PHYSIOLOGICAL and PERCEIVED EXERTION RESPONSES AT INTERMITTENT CRITICAL POWER and INTERMITTENT MAXIMAL LACTATE STEADY STATE

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Tolerância ao esforço em ratos com estenose aórtica e disfunção ventricular diastólica e/ou sistólica

FUNDAMENTO: A Tolerância ao Esforço Físico (TEF) é uma medida de condicionamento cardiorrespiratório. A capacidade aeróbica é reduzida na Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC), embora não haja dados disponíveis sobre esse parâmetro em animais com disfunção ventricular e sem sinais de IC. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a TEF em ratos com disfunção ventricular diastólica isolada ou associada com disfunção sistólica induzida pela Estenose da Aorta ascendente (EAo). MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos jovens (20-30 dias de idade) foram divididos em Grupo Controle (GC, n = 11) e Grupo EAo (n = 12). Os animais foram avaliados em 6 e 18 semanas após a cirurgia para EAo. O teste ergométrico foi feito até a exaustão e foram avaliadas a velocidade da esteira e a concentração de lactato [LAC] no limiar de lactato, velocidade da esteira e [LAC] na exaustão, e tempo total do teste. RESULTADOS: Dados ecocardiográficos revelaram remodelação do átrio esquerdo e hipertrofia concêntrica ventricular esquerda em 6 e 18 semanas. A fração de encurtamento endocárdico mostrou-se maior no grupo EAo do que no GC em 6 e 18 semanas. A fração de encurtamento da parede média mostrou-se maior no grupo EAo do que no GC em 6 semanas. O índice cardíaco mostrou-se semelhante no GC e no grupo EAo em 6 e 18 semanas, tendo diminuído entre 6-18 semanas em ambos os grupos. A razão entre a onda E a onda A foi maior no GC do que no grupo EAo em ambos os períodos e não se alterou em ambos os grupos entre a semana 6 e a semana 18. Os parâmetros do teste de esforço na esteira foram semelhantes nos dois grupos tanto na semana 6 quanto na semana 18. CONCLUSÃO: Embora a EAo promova a disfunção diastólica isolada ou associada à disfunção sistólica, em 6 ou 18 semanas, ela não é suficiente para alterar a tolerância ao esforço físico.

Comparação da potência anaeróbia mensurada pelo teste de RAST em diferentes condições de calçado e superfícies

INTRODUÇÃO: O Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) tem sido considerado um teste válido para avaliação anaeróbia. Entretanto, como a superfície e o calçado podem afetar alguns parâmetros mensurados durante o exercício, isso pode modificar os parâmetros do RAST. OBJETIVO: Comparar as variáveis do RAST mensuradas utilizando chuteiras na grama (RAST CG) e tênis na pista (RAST TP). MÉTODOS: Oito jogadores de futebol (da categoria sub-17) participaram do estudo. Os participantes realizaram dois RAST (intervalo > 24 h). O RAST consistiu em seis corridas máximas de 35m com 10s de intervalo passivo entre cada corrida. O tempo de cada esforço foi registrado para determinação da potência pico (PP), potência média (PM) e índice de fadiga (IF). Após o sexto esforço, amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas para determinação da lactacidemia ([Lac]). RESULTADOS: Durante o RAST TP, a PP (763,1 ± 87,2 W) e PM (621,6 ± 68,1 W) foram significativamente superiores às PP e PM mensuradas em RAST CG (PP = 667,3 ± 67,0 W e PM = 555,9 ± 74,7 W), enquanto que as [Lac] observadas em RAST TP (7,3 ± 1,8 mmol.L-1) foram significativamente inferiores às mensuradas em RAST CG (9,9 ± 3,2 mmol.L-1). No entanto, o IF não foi significativamente diferente (RAST TP = 32,5 ± 8,3%; RAST CG = 34,1 ± 6,6%). Significativas correlações foram observadas entre as PM (r = 0,90) e as [Lac] (r = 0,72). CONCLUSÃO: Podemos concluir que as variáveis do RAST são influenciadas pela superfície e calçado utilizados, com valores superiores observados em RAST TP.

