Infraorbital foramen location in dry human skulls

The objective of this study was to determine the mean distance between the infraorbital foramen and the infraorbital margin, as well as the mean distance between the infraorbital foramen and the piriform aperture on both sides of dry human skulls, with the aim of improving the efficiency in clinical situations, such as surgery and anesthetic procedures. Two hundred ninety-five skulls were used (590 sides), located in the Frankfurt Plane through a craniostat. The measurements were collected by two distinct operators, with a dry tip compass and carried to a caliper. The general mean obtained between the infraorbital foramen and the infraorbital margin was 6.37 mm (±1.69 mm), with a mean of 6,28 mm (±1.79 mm) on the right side and 6.45 mm (±1.76 mm) on the left side. The general mean obtained between the infraorbital foramen and the piriform aperture was 17.67 mm (±1.95 mm), being 17.75 mm (±2.10 mm) on the right side and 17.60 mm (±2.04 mm) on the left side. There were statistically significant differences between the right and left distances of the infraorbital foramen and the infraorbital margin, verified by the Student's-t test. The results of this study allow a more precise location of the infraorbital foramen, particularly as regards the infraorbital margin, since this distance is of relevant importance as a repair point during surgical procedures involving this anatomical structure.

Morphological characteristics of foramen of Vesalius and its relationship with clinical implications

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence as well morphometry of the foramen of Vesalius in human skulls and analyzing their clinical importance. Dry human skulls (n = 80) and with gender distinction were used (40 male and 40 female). The results demonstrates an total incidence of 40%, 13.75% skulls with the bilateral presence of the foramen, 26.25% skulls with the unilateral presence of the foramen, 31.25% skulls with foramen only of the right side, 22.50% skulls with foramen only of the left side, 25% masculine skulls with at least 1 foramen and 52.25% skulls with at least 1 foramen. The morphometry showed an average diameter of 1.457 ± 1.043 mm on the right and 1592 ± 0938 mm to the left. The average distance to the foramen ovale was 1.853 ± 0.303 mm on the right side and 2.464 ± 0.311 mm on the left. It can be concluded that a deepened anatomical study of the foramen of Vesalius collaborates not only for anatomical knowledge of this structure, but also in clinical situations involving this foramen.

Retromolar canal associated with age, side, sex, bifid mandibular canal, and accessory mental foramen in panoramic radiographs of Brazilians

Background. The retromolar canal (RMC) is an anatomical variation that can cause complications in dental procedures. Method. The RMC was evaluated according to age, sex, and presence of accessory mandibular canal and accessory mental foramen, on both sides in 500 panoramic radiographs, belonging to individuals at the age of 7 to 20 years. The associations of interest were studied through Fisher's Exact Test and Pearson's Chi-Square Test, and the correlation was studied through Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r). The significance level used was 5%. Results. The RMC was observed in 44 radiographs (8.8%), and out of those 24 were females. There was no statistically significant association between the RMC and age (p > 0.05; Fisher's Exact Test), sex (p = 0.787; Pearson's Chi-Square Test), amount of mandibular canals and mental foramina, on both sides (p > 0.05; Pearson's Chi-Square Test). There was a significant association between RMC and side, the higher frequency of the canal being on the right side (p < 0.05; Fisher's Exact Test). Conclusions. Despite the low occurrence of the RMC, its identification and the verification of its dimensions and path are relevant, mainly in cases when anesthetic and surgical procedures can present failures or difficulties.

Description of a new species of skate of the genus Malacoraja Stehmann, 1970: the first species from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, with notes on generic monophyly and composition (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae)

