Humoral immune responses against the malaria vaccine candidate antigen Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 and IL-4 gene polymorphisms in individuals living in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Molecular screening of Plasmodium sp. asymptomatic carriers among transfusion centers from Brazilian Amazon region

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Duffy blood group gene polymorphisms among malaria vivax patients in four areas of the Brazilian Amazon region

Background: Duffy blood group polymorphisms are important in areas where Plasmodium vivax predominates, because this molecule acts as a receptor for this protozoan. In the present study, Duffy blood group genotyping in P. vivax malaria patients from four different Brazilian endemic areas is reported, exploring significant associations between blood group variants and susceptibility or resistance to malaria.Methods: the P. vivax identification was determined by non-genotypic and genotypic screening tests. The Duffy blood group was genotyped by PCR/RFLP in 330 blood donors and 312 malaria patients from four Brazilian Amazon areas. In order to assess the variables significance and to obtain independence among the proportions, the Fisher's exact test was used.Results: the data show a high frequency of the FYA/FYB genotype, followed by FYB/FYB, FYA/FYA, FYA/FYB-33 and FYB/FYB-33. Low frequencies were detected for the FYA/FY(X), FYB/FY(X), FYX/FY(X) and FYB-33/FYB-33 genotypes. Negative Duffy genotype (FYB-33/FYB-33) was found in both groups: individuals infected and non-infected (blood donors). No individual carried the FY(X)/FYB-33 genotype. Some of the Duffy genotypes frequencies showed significant differences between donors and malaria patients.Conclusion: the obtained data suggest that individuals with the FYA/FYB genotype have higher susceptibility to malaria. The presence of the FYB-33 allele may be a selective advantage in the population, reducing the rate of infection by P. vivax in this region. Additional efforts may contribute to better elucidate the physiopathologic differences in this parasite/host relationship in regions endemic for P. vivax malaria, in particular the Brazilian Amazon region.

Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium spp. as infection source for malaria vector mosquitoes in the Brazilian Amazon

We have described the existence of asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazon populations. Most of them had low parasitemias, detected only by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Because they remain symptomless and untreated, we wanted to determine whether they could infect Anopheles darlingi Root, the main Brazilian vector, and act as disease reservoirs. Fifteen adult asymptomatic patients (PCR positive only) were selected, and experimental infections of mosquitoes were performed by direct feeding and by a membrane-feeding system. Seventeen adult symptomatic patients with high parasitemias were used as controls. We found an infection rate in An. darlingi of 1.2% for the asymptomatic carriers and 22% for the symptomatic carriers. Although the asymptomatic group infected mosquitoes at a much lower rate, these patients remain infective longer than treated, symptomatic patients. Also, the prevalence of asymptomatic infections is 4 to 5 times higher than symptomatic infections among natives. These results have implications for the malaria control program in Brazil, which focuses essentially on the treatment of symptomatic patients. © 2005 Entomological Society of America.

Aspectos filogenéticos e sorológicos envolvidos na caracterização das variantes da proteína circunsporozoítica de Palsmodium vivax

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Characterization and transcriptional analysis of the promoter region of the Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor (DARC) gene in cattle

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Detection and quantification of Duffy antigen on bovine red blood cell membranes using a polyclonal antibody

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Habitat suitability of Anopheles vector species and association with human malaria in the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da incidência da deficiência de Glicose-6-Fosfato Desidrogenase (G6PD) e perfil hematológico em indivíduos de uma região de Rondônia

