Immune responses in sheep naturally infected with Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) and gastrointestinal nematodes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Response activity of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary dysfunction caused by Leptospira infection

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ação do ácido trissódio-cálcio-dietileno-triaminopentaacético (CaNa3DTPA) nas lesões de isquemia-reperfusão em membro posterior de rato

OBJETIVO: Ação do ácido trissódio-cálcio-dietileno-triaminopentaacético (CaNa3DTPA), quelante de ferro com ação ainda anti-viral, antiinflamatória e imunológica, na atenuação de lesões de reperfusão em músculos esqueléticos de ratos. MÉTODOS: 52 ratos Wistar, pesando 188±22g, foram anestesiados e submetidos a semi-amputação de membro posterior direito (MPD), poupando-se o fêmur, artéria e veia femorais. Foram então randomizados e distribuídos: G1-CTAN - controle anestesia, sem cirurgia e sem isquemia; G2-CTCIR - controle cirurgia, sem isquemia; G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA - com isquemia (4 hora) e reperfusão ( 2 horas). O G3-IRCT foi tratado, ao final da isquemia, com cloreto de sódio 0,9% e G3-IRDTPA com (CaNa3DTPA).Parâmetros: Circunferência do pé direito e peso do rato, dosagem sérica de CPK, dosagem de malonaldeído e microscopia óptica de músculos soleus bilateral. RESULTADOS: Aumento da circunferência nos G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA (significante no G3-IRCT quando comparado ao G1-CTAN); CPK elevado nos G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA comparados aos controles; MDA mais alto no membro contralateral do G3-IRDTPA, comparado ao MPD do G3-IRDTPA e ao G1-CTAN; maior edema intersticial em G3-IRCT, maior infiltrado inflamatório em G3-IRDTPA e recuperação dos níveis de glicogênio semelhantes em G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do menor edema no G3-IRDTPA comparado ao G3-IRCT, o CaNa3DTPA não alterou CPK sérico, MDA muscular e morfologia muscular dos animais.

Estudo experimental sobre a intoxicação de Gallus gallus domesticus com semente de crotalaria spectabilis. II efeito em aves na fase final de crescimento

This study was undertaken to investigate the toxic effect of Crotalaria spectabilis seeds added to the ration for commercial broilers during the final phase of growth. Ground seeds were added at different concentrations to the ration: 0.0% (control), 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.4%. Rations containing 0.4% caused symptoms of intoxication, beginning in the second week of the study. During the third week birds showed bristling, apathy, general weakness, distended abdomen and agglomeration. In the fourth week, four animals died. Necropsy revealed prominent ascites and severe lesions of liver, kidney and lung. Microscopic examination revealed necrosis of hepatocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of biliary duct cells leading to atresia and cholestasis. Prominent cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the lungs were also present as well as degenerative, changes in the kidney tubules and necrosis of cells of the bursa. All the broilers receiving a ration with 0.1% of Crotalaria seeds showed ascites and slight lesions of the liver. The remaining groups showed no reduction in weight gains, lesions or clinical symptoms. It is concluded that broilers during the final phase of growth are sensitive to administrations of seeds of C. spectabilis in their ration. The presence of ascites and cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the lungs of the affected birds was also considered important.

Innate Immunity in Wooless Lamb to Larvae of Amblyomma cajennense Tick (Fabricius, 1787) (Acari: Ixodidae)