O primeiro registro para o Atlântico Sul ocidental de uma espécie do gênero Malacoraja Stehmann, 1970 é feita com base na descrição de Malacoraja obscura, espécie nova, proveniente do talude continental do Sudeste brasileiro dos estados do Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro em profundidades de 808-1105 m. A espécie nova é conhecida através de cinco exemplares e é distinta de seus congêneres pela sua coloração dorsal composta por numerosas manchas esbranquiçadas e pequenas na região do disco e nadadeiras pélvicas, por apresentar uma fileira irregular de espinhos ao longo da superfície dorsal mediana da cauda a qual persiste em espécimes maiores (desde a base da cauda até dois-terços do seu comprimento numa fêmea de 680 mm de comprimento total, CT) e uma região pequena desprovida de dentículos na base ventral da cauda (estendendo somente até a margem distal da nadadeira pélvica). Outros caracteres diagnósticos em combinação incluem a ausência de espinhos escapulares em indivíduos maiores, número elevado de fileiras dentárias (64/62 fileiras num macho subadulto de 505 mm de CT e 76/74 numa fêmea de 680 mm de CT) e de vértebras (27-28 Vtr, 68-75 Vprd), coloração ventral do disco uniformemente castanha escura, duas fenestras pós-ventrais na cintura escapular, fenestra pós-ventral posterior grande, forame magno circular e dois forames para a carótida interna na placa basal ventral do neurocrânio. Machos adultos não são conhecidos, porém uma descrição anatômica de M. obscura, sp. nov., é fornecida. Comparações são realizadas com todo o material conhecido de M. kreffti, com a literatura sobre M. senta e com material abundante de M. spinacidermis da África do Sul; M. obscura, sp. nov., assemelha-se mais a M. spinacidermis do Atlântico Sul oriental em esqueleto dérmico, coloração e tamanho. Malacoraja é monofilético devido à sua espinulação e apêndices rostrais conspícuos e é aparentemente composta por dois grupos de espécies, um para M. obscura e M. spinacidermis e outro para M. kreffti e M. senta, porém a elucidação das relações filogenéticas entre as espécies necessita de mais informações anatômicas, principalmente das duas últimas espécies.

Evaluation of the apical infiltration after root canal disruption and obturation

The aim of this study was to evaluate two root canal filling techniques used in teeth that had their apical foramen disrupted and compare the apical infiltration with an ideal clinical situation. Twenty-seven freshly extracted single-rooted teeth were selected and radiographed to confirm the existence of a single and straight root canal. The crowns were removed at a mean distance of 11 mm from the apex. The teeth had the root canals instrumented and were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=9): ND group-root canals were filled using the lateral compaction technique and no disruption was performed; DRF group-the apical constriction was disrupted by advancing a #40 K-file 1 mm beyond the original working length, the canals were reinstrumented to create an apical ledge at 1 mm from the apical foramen and were obturated with a master gutta-percha cone with same size as the last file used for reinstrumentation; DF group - the teeth had the apical constriction disrupted and the canals were obturated with a master gutta-percha cone that fit at 1 mm from the apex. The teeth were submitted to dye leakage test with Rhodamine B for 7 days, using vaccum on the initial 5 min. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally and the leakage was measured in a linear fashion from apex to crown. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the groups that had the apical foramen disrupted (DF, DRF), but significant difference was found between the disrupted groups and the non-disrupted one (p<0.01). In conclusion, none of the evaluated techniques was able to prevent apical infiltration, so working length so the working length determination has to be established and maintained carefully.

Anatomical study of the diaphragm of the opossum (Didelphis albiventris)

The anatomical characteristics of the South American opossum diaphragm were described. Five male and seven female adult opossums, weighing between 700 and 1110 g, were used. Animals were killed by ether inhalation saturation. The abdominal and thoracic walls were dissected and opened, the viscerae were removed and the diaphragm anatomy was described and photographed in situ . After diaphragm removal, some dimensional data were taken and tabled. Primary branches of the phrenic nerves were dissected under a surgical microscope. The secondary branches were studied and described by transillumination after clarification in acetic acid. The opossum diaphragm is domed and has a mean area of 54.33 +/- 3.8 cm(2) . Well-identified costal, sternal and lumbar parts form the peripheral muscular region. The central tendinous region presents with a V-like form. Three folioles comprise the phrenic centre and present different dimensions. The caudal vena cava passes through its foramen between the ventral and right dorsal folioles. Both right and left phrenic nerves present one ventral branch and one dorsolateral trunk in 50.0% and 66.67% of the cases, respectively.