O estudo compreendeu a avaliação da deficiência de Glicose-6-Fosfato Desidrogenase (G6PD) e perfil hematológico em 122 indivíduos (69 homens e 53 mulheres), com idade variando entre 3 a 84 anos, selecionados conforme a aceitação em participação no estudo, residentes na área urbana e rural do município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil, no período de julho de 2003 a agosto de 2004. A análise foi realizada utilizando-se o método da glicose NaNO2, e hemograma completo. Foram detectados quatro indivíduos do sexo masculino com deficiência da G6PD, sendo 5,8% entre os homens e 3,3% do total analisado. Dos indivíduos com deficiência da G6PD nenhum apresentava malária, através de diagnóstico realizado pela gota espessa corado pelo Giemsa. Entre os homens, 19 (27,5%) apresentaram malária, sendo 15 por Plasmodium vivax e quatro por Plasmodium falciparum; 48 (69,5%) apresentaram valores de hemoglobina abaixo de 14,0 g/dl, e 26 (37,6%) apresentaram valores eritrocitários abaixo do 4,5 milhões/mm³. Entre as mulheres apenas duas (3,7%) apresentaram malária por Plasmodium vivax; 24 (45,2%) apresentaram valores de hemoglobina abaixo de 12,0 g/dl, e 12 (22,6%) apresentaram massa eritrocitária abaixo de 4,0 milhões/mm³. A eosinofilia esteve presente em 47 (68,1%) dos homens e em 34 (64,1%) das mulheres. A incidência de deficiência da G6PD foi significativa na população masculina que procurou assistência médica devido a sintomas febris. Considerando que a primaquina é utilizada para o tratamento da malária vivax e falciparum, o risco de ocorrência de hemólise intravascular grave entre os indivíduos é significante. O teste utilizado é muito simples e de baixo custo e sugerimos a adoção desta metodologia na rotina dos laboratórios de atendimento público em áreas endêmicas de malária.

Concurrent dengue and malaria in the Amazon region

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The malarial impact on the nutritional status of Amazonian adult subjects

A avaliação antropométrica (pêso, altura, circunferência branquial, prega cutânea tricipital, prega cutânea subescapular, índice de Quetelet e circunferência muscular do braço) e bioquímica (proteínas e lipides) foi realizado em 120 indivíduos (93 masculinos e 27 do sexo feminino), de 17 a 72 anos de idade, moradores de área endêmica de malária (Humaitá -AM). de acordo com a história da doença (malária) eles foram divididos em 4 grupos: G1 - controle (n = 30), sem história de malária; G2 - controle (n = 40), com história de malária, mas sem manifestação de doença atual; G3 - doentes com Plasmodium vivax (n = 19) e G4 - doentes com Plasmodium faleiparum (n = 31). O diagnóstico de malária foi estabelecido por manifestações clínicas e confirmado laboratorialmente (gota espessa e esfregaço). No global as medidas antropométricas e bioquímicas discriminaram os grupos diferentemente. As medidas antropométricas do pêso, altura, reservas calóricas e estoque proteicos somáticos, apresentaram pouca sensibilidade, discriminado apenas os grupos extremos (Gl > G4). As medidas bioquímicas, no geral diferenciaram dois grandes grupos, os sadios e os doentes (G1+G2) e (G3+G4). Os doentes com Plasmodium falciparum (G4) foram os que se apresentaram em pior estado nutricional para a maioria das variáveis, sem entretanto, nenhuma variável individual que os discriminasse significativamente do G3. Estes dados permitem concluir que a malária resulta em desnutrição do hospedeiro, cuja gravidade está relacionada ao tipo e estágio da doença.

Sequence, evolution and ligand binding properties of mammalian Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines

The Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokine, DARC, acts as a widely expressed promiscuous chemokine receptor and as the erythrocyte receptor for Plasmodium vivax. To gain insight into the evolution and structure/function relations of DARC, we analyzed the binding of anti-human Fy monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and human chemokines to red blood cells (RBCs) from 11 nonhuman primates and two nonprimate mammals, and we elucidated the structures of the DARC genes from gorilla, gibbon, baboon, marmoset, tamarin, night monkey and cattle. CXCL-8 and CCL-5 chemokine binding analysis indicated that the promiscuous binding profile characteristic of DARC is conserved across species. Among three mAbs that detected the Fy6 epitope by flow cytometric analysis of human and chimpanzee RBCs, only one reacted with night monkey and squirrel monkey. Only chimpanzee RBCs bound a significant amount of the anti-Fy3 mAb. Fy3 was also poorly detected on RBCs from gorilla, baboon and rhesus monkey, but not from new world monkeys. Alignment of DARC homologous sequences allowed us to construct a phylogenetic tree in which all branchings were in accordance with current knowledge of primate phylogeny. Although DARC was expected to be under strong internal and external selection pressure, in order to maintain chemokine binding and avoid Plasmodium vivax binding, respectively, our present study did not provide arguments in favor of a selection pressure on the extracellular domains involved in ligand specificity. The amino acid variability of DARC-like polypeptides was found to be well correlated with the hydrophylicity indexes, with the highest divergence on the amino-terminal extracellular domain. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences highlighted the conservation of some amino acid residues, which should prove to be critical for the structural and functional properties of DARC.