Application of pi Circuits for Simulation of Corona Effect in Transmission Lines

In this article, it is represented by state variables phase a transmission line which parameters are considered frequency independently and frequency dependent. Based on previous analyses, it is used the reasonable number of p circuits and the number of blocks composed by parallel resistor and inductor for reduction of numerical oscillations. It is analyzed the influence of the increase of the RL parallel blocks in the obtained results. The RL parallel blocks are used for inclusion of the frequency influence in the transmission line longitudinal parameter. It is a simple model that is been used by undergraduate students for simulation of traveling wave phenomena in transmission lines. Considering the model without frequency influence, it is included a representation of the corona effect. Some simulations are carried considering the corona effect and they are compared to the results without this phenomenon.

Analyses of the modifications in the pi circuits for inclusion of frequency influence in transmission line representation

In this article, it is represented by state variables phase a transmission line which parameters are considered frequency independently and frequency dependent. It is analyzed what is the reasonable number of pi circuits and the number of blocks composed by parallel resistor and inductor in parallel for reduction of numerical oscillations. It is simulated the numerical routine with and without the effect of frequency in the longitudinal parameters. Initially, it is used state variables and pi circuits representing the transmission line composing a linear system which is solved by numerical routines based on the trapezoidal rule. The effect of frequency on the line is synthesized by resistors and inductors in parallel and this representation is analyzed in details. It is described transmission lines and the frequency influence in these lines through the state variables.

A hierarchy of adaptive (X)over-bar control charts

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Electron time-of-flight measurements in sulfur interpreted via an extra surface mobility channel

Time-of-flight measurements were carried out in orthorhombic sulfur for various fields, ranging from -2 to -20 kV/cm. No dependence of the mobility with the electric field was found but the current, normalized by the initial current, showed an electric field dependence at small times, decaying faster for larger electric field. After the failure of the usual models in explaining the resultsincluding the assumption of depth-dependent density of trapsa model assuming an extra mobility channel near the surface provided a reasonable set of parameters independent of the electric field. The measurements were carried out at 8.5, 29, 53, 68, and 79°C. © 1988 The American Physical Society.

Environmental evaluation of cogeneration scenarios in sugar industry

The development of new techniques that allow the analysis and optimization of energy systems bearing in mind environmental issues is indispensable in a world with finite natural resources and growing demand of energy. Among the energy systems that deserve special attention, cogeneration in the sugar industry must be pointed out, because it uses efficiently a common fuel for generation of useful heat and power. Within this frame, thermoeconomical optimization - 2nd Law of Thermodynamics analysis by exergy function and economic evaluation of the thermal system - gradually is taking importance as a powerful tool to assist to the decision making process. Also, the explicit consideration of environmental issues offers a better way to explore trade-offs between different aspects to support the decisions that must be made. In this work it is used the technique of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) which allows to consider environmental matters as an integral part of the problem, in opposite to most of the environmental approaches that only reduce residuals generation , without taking into account impacts associated to other related processes. On the other hand, the consideration of environmental issues in optimization of energy systems is a novel and promissory contribution in the state of the art of energy optimization and LCA. The system under study is a sugar plant of Tucumán (Argentina) given the particular importance that this industry had inside the regional economy of the Argentinean Northwest. Although cogeneration comes being used a while ago in sugar industry, being the main objective the generation of heat and as secondary objective the electric power generation and mechanic power to cover several needs of working machineries, to the date it is no available a versatile tool that allows to analyze economical feasible alternatives bearing in mind environmental issues. At sugar plants, steam is generated in boilers using as fuel bagasse - cellulosic fiber waste obtained crushing the sugar cane- and it is used to give useful heat and shaft work to the plant, but it can also be used to generate electricity with export opportunities to the electrical network. The great number of process alternatives outlines a serious decision making problem in order to take advantage of the resources. Although the problem turns out to be a mixed non-linear problem (MINLP), the main contribution of this work is the development of a hybrid strategy to evaluate cogeneration alternatives that combines optimization approaches with environmental indicators. This powerful tool for its versatility and robustness to analyze cogeneration systems, will be of great help in the decision making process, because of their easy implementation to analyze the kind of problems presented in the sugar industry.