Effects of Nd : YAG and Er : YAG lasers on the sealing of root canal fillings

Objective: the ability of the laser irradiation to promote the cleaning and disinfection of the radicular canal system has become this type of treatment in a viable and real alternative in endodontics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apical marginal sealing of root canal fillings after the irradiation with the laser of Nd:YAG or of Er:YAG. Materials and Methods: Forty-two human, extracted single-rooted teeth had their crowns sectioned and the root canals prepared with a no. 70 K-file. Then, they were dried and divided into three groups according to canal wall treatment: group 1: the canals were filled with EDTA for 3 min, followed by irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 2: the canal walls were irradiated with Nd:YAG laser; and group 3: the canal walls were irradiated with Er:YAG laser. Afterwards, the root canals were obturated by the lateral condensation technique. The roots were externally waterproof, except in the apical foramen and immerged in 2% methylene blue aqueous solution during 48 hours. Results: the results showed that the largest infiltrations happened in the group 3-Er:YAG (7.3 mm), proceeded by the group 1-EDTA (1.6 mm) and by the group 2-Nd:YAG (0.6 mm). The group Er:YAG differed statistically of the others (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the Er:YAG laser intracanal irradiation previously to the root canal filling must be used with caution until future research is define the best parameters for it's use.

Ocorrência de fissuras labiopalatais na cidade de São José dos Campos-SP

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os casos de fissuras labiopalatais registrados na AAFLAP (Associação de Apoio aos Fissurados Labiopalatais), ocorridos na cidade de São José dos Campos - SP, em relação ao sexo, classificação socioeconômica, tipo de fissura e concomitância com síndromes. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram levantados das fichas preenchidas pela AAFLAP, entidade que recebe, orienta e encaminha para a realização dos procedimentos terapêuticos necessários, totalizando 200 crianças acometidas no período de 1992 a 2002. RESULTADOS: da análise dos dados pode-se observar que não houve diferença significativa na ocorrência de fissuras labiopalatais com relação ao sexo, sendo 48% do feminino e 52% do masculino, e que 73,70% dos casos acometeram crianças oriundas de classe socioeconômica desfavorecida. A fissura do tipo pós-forame incisivo prevaleceu em 41,33% dos casos, seguida da transforame incisivo com 33,16%, da pré-forame incisivo com 24,49% e das raras com 1,02%. Dos casos de fissura pós-forame incisivo, a incompleta totalizou 79%; dos casos de fissura pré-forame incisivo, o lado esquerdo totalizou 56% dos casos. de todos os casos levantados de fissuras labiopalatais, 9,18% estavam associados a alguma síndrome, sendo a Síndrome de Pierre Robin a mais prevalente e, em 94% das vezes, associada ao tipo de fissura pós-forame incisivo incompleta. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença na ocorrência com relação ao sexo da criança; a classe socioeconômica desfavorecida foi a mais acometida; a fissura mais prevalente foi a pós-forame incompleta, e um décimo do total estudado, aproximadamente, apresentava associação com alguma síndrome.

A new Sphagesaurus (Mesoeucrocodylia: Notosuchia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Monte Alto City (Bauru Group, Brazil), and a revision of the Sphagesauridae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aggressive management of orbital meningeal melanocytoma

Objective. Meningeal melanocytoma generally occurs in the posterior fossa. Orbital manifestation is rarely encountered.Methods. A thirty-five year-old man presented with progressive proptosis of his right eye. Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain showed an expansive intraconal mass lesion occupying the superior orbital compartment, the entire orbital apex, and the optic foramen. Histological analysis and Immunohistochical staining for S-100 and HMB-45 monoclonal antibodies confirmed melanocytoma.Findings. Microsurgical removal was accomplished through a fronto-orbital craniotomy. Chemotherapy and irradiation followed the initial intervention. The patient returned for follow up two years after surgery, complaining of headache and right visual loss. A subfrontal tumor with massive edema was found on follow up CT scan.Interpretation. Meningeal melanocytomas are rare benign pigmented tumors of the central nervous system. They are predominant in the posterior fossa and spinal cord and frequently mistaken for melanomas, especially on frozen sections. Orbital presentation is rare. The natural history is poorly defined.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite and five intracanal medications on Candida albicans in root canals