P>The Cayenne tick Amblyomma cajennense infests preferably horses in its adult form but other mammal species in its immature stages and is the main vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the Brazilian spotted fever pathogen. As wooless lambs are often raised on pasture together with horses, an experiment was performed to investigate their possible acquisition of resistance to A. cajennense after experimental infestations. Seven naive wooless lambs were infested thrice at 60 days interval with immature and adult instars of A. cajennense from a laboratory colony, the tick biotic potential being determined and biopsies of tick bite lesions taken to investigate the inflammatory cell component. Nearly 100% of larvae died in all infestations, while nymphs and adults fed normally throughout re-infestations. Microscopic features of adult tick bite lesions revealed predominance of neutrophils (38%) and eosinophils (36.8%), respectively, in the first and second infestations. In the third infestation, 43.6% of MN cells were found and about 31% of eosinophils. on the other hand, nymph bite lesions revealed in all infestations a predominance of eosinophils, increasing from 36% in the first infestation to 50.5% in the third one. It is concluded that wooless lambs present remarkable innate resistance against larvae of A. cajennense, but marked susceptibility to the other tick instars despite the migration of great number of eosinophils to the tick lesion.

Myenteric Denervation Downregulates Galectin-1 and-3 Expression in Gastric Carcinogenesis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

LESOES PRECOCES DA INTUBACAO ENDOTRAQUEAL

The authors studied the early lesions of laryngotracheal mucosa following intubation in 30 dogs who were intubated with high complacent canula during the period of 4 hours. After this period, biopsies of vocal cord, aritenois, cricoid and tracheal rings were performed. The most frequent histological findings were neutrophils and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration into the corion, vascular congestion and necrosis of epithelial cells. Based in these findings the authors recommend the use of canula with balonets of high complacence and the endoscopic follow up of the patients after extubation.

Biocompatibility of an adhesive system applied to exposed human dental pulp

Human pulp tissue was directly capped with All Bond 2, or calcium hydroxide and evaluated 7, 30, or 60 days after the procedures. Histological analysis was performed to assess the inflammatory cell response, tissue disorganization, dentin bridging, and the presence of bacteria. At 7 days, with All Bond 2 capping, there was a large area of neutrophilic infiltrate underlying the pulp capping material, and the death of adjacent odontoblasts, was observed. However, with time, the neutrophilic reaction was replaced by fibroblastic proliferation with macrophages and giant cells surrounding globules of resin scattered in the coronal pulp tissue. The persistent inflammatory reaction and hyaline alteration of extracellular matrix inhibited complete pulp repair or dentin bridging. In contrast, at 7 days, the pulp tissue capped with calcium hydroxide exhibited odontoblast-like cells organized underneath coagulation necrosis. Pulp repair evolved into apparent complete dentin bridge formation at 60 days. All Bond 2 did not appear to allow any pulp repair and does not appear to be indicated for direct pulp capping of human teeth. Copyright © 1999 by The American Association of Endodontists.

Porous polyethylene for tissue engineering applications in diabetic rats treated with calcitonin: Histomorphometric analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to study the bone tissue reaction after porous polyethylene (Polipore) implantation into surgical defects in the parietal bones of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, treated with salmon calcitonin. Materials and Methods: Porous polyethylene implants were placed in bone defects created in 36 adult female rats. The rats were divided into 3 equal groups: diabetic treated with calcitonin (DCa), diabetic (D), and control (C). The animals of the DCa group received applications of salmon calcitonin on alternating days immediately after the surgery until sacrifice. The rats were sacrificed after 15, 30, 60, and 90 days, and the defects were examined histologically and statistically through histomorphometric analysis. Results: Histomorphometric analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the mean quantity of inflammatory cells among all study groups after 15 and 90 days. At 30 days, a statistically significant difference was observed between the D and C groups and the D and DCa groups. At 60 days, there was no statistically significant difference between the D and DCa groups. Discussion: Porous polyethylene can be considered an option for implant material when there are investigations that prove its biocompatibility and stability in the host tissues. Salmon calcitonin positively aided the bone repair and attenuated the inflammatory response until 30 days after the surgery. Conclusion: Porous polyethylene was tolerated by the host tissues in all groups, and moderate chronic inflammatory reaction was observed up to the 90-day period. Salmon calcitonin attenuated the inflammatory response up until 30 days.