Avaliação da capacidade aeróbia determinada por respostas sanguíneas e ventilatórias em quatro diferentes ergômetros

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as intensidades do ponto de compensação respiratório (PCR), limiar anaeróbio de concentração fixa (OBLA3,5) e limiar anaeróbio de lactato de aumento abrupto lactacidêmico (LAnLAC) determinadas em diferentes ergômetros. Para isso, onze mesatenistas (19±1 anos) realizaram testes incrementais máximos no cicloergômetro, ergômetro de braço, esteira e em teste específico para o tênis de mesa. Durante esses esforços, foram mensuradas as repostas lactacidêmica e respiratória. Na análise intraergômetro, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o PCR, LAnLAC e OBLA3,5 no ergômetro de braço (63,4±4,8W, 66,9±4,5W e 64,5±6,1W, respectivamente), esteira (11,4±0,4km.h-1, 11,3±0,3km.h-1 e 11,1±0,3km.h-1, respectivamente) e teste específico (40,5±1,8bolas.min-1, 42,6±3,6bolas.min-1 e 42,8±5,6bolas.min-1, respectivamente); apenas no cicloergômetro foi verificado menor valor de OBLA3,5 (131,9±6,6W) em relação ao PCR (149,3±4,9W) e o LAnLAC (149,3±4,7W). No entanto, fortes e significativas correlações foram verificadas no teste específico entre todos esses métodos (r entre 0,83 a 0,95), entre o PCR e OBLA3,5 no ergômetro de braço (r=0,78) e entre OBLA3,5 e LAnLAC na esteira (r=0,76). Desse modo, podemos concluir que o PCR, OBLA3,5 e LAnLAC parecem corresponder ao mesmo fenômeno fisiológico, principalmente, no teste específico para o tênis de mesa.

MISTURAS DE HERBICIDAS: EFEITOS DE ADJUVANTES NO CONTROLE DE PLANTAS INFESTANTES NA CULTURA da SOJA

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Relationships and significance of lactate minimum, critical velocity, heart rate deflection and 3 000 m track-tests for running

The running velocities associated to lactate minimum (V-lm), heart rate deflection (V-HRd), critical velocity (CV), 3000 M (V-3000) and 10000 m performance (V-10km) were compared. Additionally the ability of V-lm and VHRd on identifying sustainable velocities was investigated.Methods. Twenty runners (28.5 +/- 5.9 y) performed 1) 3000 m running test for V3000; 2) an all-out 500 in sprint followed by 6x800 m incremental bouts with blood lactate ([lac]) measurements for V-lm; 3) a continuous velocity-incremented test with heart rate measurements at each 200 m for V-HRd; 4) participants attempted to 30 min of endurance test both at V-lm(ETVlm) and V-HRd(ETVHRd). Additionally, the distance-time and velocity-1/time relationships produced CV by 2 (500 m and 3000 m) or 3 predictive trials (500 m, 3000 m and distance reached before exhaustion during ETVHRd), and a 10 km race was recorded for V-10km.Results. The CV identified by different methods did not differ to each other. The results (m(.)min(-1)) revealed that V-.(lm) (281 +/- 14.8)< CV (292.1 +/- 17.5)=V-10km (291.7 +/- 19.3)< V-HRd (300.8 +/- 18.7)=V-3000 (304 +/- 17.5) with high correlation among parameters (P < 0.001). During ETVlm participants completed 30 min of running while on the ETVHRd they lasted only 12.5 +/- 8.2 min with increasing [lac].Conclusion. We evidenced that CV and Vim track-protocols are valid for running evaluation and performance prediction and the parameters studied have different significance. The V-lm reflects the moderate-high intensity domain (below CV), can be sustained without [lac] accumulation and may be used for long-term exercise while the V-HRd overestimates a running intensity that can be sustained for long-time. Additionally, V-3000 and V-HRd reflect the severe intensity domain (above CV).

The validity of critical speed determined from track cycling for identification of the maximal lactate steady state

The objective of this study was to determine the critical speed (CS) for track cycling and to assess whether a lactate steady state occurs at this speed. Fourteen competitive cyclists performed the following tests on an official cycling track (333.3 m): 1) incremental test for determination of the intensity corresponding to 4 mM of blood lactate (onset of blood lactate accumulation, OBLA) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max); 2) CS: 3 maximal bouts for distances of 2, 4 and 6 km executed in random order and with a period of recovery of 40 to 50 min between bouts. CS was determined for each subject from the linear regression between the distance and the time taking to cycle it; 3) Endurance test in which subjects were instructed to pedal at 100% of their individually determined CS for 30 min. At the 10(th) and 30(th) min (or upon exhaustion), 25 mul of blood were collected from ear lobe for later analysis of blood lactate [Lac]b. An increase less than or equal to1 mM between 10 and 30 min of exercise was considered as the criterion for the occurrence of the lactate steady state. CS (49.6 +/- 8.6 ml.kg(-1).min(-1); 36.9 +/- 2.7 km.h(-1)) was significantly higher than OBLA (43.7 8.0 ml.kg(-1).min(-1); 35.24 +/- 2.6 km.h(-1)) although the two parameters were highly correlated (r=0.97). During the endurance test, only 8 of the 14 subjects completed the 30 min period at CS. of these 8 subjects, only 2 presented a lactate steady state. Time to exhaustion at CS was 20.3 +/- 1.6 min for the remaining 6 subjects. The 12 subjects who did not reach a lactate steady state presented mean [Lac]b values of 7.4 +/- 1.3 mM at 10 min and of 9.4 +/- 1.9 mM at the end of the test (exhaustion), characterizing an exercise intensity of high lactacidemia. on the basis of the present results, we can conclude that CS determined by a track cycling test seems to overestimate the intensity of the maximal lactate steady state for most subjects.

