Air quality and emissions management in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

The São Paulo State has 36 million people, 25 million living in three metropolitan areas. Only the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) includes the state capital (São Paulo City) plus 38 cities, where ≈ 18 million people live, affected by frequent episodes of ozone, NOx, and fine particulate matter. In 2003, it was estimated that 15.1% of the SPMR vehicles used ethanol and 70.2% used the local gasoline. Natural gas vehicles have witnessed a booming participation in the last years, mainly through conversion of gasoline cars, and the present fleet is almost one million vehicles. To face the problems generated by light vehicles emissions the Federal Government set a program called PROCONVE - Program of Air Pollution Control from Vehicles - in 1986 and since then until now a significant reduction was reached, but the growth of the fleet hides most of the emission cuts. A discussion covers the evolution of the air pollution management in São Paulo; and innovative tools for air pollution management - both for mobile and stationary sources. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 98th AWMA Annual Conference and Exhibition (Minneapolis, MN 6/21-24/2005).

Study of utilization of petrol engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and catalytic converter to reduce consumption and NOx emission

Study of consumption rate and gaseous pollutant emission from engine tests simulating real work conditions, using spark point manually controlled and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in diverse proportion levels. The objective of this work is to re-examine the potential of the EGR conception, a well-known method of combustion control, employed together electronic fuel injection and three-way catalytic converter closed-loop control at a spark ignition engine, verifying the performance characteristics and technical availability of this conception to improve pollution control, fuel economy at low torque drive condition and to improve the engine exhaust components useful life. The pollutant emissions and consumption levels under operational conditions simulations were analysed and compared with the expected by concerning theory and real tests performed by EGR equipped engines by factory. Copyright © 2006 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

A simple and environmentally friendly reflectometric method for the rapid quantitative analysis of captopril in pharmaceutical formulations

This paper describes a simple, environmentally friendly and rapid quantitative spot test procedure for the determination of captopril (CPT) in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The proposed method is based on the reflectance measurements of the orange compound (λ max 490 nm) produced by the spot test reaction between CPT and p-chloranil (CL). Under optimal conditions, calibration curves were obtained for CPT by plotting the optical density of the reflectance signal (A R) vs. the log of the mol L -1 concentration, from 6.91×10 -3 to 1.17×10 -1, with a good coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.9992). The common excipients used as additives in pharmaceuticals do not interfere in the proposed method. The method was applied to determine CPT in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared favorably with those obtained by an official procedure at 95% confidence level. The method validation results showed that the sensitivity and selectivity of the methods were adequated for drug monitoring in industrial quality control laboratories. © 2011 Moment Publication.

A novel straightforward compromising method for dynamic economic and emission dispatch considering valve-point effect

This paper proposes a straightforward compromising method to determine the output power of all committed units during the scheduling time horizon. Unlike the conventional methods that work based on a constant pollution control cost (CPCC), this method works based on the system topology such as demand, minimum cost and minimum output emission of the system. In order to have a meaningful compromise between costs and emission in economic and emission dispatch (EED) problem, a flexible pollution control cost (FPCC) is proposed. Also a dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) approach is considered where the ramping constraints couple the scheduling hours; the inclusion of valve-point effect makes the DEED modeling more practical. The validity and effectiveness of the unproblematic FPCC approach is verified through an IEEE 30-bus test system with 6 unit for the 6-hour scheduling horizon. © 2013 IEEE.

Monitoramento da qualidade da água em mananciais pertencentes à bacia hidrográfica do Tietê – Botucatu, SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O complexo cafeeiro e a influência do crédito na circunscrição do município de Descalvado (1873-1915)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

Emprego de imageamento passivo na análise da variabilidade espacial da turbidez no espelho d'água do Lago Paranoá, Distrito Federal

The water has an important role in human society, especially in Brazil. Its uses are multiple, including supply, energy production, recreation and others. The National Policy for Water Resources (Law No 9.433/97) states in its articles the importance of water use in accordance to their multiple uses, prioritizing the supply for humans and animals. In this approach, it is important to consider the physical and chemical quality of water to meet these demands, scope of the legal framework applied to the Brazilian water bodies according to their main uses, in order to guarantee the water quality compatible with the most demanding uses and to reduce the costs of pollution control through ongoing preventive actions. Among the various parameters that seek to analyze the physical and chemical quality of water it is intended to understand the spatial distribution of turbidity in the lake's surface, since the variation of the components that alter this parameter can be detected by means of passive remote sensing. The application of the Linear spectral mixture model allowed, satisfactorily, the identification of turbidity spatial distribution patterns in the lake.

An unequivocal normalization-based paradigm to solve dynamic economic and emission active-reactive OPF (optimal power flow)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O efeito da autocorrelação no desempenho dos gráficos de X e R e dos gráficos de X e S²

Control charts are very important tools in statistical quality control of industrial processes and its use started last century. Since its development, the charts have always been attributed to independent processes, i.e. without any correlation between samples. But nowadays, with the high level of automation in the industrial environment, it is noticeable the autocorrelation factor between samples. The main Xcharts used in monitoring quality characteristics represented by continuous variables are the mean (X ), amplitude (R) and variance (S²). Therefore, this work aims to analyze the performance of X and R charts and in of X and S² charts with different sample sizes (4 and 5) for monitoring autocorrelated processes. Through computer simulations using the Fortran software and the use of mathematical expressions was possible to obtain data and performance analysis of the detection power charts for independent observations and for autocorrelated observations according to the model AR (1). The results show that the effect of autocorrelation reduces the ability of monitoring the control charts and that, the greater this effect, the slower the chart becomes in misfits signaling

Cádmio, chumbo, cromo, mercúrio e níquel nos rios do estado de São Paulo e em peixes do Rio Sorocaba (São Paulo, Brasil)

To verify the levels of concentration of some heavy metals in fishes from Sorocaba river (São Paulo, Brazil) and evaluate if this contamination offers health risks to the fishermen, 63 samples of fishes collected from four points along the river were studied for cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and mercury, with emphasis in this last, since it is the most toxic and most probable as a fish contaminant. Analyzing muscle samples by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry it was shown that the fishes are not contaminated. None of the five metals studied were present in prohibitive level and the fishes could be judged secure for human consume. It was also analyzed data from four years of cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and mercury monitoring made by CETESB, from 1997 to 2000, in water from the main rivers of the State of São Paulo. The study pointed out that the majority of the monitored rivers still present contamination by those metals in a level that requires an improvement of the pollution control actions.

Despacho ótimo de potências ativa e reativa de sistema elétricos multi-áreas considerando restrições físicas, econômicas e ambientais =: Envronmentally constrained active-reactive optimal power flow-a compromising strategy for economic-emission dispatch and a multi-area paradigm

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Aplicação da distribuição de poisson para determinação de estoque mínimo de itens de MRO de baixo giro aplicados em manutenção de ativos industriais

Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEB

Ações e percepções ambientais articuladas na sustentabilidade: estudos de múltiplos casos na indústria calçadista

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Simplified architecture of a neurofuzzy controller applied on industrial systems for fluid flow control

This work presents a simplified architecture of a neurofuzzy controller for general purpose applications that tries to minimize the processing used in the several stages of hazy modeling of systems. The basic procedures of fuzzification and defuzzification are simplified to the maximum while the inference procedures are computed in a private way. The simplified architecture allows a fast and easy configuration of the neurofuzzy controller and the structuring rules that define the control actions is automatic. Th controller's Limits and performance are standardized and the control actions are previously calculated. For application, the industrial systems of fluid flow control will be considered.

Atributos químicos e físicos de um solo tratado com biossólido industrial e cultivado com milho

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)