A comparison of human and porcine acellular dermal tissues in the subcutaneous space of a rat model

The study compared the host response to a human and a porcine acellular dermal tissue implanted in the subcutaneous space of a rat model. The human and porcine acellular grafts were surgically implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats (5 rats/group) and the materials were evaluated at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 180 postoperative days (PO). The histological immune response was quantified using a digital image analysis system, which evaluated the number of vessels present in the implants and in the surrounding soft tissue, the area of inflammatory cell infiltration in the grafts, the width of the capsular formation present around the tissues and the area of implants absorbed. The data were submitted to statistical analysis. Light microscopy showed mononuclear cellular infiltration, the presence of a capsular formation surrounding the grafts and the presence of vacuolar structures (optically empty spaces) inside the implants. The image analysis comparing both materials showed significant inflammatory cells in the human graft at 15 and 30 PO, thicker capsular formation in the porcine tissue at 60 PO, increased number of vessels inside the implants and in the surrounding tissues in the porcine graft and a similar absorption pattern in both materials at 180 PO. The histological findings showed that both tissues were well-tolerated when implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats, allowing us to consider the porcine acellular dermal graft as a provisional alternative material for reconstructive plastic surgery. Copyright © 2005 Taylor & Francis LLC.

Cytologic analysis of alterations induced by smoking and by alcohol consumption

Objective: To analyze cytologically the buccal mucosa of smoking and nonsmoking volunteers to determine what cellular changes are induced by cigarettes and alcohol consumption. Study Design: In order to evaluate cellular changes induced by smoking and alcohol consumption, exfoliative cytology was used for the analysis of mucosal smears obtained from the buccal mucosa of 25 smokers and 25 nonsmokers. The number of cigarettes consumed, duration of smoking, presence or absence of alcohol ingestion, ingested alcohol dose and frequency of consumption, and most frequently used type of alcoholic beverage were determined using a questionnaire. Three smears from each individual stained by the Papanicolaou method were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively under a light microscope by 2 experienced examiners in terms of inflammatory and dysplastic alterations and of the degree of epithelial maturation. Results: Although numerous alterations were observed in smokers they corresponded up to only Papanicolaou class II and were not significantly different from nonsmokers (Mann-Whitney and χ 2 tests, p < 0.05). A higher proportion of inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells) were obtained from smokers as compared to nonsmokers, while the proportion of bacteria was similar in the 2 groups. Conclusion: The findings indicate that even after a short period of cigarette use and alcohol consumption, inflammatory alterations were detectable on exfoliative cytology of the buccal mucosa in a young group, demonstrating the usefulness of cytology for early detection in smokers. © The International Academy of Cytology.

Polyethylene gel in the subcutaneous tissue of rats: Histopathologic and systemic evaluation

Purpose: To evaluate the histological and systemic response to subcutaneous injection of polyethylene gel in rats. Methods: Twenty-one white male rats were divided into 3 groups (G): G1 and G2 received subcutaneous polyethylene gel injection in the dorsal midline and were sacrificed at 30 and 60 postoperative days, respectively. G3 was not exposed to the polyethylene gel and was sacrificed after 60 days. Blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. The heart, kidney, liver, adrenal gland, injection site, and adjacent tissues were histologically examined. The results were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: There was no clinical evidence of extrusion, reduction of the injected volume, or abnormalities in the adjacent tissues. Blood levels of CK and LDH were normal and similar in all groups. ALP levels were significantly lower in G2 than in G1 and G3. The systemic organs were normal on histological examination in the 3 groups evaluated. Microscopically, the polyethylene gel was surrounded by a thin pseudocapsule formation and minimal inflammatory cell response, which decreased from G1 to G2. Conclusion: The subcutaneous injection of polyethylene gel in rats elicited minimal local inflammatory response and no systemic side effects. Copyright © 2008 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

