Mitochondrial and peroxisomal population in post-pharyngeal glands of leaf-cutting ants after lipid supplementation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Coprodutos do biodiesel na alimentação de cordeiros

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Extração e caracterização qualitativa do óleo da polpa e amendoas de frutos de macaúba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) Lodd. ex Mart] coletada na região de Botucatu - SP

The international energy situation indicates to the depletion of oil reserves in the short term. Brazil, considering its potential, has sought through public policy, encourage the study of alternative forms of energy. Many of these forms are based on sub-products and agricultural products, especially the ethanol industry for fuel purposes. Another alternative of vegetable origin, most recently discussed, would be the production of fuel oil called biodiesel. The study aimed to extract and measure the pulp oil production of macaúba palm [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) Lodd. ex Mart], collected in Botucatu (SP). In addition, the qualitative analysis of the pulp and almond oil are determined. The results showed low productivity in oils, compared to the reported for macauba natural populations of Minas Gerais. The qualitative analysis of the macauba pulp shows to be rich in long chain fatty acids, while the almond have significant amounts of lauric acid.

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fecundity of the Amazon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influence of monomeric and polymeric structure on the physical properties of thermoplastic polyesters derived from hydroxy fatty acids

The physical properties of three vegetable oil derived medium and long chain poly(-hydroxy fatty ester)s (P(Me--OHFA)s), namely poly(-hydroxynonanoate) [P(Me--OHC9)], poly(-hydroxytridecanoate) [P(Me--OHC13)] and poly(-hydroxyoctadecanoate) [P(Me--OHC18)] (n = 8, 12 and 17, respectively), of the [-(CH2)(n)-COO-](x) polyester homologous series are presented. The effect of M-n (M-n 10-40 kg mol(-1)) and n on the crystal structure and thermal and mechanical properties of the P(Me--OHFA)s were investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), TGA, DSC, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile analysis and are discussed in the context of the [-(CH2)(n)-COO-](x) polyester homologous series, contrasted with linear polyethylene (PE). For all P(Me--OHFA)s the WAXD data indicated an orthorhombic crystal phase reminiscent of linear PE with crystallinity (X-c = 50%-80%) depending strongly on M-n. The glass transition temperature and Young's modulus for P(Me--OHFA)s increased with X-c. The DSC, DMA and TGA studies for P(Me--OHFA)s (n = 8, 12 and 17) indicated strong correlations between the melting, glass transition and thermal degradation behavior and n. The established predictive structure relationships can be used for the custom engineering of polyester materials suitable for specialty and commodity applications. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Digestibility and metabolizable energy of maize gluten feed for dogs as measured by two different techniques

Maize gluten feed (MGF) is a co-product of wet milling of maize, and is composed of structures that remain after most starch, gluten and germ has been extracted from the grain. Although currently used in dog foods, its digestibility and energy values have not been documented. Two techniques were used to determine nutrient digestibility of MGF for dog foods. Both techniques used extruded diets fed to Beagle dogs, with six replicates per diet. The first study used a difference method in which 300 g/kg of a reference diet was replaced by MGF. Based on the difference method, the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of MGF was 0.53 for dry matter (DM), 0.69 for crude protein (CP), 0.74 for fat, 0.99 for starch, and 0.55 for gross energy (GE). The calculated metabolizable energy (ME) of MGF was 7.99 MJ/kg (as-fed). The second study used a regression method and included a basal diet and a basal diet with 70, 140 and 210 g MGF/kg of diet (as a substitute for maize starch). Maize gluten feed inclusion resulted in a linear reduction of CTTAD of DM (R(2)=0.99; P<0.001), CP (R(2)=0.95; P=0.002), fat (R(2)=0.87; P=0.009). starch (R(2)=0.81; P<0.001), and GE (R(2)=0.99; P<0.001). Faecal production increased linearly from 56 g to 107 g/dog/d (R(2)=0.99; P<0.001), with a linear reduction of faecal DM (R(2)=0.99: P<0.001) and a linear increase in faecal lactic acid concentration (P<0.02). Both urine (R(2)=0.77; P=0.029) and faeces (R(2)=0.92: P=0.019) showed a linear reduction in pH. Results of ingredient MAD obtained by the regression and difference methods were close (6% or less of variation) for CP, fat, and starch, and also for ME content (1.4% higher for the difference method), but the two methods disagreed on calculated CTTAD of DM and organic matter. The high dietary fiber content of MGF (382 g/kg) may explain the low digestibility of this ingredient. Maize gluten feed could be a useful ingredient for formulations designed to have low energy or reduce the urine pH of dogs. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fermentação ruminal de ovinos alimentados com alto concentrado e grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida

Seis ovinos machos, não castrados, da raça Santa Inês, com média de peso de 30kg, fistulados no rúmen, foram distribuídos em delineamento de quadrado-latino duplo (3x3). Três períodos e três dietas, uma controle, sem inclusão de fonte de lipídio, e duas com inclusão de grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida, foram testados quanto aos parâmetros ruminais. Foram verificadas diferenças (P<0,05) entre as dietas quanto à concentração ruminal de amônia (18mg/dL), mas não houve efeito sobre o pH (6,1), a produção total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (98mM), a proporção de acetato (66,4%), de propionato (20%) e de butirato (13%) e sobre a razão acetato:propionato (3,2:1). As bactérias sólido-aderidas isoladas do conteúdo ruminal dos animais recebendo a dieta-controle apresentaram maior teor de nitrogênio (10,7%) que as das dietas com gordura protegida (9,8%) ou com grãos de girassol (9,1%). A produção de nitrogênio pelas bactérias sólido-aderidas da dieta-controle (170mg/g) não diferiu da dieta com grãos de girassol (153mg/kg) ou com gordura protegida (160mg/kg). A inclusão de grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida na dieta com alto concentrado para ovinos propiciou ambiente adequado para fermentação ruminal.

A suplementação de ácidos graxos ômega 3 e triglicérides de cadeia média não alteram os indicadores metabólicos em um teste de exaustão

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Controle do fornecimento e da utilização de substratos energéticos no encéfalo

Correspondendo a apenas 2% do peso corpóreo, o cérebro apresenta taxa metabólica superior à maioria dos demais órgãos e sistemas. A maior parte do consumo energético encefálico ocorre no transporte iônico para manutenção do potencial de membrana celular. Praticamente desprovido de estoques, os substratos energéticos para o encéfalo são fornecidos necessariamente pela circulação sanguínea.O suprimento desses substratos sofre também a ação seletiva da barreira hemato-encefálica (BHE). O principal substrato, que é a glicose, tem uma demanda de 150 g/dia (0,7 mM/g/min). A metabolização intracelular parece ser controlada pela fosfofrutoquinase. A manose e os produtos intermediários do metabolismo (frutose 1,6 bifosfato, piruvato, lactato e acetato) podem substituir, em parte, a glicose, quando os níveis sangüíneos desta encontram-se elevados. Quando oxidado, o lactato chega a responder por 21% do consumo cerebral de Ov em situações de isquemia e inflamação infecciosa, o tecido cerebral passa de consumidor a produtor de lactato. Os corpos cetônicos também podem reduzir as necessidades cerebrais de glicose desde que oferecidos em quantidades suficientes ao encéfalo. Entretanto, devem ser considerados como um substrato complementar e nunca alternativo da glicose, pois comprometem a produção cerebral de succinil CoA e GTP. Quanto aos demais substratos, embora apresentem condições metabólicas, não existem demonstrações consistentes de que o cérebro produza energia a partir dos ácidos graxos sistêmicos, mesmo em situações de hipoglicemia. de maneira análoga, etanol e glicerol são considerados apenas a nível de experimentação. A utilização dos aminoácidos é dependente da sua captação, limitada tanto pela baixa concentração sangüínea, como pela seletividade da BHE. A maior captação ocorre para os de cadeia ramificada e destes, a valina. A menor captação é a de aminoácidos sintetizados no cérebro (aspartato,gluconato e alanina). Todos podem ser oxidados a CO, e H(2)0. Entretanto, mesmo com o consumo de glicose reduzido a 50%, a contribuição energética dos aminoácidos não ultrapassa 10%. Para manter o suprimento adequado de glicose e oxigênio, o fluxo sangüíneo cerebral é da ordem de 800 ml/min (15% do débito cardíaco). O consumo de O, pelo cérebro é equivalente a 20% do total consumido pelo corpo. Esses mecanismos, descritos como controladores da utilização de substratos energéticos pelo cérebro, sofrem a influência da idade apenas no período perinatal, com a oxidação do lactato na fase pré-latente e dos corpos cetônicos, no início da amamentação.