Chemometric analysis of Hymenoptera toxins and defensins: A model for predicting the biological activity of novel peptides from venoms and hemolymph

When searching for prospective novel peptides, it is difficult to determine the biological activity of a peptide based only on its sequence. The trial and error approach is generally laborious, expensive and time consuming due to the large number of different experimental setups required to cover a reasonable number of biological assays. To simulate a virtual model for Hymenoptera insects, 166 peptides were selected from the venoms and hemolymphs of wasps, bees and ants and applied to a mathematical model of multivariate analysis, with nine different chemometric components: GRAVY, aliphaticity index, number of disulfide bonds, total residues, net charge, pI value, Boman index, percentage of alpha helix, and flexibility prediction. Principal component analysis (PCA) with non-linear iterative projections by alternating least-squares (NIPALS) algorithm was performed, without including any information about the biological activity of the peptides. This analysis permitted the grouping of peptides in a way that strongly correlated to the biological function of the peptides. Six different groupings were observed, which seemed to correspond to the following groups: chemotactic peptides, mastoparans, tachykinins, kinins, antibiotic peptides, and a group of long peptides with one or two disulfide bonds and with biological activities that are not yet clearly defined. The partial overlap between the mastoparans group and the chemotactic peptides, tachykinins, kinins and antibiotic peptides in the PCA score plot may be used to explain the frequent reports in the literature about the multifunctionality of some of these peptides. The mathematical model used in the present investigation can be used to predict the biological activities of novel peptides in this system, and it may also be easily applied to other biological systems. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.

Proposal of a dedicated telemetry device for real-time and remote measurements

This work aims to demonstrate an application of telemetry for monitoring process variables. The authors developed the prototype of a dedicated device capable of multiplexing, encoding and transmitting real-time data signals via amplitude-shift keying modulation to remotely located device(s). The prototype development is described in details, enabling the reproduction of the proposed telemetry system for a three-phase motor as well as for other devices. Furthermore, the proposed device has an easy implementation by using of accessible components and low cost, also presenting a tutorial and educational purpose. © 2011 IEEE.

Adsorption of reactive dye on seawater-neutralised bauxite refinery residue

This investigation has demonstrated the need for thermal treatment of seawater neutralised red mud (SWRM) in order to obtain reasonable adsorption of Reactive Blue dye 19 (RB 19). Thermal treatment results in a greater surface area, which results in an increased adsorption capacity due to more available adsorption sites. Adsorption of RB 19 has been found to be best achieved in acidic conditions using SWNRM400 (heated to 400 °C) with an adsorption capacity of 416.7. mg/g compared to 250.0. mg/g for untreated SWNRM. Kinetic studies indicate a pseudosecond-order reaction mechanism is responsible for the adsorption of RB 19 using SWNRM, which indicates adsorption occurs by electrostatic interactions. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

O direito fundamental a processo em tempo razoável: satisfação de obrigações mediante ação monitória contra a Fazenda Pública

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Effects of processing on physical properties of extruded snacks with blends of sour cassava starch and flaxseed flour

The opportunity to supplement common cassava biscuits with a product of higher nutritional value meets consumer expectations. In this work it was studied the effects of process parameters and flaxseed addition on physical properties of expanded snacks. Extrusion process was carried out using a single screw extruder in a factorial central composite rotatable design with four factors: flaxseed flour percentage (0-20%), moisture (12-20%), extrusion temperature (90-130 °C) and screw speed (190-270). The effect of extrusion variables was investigated in terms of expansion index, specific volume, water absorption index, water solubility index, color parameters (L*, a* ,b*) and hardness. The data analysis showed that variable parameters of the extrusion process and flaxseed flour affected physical properties of puffed snacks. Among the experimental conditions used in the present study, expanded snack products with good physical properties can be obtained under the conditions of 10% flaxseed flour, 230 rpm screw speed, temperature of 90 °C and moisture of 12%.