Effect of collagenase ointment on a radiofrequency induced abrasive wound

• Aim: Radiofrequency is one of the methods used to treat wrinkles and skin lesions, but its application may result in an abrasive wound. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of collagenase ointment on the epithelial healing of an abrasive wound induced by a radiofrequency system. • Methods: An abrasive wound was produced using radiofrequency at the dorsal midline of 30 guinea pigs, which were randomly divided into 2 groups: one group were treated with saline solution and the other group treated with collagenase ointment; both used twice daily. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 7, 15, 30 and 60 postoperative days. Macroscopic, histological and morphometric evaluations were performed and the results were submitted to statistical analysis. • Results: The animals treated with collagenase ointment presented accelerated healing process and less inflammatory cell infiltration than the saline solution treated animals from one to fifteen postoperative days. Morphometric evaluation showed a thicker epidermis and a thinner dermis layer in the saline solution group at one and seven postoperative days, but significant differences between both groups were not observed at thirty and sixty postoperative days. • Conclusion: According to our results the use of collagenase ointment may accelerate the healing process of a radiofrequency induced abrasive wound.

Response of human dental pulp to calcium hydroxide paste preceded by a corticosteroid/antibiotic dressing agent

Aim: To evaluate the treatment with corticosteroid/antibiotic dressing in pulpotomy with calcium hydroxide. Methods: Forty-six premolars were pulpotomized and randomly assigned into 3 groups. In Group I pulpal wound was directly capped with calcium hydroxide, and Group II and Group III received corticosteroid/antibiotic dressing for 10 min or 48 h, respectively, before pulp capping. Teeth were processed for histological analysis after 7, 30 or 60 days to determine inflammatory cell response, tissue disorganization, dentin bridge formation and presence of bacteria. Attributed scores were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). Results: On the 7th day, all groups exhibited dilated and congested blood vessels in the tissue adjacent to pulpal wound. The inflammatory cell response was significantly greater in Group III (p<0.05). On the 30th day, in all groups, a thin dentin matrix layer was deposited adjacent to the pulpal wound and a continuous odontoblast-like cell layer underlying the dentin matrix was observed. On the 60th day, all groups presented a thick hard barrier characterized by an outer zone of dystrophic calcification and an inner zone of tubular dentin matrix underlined by a defined odontoblast-like cell layer. Conclusions: Within the limitations of present study, considering that the treatment was performed in healthy teeth, it may be concluded that the use of a corticosteroid/antibiotic dressing before remaining tissue protection with calcium hydroxide had no influence on pulp tissue healing.

Inoculation of salivary gland extracts obtained from female of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae) with 2, 4, and 6 days of feeding in rabbit: I - Histopathology of the feeding lesion

This study analyzed the histopathology of rabbit skin, previously immunized with SGE2, SGE4, and SGE6 gland extracts prepared from salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus female with 2, 4, and 6 days of feeding, at the region of the R. sanguineus female feeding lesion 2, 4, and 6 days after tick attachment. In this work, infestation-naïve New Zealand White rabbits were inoculated either with the extracts (test group (TG)) or with phosphate buffer and complete Freund's adjuvant mixture (control group 2 (CG2)). Each extract-inoculated- (TG and CG2) and non-inoculated (CG1) rabbit was subsequently infested with R. sanguineus. Skin biopsies were collected from the rabbit at the tick feeding lesion at 2, 4, and 6 days of feeding. Results revealed that rabbit immunization with gland extracts induced acquisition of resistance against this species. It should be stated that the SGE4 extract was the most effective in developing an immune-inflammatory response against ectoparasites, being this process characterized by the presence of an early and intense inflammatory cell infiltrate. On the other hand, SGE6 extract caused a later appearance of resistance with less infiltrate occurrence and intense edema at the feeding lesion site. As to the inflammatory process deriving from SGE2 extract inoculation, it was the less intense. It was concluded that immunization with different extracts from R. sanguineus female salivary glands did not change microscope features of the inflammatory process, although an earlier or more intense and later response, which was also dependent on the inoculate extract, was noticed. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.