Determination of olive oil acidity by CE

In this work, a CE method for the determination of olive oil acidity was proposed. The method was based on an ethanolic extraction (at 60 degrees C) of the oil long-chain free fatty acids (LC-FFAs) components followed by CE determination in pH 6.86 phosphate buffer at 15 mmol/L concentration containing 4 mmol/L sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), 10 mmol/L polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35((R))), 2% v/v 1-octanol and 45% v/v ACN under indirect UV detection at 224 nm. Although this electrolyte promoted baseline separation of myristic acid (C14:0) (internal standard (IS)) and olive oil major components (palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1c) and linoleic acid (C18:2cc)) in less than 8 min, after a few injections, the electropherogram profiles were severely altered (peak broadening, migration time shifts, etc.) and the current increased substantially. An adsorption study was conducted revealing that the dissolution of the capillary external polyimide coating during the electrophoretic run caused the detrimental effect. After removal of the capillary tip coating, ten consecutive injections could be performed without any disturbances and this simple procedure was, therefore, implemented during quantitative purposes. The reliability of the proposed method was further investigated by the determination of acidity of an extra virgin olive oil sample in comparison to the established methodology (AOCS method Ca 5a40, alkaline volumetric titration (AVT)). No statistical differences were found within 95% confidence level. A % acidity of 0.39 +/- 0.02 was found for the olive oil sample under consideration.

Avaliação de colesterol e triglicerídeos séricos em cães saudáveis suplementados com ômega n-3

The analysis of serum cholesterol and triglycerides was performed in 20 healthy mongrel dogs, 10 male and 10 female, before and after supplementation for 30 days with fatty acids of long chain polyunsaturated derived from omega-3 n (497mg docosahexaenoic acid and 780mg eicosapentaenoic acid). The serum cholesterol presented a significant reduction after supplementation in both sexes (271.6 similar to 79.8mg/dL; 236,2 similar to 67,6mg/dL, before and after supplementation respectively). Regarding serum triglycerides, there was a reduction only in females (57.8 similar to 12,1mg/dL; 45.2 similar to 7,8mg/dL, before and after supplementation respectively), with no effect of supplementation in males.

Avaliação de colesterol e triglicerídeos séricos em cães saudáveis suplementados com ômega n-3

The analysis of serum cholesterol and triglycerides was performed in 20 healthy mongrel dogs, 10 male and 10 female, before and after supplementation for 30 days with fatty acids of long chain polyunsaturated derived from omega-3 n (497mg docosahexaenoic acid and 780mg eicosapentaenoic acid). The serum cholesterol presented a significant reduction after supplementation in both sexes (271.6±79.8mg/dL; 236,2±67,6mg/dL, before and after supplementation respectively). Regarding serum triglycerides, there was a reduction only in females (57.8±12,1mg/dL; 45.2±7,8mg/dL, before and after supplementation respectively), with no effect of supplementation in males.

Enzyme use in kibble diets formulated with wheat bran for dogs: Effects on processing and digestibility

Recently, there is an interest in technologies that favour the use of coproducts for animal nutrition. The effect of adding two enzyme mixtures in diets for dogs formulated with wheat bran (WB) was evaluated. Two foods with similar compositions were formulated: negative control (NC; without WB) and test diet (25% of WB). The test diet was divided into four treatments: without enzyme (positive control), enzyme mixture 1 (ENZ1; added before extrusion β-glucanase, xylanase, cellulase, glucoamylase, phytase); enzyme mixture 2 (ENZ2; added before extrusion the ENZ1 more α-amylase); enzyme mixture 2 added after the extrusion (ENZ2ex). ENZ1 and ENZ2 were used to evaluate the enzyme effect on extruder pre-conditioner (processing additive) and ENZ2ex to evaluate the effect of enzyme supplementation for the animal. Digestibility was measured through total collection of faeces and urine. The experiment followed a randomized block design with five treatments (diets) and six dogs per diet, totalling 30 dogs (7.0 ± 1.2 years old and 11.0 ± 2.2 kg of body weight). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test and orthogonal contrasts (p < 0.05). Reducing sugars showed an important reduction after extrusion, suggesting the formation of carbohydrate complexes. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid-hydrolysed fat and energy was higher in NC than in diets with WB (p < 0.001), without effects of enzyme additions. WB diets resulted in higher faecal production and concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and reduced pH and ammonia concentration (p < 0.01), with no effect of enzyme addition. The enzyme addition did not result in improved digestibility of a diet high in non-starch polysaccharides; however, only ATTD was measured and nutrient fermentation in the large intestine may have interfered with the results obtained. WB modified fermentation product formation in the colon of dogs. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Estudos estruturais com fosfolipases A2 e fosfolipases A2 homólogas isoladas no veneno de Bothrops moojeni

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Síntese e caracterização de um esterquat: um tipo de surfactante catiônico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)