Inbreeding and its effects on some productive and reproductive traits in a Murrah buffalo herd

Data concerning genealogy, milk yield, lactation length, caving interval and lac at first calving, obtained from Murrah buffaloes on a farm In São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied in order to determine the presence of inbreeding in the herd and to evaluate its effects as well as the effects of some environmental factors on productive and reproductive traits. The mean inbreeding coefficient estimated for 2414 animals, born from 1965 to 1995 was 2.94%. of these animals, 47% mere considered inbred with a mean inbreeding coefficient equal 6.25%. Milk production, lactation length, calving interval and age at first calving averaged 1493.3 +/- 60.7 kg, 271.0 +/- 37.3 days, 385.0 +/- 53.4 days and 33.05 +/- 6.05 months, respectively. Among all four traits, only lactation length was affected by inbreeding.

Chromosome evolution in the erythrinid fish, Erythrinus erythrinus (Teleostei : Characiformes)

The genus Erythrinus belongs to the family Erythrinidae, a neotropical fish group. This genus contains only two described species, Erythrinus erythrinus being the most widely distributed in South America. Six samples of this species from five distinct Brazilian localities and one from Argentina were studied cytogenetically. Four groups were identified on the basis of their chromosomal features. Group A comprises three samples, all with 2n = 54 chromosomes, a very similar karyotypic structure, and the absence of chromosome differentiation between males and females. One sample bears up to four supernumerary microchromosomes, which look like 'double minute chromosomes' in appearance. Groups B - D comprise the three remaining samples, all sharing an X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y sex chromosome system. Group B shows 2n = 54/53 chromosomes in females and males, respectively, and also shows up to three supernumerary microchromosomes. Groups C and D show 2n = 52/51 chromosomes in females and males, respectively, but differ in the number of metacentric, subtelocentric, and acrocentric chromosomes. In these three groups ( B - D), the Y is a metacentric chromosome clearly identified as the largest in the complement. The present results offer clear evidence that local samples of E. erythrinus retain exclusive and fixed chromosomal features, indicating that this species may represent a species complex.

Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Active Recovery on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Variability

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential benefits of cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (AR) on blood lactate concentration ([Lac]) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices following high-intensity exercise. 20 male subjects were recruited. on the first visit, an incremental test was performed to determine maximal oxygen consumption and the associated speed (MAS). The remaining 3 visits for the performance of constant velocity exhaustive tests at MAS and different recovery methods (6 min) were separated by 7-day intervals [randomized: CWI, AR or passive recovery (PR)]. The CWI and AR lowered [Lac] (p < 0.05) at 11, 13 and 15 min after exercise cessation in comparison to PR. There was a 'time' and 'recovery mode' interaction for 2 HRV indices: standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN) (partial eta squared = 0.114) and natural log of low-frequency power density (lnLF) (partial eta squared = 0.090). CWI presented significantly higher SDNN compared to PR at 15 min of recovery (p < 0.05). In addition, greater SDNN values were found in CWI vs. AR during the application of recovery interventions, and at 30 and 75 min post-exercise (p < 0.05 for all differences). The lnLF during the recovery interventions and at 75 min post-exercise was greater using CWI compared with AR (p < 0.05). For square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent R-R intervals (RMSSD) and natural log of high-frequency power density (lnHF), a moderate effect size was found between CWI and PR during the recovery interventions and at 15 min post-exercise. Our findings show that AR and CWI offer benefits regarding the removal of [Lac] following high-intensity exercise. While limited, CWI results in some improvement in post-exercise cardiac autonomic regulation compared to AR and PR. Further, AR is not recommended if the aim is to accelerate the parasympathetic reactivation.

Physiological Responses and Characteristics of Table Tennis Matches Determined in Official Tournaments

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aspectos sensoriais e físico-químicos de iogurtes de soja com espessantes/estabilizantes à base de fécula de inhame (Dioscorea alata), amido modificado e gelatina

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)