stress on the emergence of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) and maize (Zea mays L.) seeds with different levels of vigor

Sowing is a critical time in the cycle of a crop and the seeds are frequently exposed to adverse conditions that may compromise the establishment of seedlings in the field. on this basis, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of types of environmental stress on the emergence of sunflower, maize and soybean seeds with different levels of vigor. High vigor seeds were artificially aged in order to obtain medium and low vigor seeds and then they were sown in clay soil in plastic boxes and submitted to the following types of environmental stress during the germination process : 1) high temperature (35degreesC), 2) low temperature (15 or 18degreesC), 3) water excess (Psi > -0.0001 MPa), 4) water deficiency (Psi approximately equal to -1.1; -1.2 and -0.6 MPa for sunflower, maize and soybean, respectively), 5) sowing at a depth of 7 cm and 6) pathogenic infection of sunflower seeds with Alternaria helianthi, of maize seeds with Fusarium moniliforme and of soybean seeds with Colletotrichum dematium, var. truncata. The results were compared to those obtained with controls sown under optimal condition. It was concluded that: 1) the effect of seed vigor on emergence depends on the type of enviromental stress to which the seeds are exposed, 2) the stress to which the the seeds demonstrated highest sensitivity varied with species and 3) high temperature stress was the one that most impaired the emergence of the three species.

Resistivity (DC) method applied to aouifer protection studies

Resistivity (DC) method using vertical electrical soundings (Schlumberger array) are conducted In the vicinity of Canoas/RS, applied to environmental studies with the objective of Investigating groundwater conditions, The present paper shows a geoelectrlcal Identification of the lithology and an estimate of the relationship between the resistivity and Dar Zarrouk parameters (transverse unit resistance and longitudinal unit conductance) with the properties such as aquifer transmlssivlty and protection of ground water resources, In the saturated sediments, resistivity values defined the following sequence: clay layers (resistivity < 40 ohm-m) and sand layers (resistivity > 40 ohm-m), Two sand layers were identified; one corresponding to the unconfined aquifer and another to the confined aquifer between two clay layers, In the map of the transverse unit resistance of the unconfined aquifer, the tendencies of high values can be associated with the zones of high transmissivity; hence, these zones are suggested for the installation of monitoring wells, The map of longitudinal conductance Illustrates the Impermeability of the confining clay layer, Values of S > 1.0 siemens would indicate zones in which the confined aquifer would be protected; In comparison, values of S < 1.0 siemens would indicate zones of probable risks of contamination. © 2006 Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica.

Influência do sistema de preparo e manejo de um latossolo vermelho nas suas propriedades físico-hídricas

The intensive use of the land for agricultural propose causes a series of modifications in attributes, which can take to soil degradation. In this context, the main goal of this research was to evaluate the influence of the soil tillage systems and management on its physical and hydric characteristics. The evaluations were carried out in July of 1999, at experimental plots of a Latossolo vermelho, a clay oxisoil, in the Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola of the UNICAMP, at the county of Campinas, state of São Paulo. These plots were managed with the following treatments, along a period of eight years: no-tillage, chisel ploughing, conventional system with disk ploughing and revolving hoe. The evaluated physical and hydric parameters of the soil were: soil bulk density, particle density, total porosity, macro-porosity, micro-porosity, soil-water retention curve, hydraulic conductivity and basic infiltration. Significant differences were observed between the treatments on soil bulk density, infiltration, total porosity, macro-porosity and the micro-porosity. The chisel ploughing and no-tillage systems presented the higher values of soil bulk density; nevertheless in these conservationist systems were observed the higher values of basic infiltration.

Crescimento inicial do eucalipto em função da aclimatação em viveiro

This study aimed to evaluate the acclimatization effects in the Eucalyptus grandis vs. Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings nursery in their initial growth in two soils types, clay and sandy. The seedlings were planted in Plantmax substrate and in rice hulls plus vermiculite, and managed, after 60 days of the mass propagation (DAE), during the rustication. There were five different frequencies of subsurface drip irrigation, restoring the soil field capacity condition: F1, F2, F3 and F4, which were irrigated once, twice, three and four times a day, respectively, and FD, kept in continue irrigation until planting at 90 DAE. In a randomized block design with four replications, plant height (HPA) were evaluated at 6 and 13 months after planting and the diameter at breast height (DAP) at 13 months after planting. Findings show that water management at hardening phase seedlings had no influence on growth in both soils.

Superfícies geomórficas e atributos do solo em uma toposseqüência de transição várzea-terra firme

Soil attributes reflect influence of the geomorphic surfaces. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the influence of the geomorphic surfaces on soil attributes in a topossequence from low lands to high lands in the Humaitá region, AM. A transect of 4.5 km, from the top of the slope towards the low lands was established and the geomorphic surfaces were identified and limited according to topographic and estratigraphic criteria, based on detailed field investigation. Twenty soil samples were collected in each one of the slope segments within the geomorphic surfaces (G.S.), at the following depths: G.S. I: LAa (0.0-0.16 and 0.48-0.79 m); G.S. II: Lad1 (0.0-0.13 and 0.44-0.70) and Lad2 (0.0-0.10 and 0.30-0.55 m); G.S. III: RYve1 (0.0-0.18 and 0.51-0.89) and RYve2 (0.0-0.23 and 0.58-0.91 m). The sampling depths were determined by the surface and subsurface horizon depths, defined during the soil morphological description. Physical analysis involved particle size distribution, disperse clay, soil and particle density and total porosity. The chemical analysis involved determinations of pH in water and KCl, exchangeable cations, exchangeable Al, total acidity (H+Al), available P, organic carbon. The relief variations contributed to the presence of dystrophic soils in the geomorphic surface I and eutrophic soils in the geomorphic surface III. The multivariate statistical techniques were able to separate three heterogeneous groups, equivalent to the mapped geomorphic surfaces.

Seletividade de herbicidas à cultura da mandioca

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Nitrogênio no sistema solo-planta após a dessecação de brachiarias

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da lixiviação de herbicidas utilizados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar com plantas bioindicadoras

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Textura do solo e época de chuva sobre a eficácia de herbicidas no controle de espécies de braquiária

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Avaliação de discos de corte de semeadora-adubadora em diferentes quantidades de cobertura vegetal

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação de processos de caracterização e remediação de passivos ambientais de contaminação por hidrocarbonetos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)