Effect of argon ion bombardment on amorphous silicon carbonitride films

Amorphous silicon carbonitride (a-SiCN:H) films were synthesized by radiofrequency (RF) Plasma Enhanced Vapor Chemical Deposition (PECVD) using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSN) as precursor compound. Then, the films were post-treated by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) in argon atmosphere from 15 to 60 min The hardness of the film enhanced after ion implantation, and the sample treated at 45 min process showed hardness greater than sixfold that of the untreated sample. This result is explained by the crosslinking and densification of the structure Films were exposed to oxygen plasma for determining of the etching rate. It decreased monotonically from 33 angstrom/min to 19 angstrom/min for the range of process time, confirming structural alterations. Hydrophobic character of the a-SiCN:H films were modified immediately after ion bombardment, due to incorporation of polar groups. However, the high wettability of the films acquired by the ion implantation was diminished after aging in air. Therefore, argon PIII made a-SiCN.H films mechanically more resistant and altered their hydrophobic character.

Economic design of Shewhart control charts for monitoring autocorrelated data with skip sampling strategies

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Nota científica: métodos para estimativa da area foliar de plantas daninhas: 2: Wissadula subpeltata (Kuntze) Fries

Com o objetivo de obter uma equação que, através de parâmetros lineares dimensionais das folhas, permitisse estimar a área foliar de Wissadula subpeltata (Kuntze) Fries, estudaram- se correlações entre a área foliar real e o comprimento da folha ao longo da nervura principal (C ), largura máxi ma da folha (L) , comprimento do espaço entre o ponto de inserção do pecíolo na folha até a primeira ramificação da nervura principal (CE), L + C, L x C e L x CE. Todas as equações, geométricas ou lineares simples, permitiram boas estimativas da área foliar . do pont o de vista prático, sugere- se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto C x L, considerando o coeficiente linear igual a zero. Deste modo, a estimativa da área foliar de W. subpeltata pode ser feita pel a fórmula Y = 0, 85 49 (C x L), ou seja 85 ,49% do produto entre o comprimento da nervura principal e a largura máxima da folha.

Análise genético-quantitativa de pesos aos 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade em um rebanho da raça Guzerá

O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter estimativas de herdabilidades, correlações genéticas, tendências genéticas e correlações de rank dos touros, para os pesos aos 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade, no rebanho Guzerá do Campus da UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP. As herdabilidades e os valores genéticos dos animais foram estimados por modelo animal, usando o programa computacional MTDFREML. As correlações genéticas (Pearson) e de rank dos touros (Spearman) foram obtidas pelo procedimento CORR do SAS, utilizando os valores genéticos dos animais, enquanto as tendências genéticas foram calculadas pelo procedimento REG do SAS, utilizando a média anual dos referidos valores genéticos. O modelo estatístico para a análise genética incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo e a covariável idade da vaca ao parto (efeitos linear e quadrático), e os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo direto, genético aditivo materno, de ambiente permanente da vaca e residual. As estimativas obtidas para a herdabilidade direta foram 0,14; 0,08; 0,08 e 0,13 e para materna, 0,01; 0,02; 0,02 e 0,05, respectivamente, para os pesos aos 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade. As estimativas dos coeficientes de correlação genética foram positivas e de alta magnitude entre todos os pesos estudados. As tendências genéticas anuais foram baixas e significativas apenas para os pesos aos 8 e 18 meses de idade. As correlações de rank dos touros foram moderadas e significativas, implicando em razoável manutenção de posição de classificação dos touros, quando se comparam, dois a dois, os pesos estudados.

Composição e Digestibilidade dos Aminoácidos das Sojas Integrais Processadas para Aves

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a composição em aminoácidos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos da soja integral extrusada, tostada e do farelo de soja reconstituído de óleo. Foi utilizada a metodologia da alimentação forçada (Sibbad, 1976) com galos adultos. Para o cálculo dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos das sojas testadas, foram consideradas as perdas endógenas e metabólicas obtidas de galos em jejum. Os dados médios de digestibilidade verdadeira de todos os aminoácidos testados foram de 91,1% para a soja extrusada, 78,6% para a soja tostada e 90,5% para o farelo de soja. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos da soja integral tostada foi inferior a da soja extrusada e farelo de soja + óleo, que por sua vez foram semelhantes entre si. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que os diferentes tipos de processamentos da soja integral conferem a esse alimento características nutricionais distintas para aves.