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1% sodium hypochlorite and five intracanals medications on Candida albicans harvested inside root canals. The contaminated canals were irrigated with sterile saline solution and then treated as follows: (i) filled with Calen paste (calcium hydroxide/glycol polyethylene paste); (ii) filled with camphorated paramonochloro phenol (CPMC); (iii) filled with 2% iodine-iodate solution; (iv) filled with tricresol formalin; (v) filled with Calen and CPMC pastes; (vi) irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite and filled with no intracanal medication; and (vii) no intracanal medication was used. Canal access and the apical foramen were then sealed with Cavit and the roots were stored in a humid chamber at 37 +/- 1 degreesC for 14 days. The canals were reinstrumented and irrigated with sterile saline solution. Sterile paper points were used to transfer the root canal contents to test tubes containing sterile saline solution. Part of the suspension was harvested in Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and incubated at 37 +/- 1 degreesC for 48 h, CPMC was effective in 100% of the samples followed in decreasing order of effectiveness by calcium hydroxide with CPMC (70% effective), 1% sodium hypochlorite (70% effective) (p < 0.05), tricresol formalin (60% effective), 2% iodine-iodate solution (50% effective), calcium hydroxide paste (30% effective), and saline + no intracanal medication.

Use of Aspiration Method for Collecting Brain Samples for Rabies Diagnosis in Small Wild Animals

P>In developing countries such as Brazil, where canine rabies is still a considerable problem, samples from wildlife species are infrequently collected and submitted for screening for rabies. A collaborative study was established involving environmental biologists and veterinarians for rabies epidemiological research in a specific ecological area located at the São Paulo State, Brazil. The wild animals' brains are required to be collected without skull damage because the skull's measurements are important in the identification of the captured animal species. For this purpose, samples from bats and small mammals were collected using an aspiration method by inserting a plastic pipette into the brain through the magnum foramen. While there is a progressive increase in the use of the plastic pipette technique in various studies undertaken, it is also appreciated that this method could foster collaborative research between wildlife scientists and rabies epidemiologists thus improving rabies surveillance.

Mandibular cortical bone evaluation on cone beam computed tomography images of patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Clinical significance of supplementary innervation of the lower incisor teeth: a dissection study of the myelohyoid nerve

In view of the relevance of the mylohyoid nerve to clinical difficulties in achieving deep analgesia of the lower incisors, a dissection study was undertaken. Dissections from 29 adult cadavers of both sexes were studied with the aid of a dissecting microscope. The following observations were made: a supplementary branch of the mylohyoid nerve entered the mandible through accessory foramina in the lingual side of the mandibular symphysis in 50% of the cases; it generrally arose from the right side (76.9%) and entered the inferior retromental foramen (84.6%); the mylohyoid nerve branch either ended directly in the incisor teeth and the gingiva or joined the ipsilateral or contralateral incisive nerve. In view of this information concerning the high incidence of possible involvement of the mylohyoid nerve in mandibular sensory innervation, it is advisable to block it whenever intervention in the lower incisors is indicated. Routine mylohyoid injection is recommended after mental nerve block. If the inferior alveolar nerve is chosen for anesthetic purposes, additional mylohyoid injection should be given only if pain persists. The mylohyoid injection should be given at the inferior retromental foramen on the median aspect of the inferior border of the mandible through extraoral approach.

Microscopic studies on the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the internal jugular vein

The author studied the structure of the tissue components of the tunicae of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, particularly at the level of the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the human internal jugular vein; it was established that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and the first portion of the internal jugular vein occupies the whole extension of the superior bulb of the jugular vein up to the inferior third of the first portion of this vessel. These vascular walls exhibit a structure similar to that of the dura, i.e. the tunica adventitia is formed by fascicles of collagenic fibers which describe discontinuous spirals, more open proximal to the beginning of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Approximately in the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein, there appear fascicles of smooth muscle fibers which are arranged similarly to those of the venous walls. The tunica intima of these vascular segments exhibits an endothelium resting on a network of elastic fibers which may play the role of an internal elastic lamina. From the bony border of the jugular foramen there originates a connective system whose fascicles of collagenic and elastic fibers incorporate to the wall of the internal jugular vein after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen.