A qualidade de placas de circuito impresso confeccionadas a partir de poliestireno reciclado

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Reciclagem de poliestireno expandido: compósito com fibras de algodão para a confecção de placas de circuito impresso

In this work polymeric composites reinforced with cotton fibers, from the textile industry, were developed in order to manufacture printed circuit boards. It was used expanded polystyrene (EPS) as a thermoplastic matrix by melting it. For the obtention of 10% and 15% of fiber volume fraction in cotton fibers composites, it was used wasted cotton fibers as an incentive of recycling and reusing of the domestic and industrial wastes as well as for Expanded Polystyrene(EPS). The mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated by tensile and flexural strength from standardized test methods. Composites were characterized by a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric analysis. The analysis of the results showed that fiber in the composite directly influenced in the thermal and mechanical properties

Reciclagem de poliestireno expandido: compósito com fibras de sisal para confecção de placas de circuito impresso

In this work polystyrene composites reinforced with recycled sisal fibers were processed, in order to apply in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. A thermoplastic matrix of recycled polystyrene was used, this material came from waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) used in appliance's packages. Composites were prepared with 15% and 25% of sisal fibers. To obtain the composites, wasted EPS and natural sisal fibers were chosen, to encourage recycling and reuse of household waste and also the use of renewable resources. The composites were analyzed by standard tensile and flexural test, in order to verify the mechanical properties of the material. The characterization of the composite was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , thermogravimetry (TGA / DTG) , differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric analysis . The analysis of the results showed that the percentage of fibers in the composite influences directly the thermal and mechanical properties. Plates with a lower percentage of fibers showed superior properties at a higher percentage. The composite material obtained is easy to process and it's use is feasible for the confection of printed circuit boards, considering it's mechanical, thermal and insulative properties

Uso de ácido ascórbico e cloreto de cálcio na qualidade de repolho minimamente processado

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) applied by immersion at temperatures of 20 and 40 degrees C on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of minimally processed cabbage, stored under refrigeration. Cabbages were processed in an industrial food processing equipment to be cut in slices with thickness of 3 mm. Slices were immersed in sodium hypochlorite (50 ppm) during 5 minutes for sanitization. After, the following treatments were carried out T1= control (immersion in water during 5 minutes at 20 degrees C); T2= immersion in 1% AA solution, during 5 minutes at 20 degrees C; T3= immersion in 2% AA solution, during 5 minutes at 20 degrees C; T4= immersion in 1% CaCl2 solution during 5 minutes at 20 degrees C; T5= immersion in 2% CaCl2 solution during 5 minutes at 20 degrees C, T6= immersion in 1% CaCl2 solution during 5 minutes at 40 degrees C; and T7= immersion in 2% CaCl2 solution during 5 minutes at 40 degrees C; with four replications each one. After application of treatments, cabbage was centrifuged during one minute, wrapped with polyvinyl chloride, 20 mu m, in trays of expanded polystyrene and maintained in refrigerated environment, at 6 +/- 1 degrees C and 85-90% of relative humidity, during eight days. Little increasing was observed in pH and titratable acidity values and reduction in soluble solids during conservation period on all treatments. Treatment with AA did not differ from control for color and general appearance, while treatment with 2% CaCl2 at 20 degrees C maintained the best quality, with less intensity of browning, best general appearance and purchase intent and least strange odor at the end of evaluation period.

Radiação gama na conservação de caqui 'Giombo', destanizado e frigoarmazenado

O caqui apresenta uma safra curta, sendo necessário estender seu período de comercialização utilizando técnicas adequadas de armazenamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso da radiação gama na qualidade pós-colheita de caquis 'Giombo' destanizados. Frutos colhidos meio-maduros e com aproximadamente 50 % da coloração verde, foram destanizados, acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno expandido (EPS), revestidas por filme plástico de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e submetidos à radiação gama (60Co). Os frutos foram armazenados durante 35 dias, sob refrigeração (0±0,5 ºC e 85 ± 0,5% UR). Os tratamentos realizados foram: T1 - 0,0 kGy; T2 - 0,3 kGy; T3 - 0,6 kGy; T4 - 0,9 kGy; T5 - 1,2 kGy. As análises realizadas a cada 7 dias foram: perda de massa, atividade respiratória, teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), ácido ascórbico, acidez titulável (AT) e relação SS/AT. Os frutos submetidos à dose de 0,6 kGy apresentaram o menor percentual de perda de massa e produção de CO2 ao longo do período experimental. Os teores de SS e AT permaneceram estáveis e sem diferenças devido às doses de irradiação aplicadas. Os tratamentos com 0,3 KGy e 0,6 KGy foram os mais eficazes na manutenção da firmeza nos caquis. Nos teores de ácido ascórbico, observou-se redução ao longo do período experimental, sendo os menores valores apresentados para a maior dose de irradiação (1,2 KGy).

Qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos de jabuticaba tratada por hidrotermia

This study aimed to evaluate the hydrothermal effect on conservation of two jabuticaba fruits, Myrciaria jabuticaba Vell. Berg. Fruits were subjected to thermal treatment by 10 min at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ºC and wrapped into expanded polystyrene trays, stored at 9 ºC and 85-90% RH, being evaluated every 5 d. Shelf life, weight loss, respiratory rate, soluble solids, titrable acidity, texture, C vitamin, pH, total and soluble pectin and polypheno loxidase activity were evaluated. Lower shelf life was observed for control treatment (31 d) and largest was found at 15, 20 and 25 ºC (45 d). A sligthly delay was observed in the breathing pick at 15, 20 and 25 ºC at 25 d and not in the 20 d as observed in the other treatments. Soluble solids increased with storage time for all of temperature treatment, but at 15, 20 and 25 ºC increase was smaller. Texture an C vitamin were higher in fruits stored at 25 ºC. Soluble pectin was smaller at the end of storage period, at temperatures of 20 and 25 ºC. Polyphenoloxidase activity decreased along 30 d regardless storage temperature. Treatments at 20 and 25 ºC were the most effective for mainteining posthaverst quality of the jabuticaba fruits.

Development of seedlings of red pitaya (Hylocereus undatus Haw) in different substrate volumes

Com a procura cada vez maior de alternativas por parte dos produtores rurais e de frutas exóticas pelos consumidores, o mercado de frutíferas tem crescido consideravelmente. Neste contexto, a pitaya vem sendo procurada não apenas pelo exotismo de sua aparência, como também por suas características organoléticas. O presente trabalho foi realizado objetivando avaliar a influência do volume de substrato no desenvolvimento de mudas de pitaya vermelha, utilizando-se bandejas de poliestireno expandido com diferentes volumes de células: 10, 15, 30 e 65 mL. As avaliações, realizadas aos 90 dias, foram quanto: porcentagem de sobrevivência; ao número e altura dos cladódios (cm), ao comprimento da maior raiz (cm); às massas fresca e seca dos cladódios e das raízes (gramas). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Os dados de porcentagem de sobrevivência foram transformados em arc sen para fins de análise estatística e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. A sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento vegetativo das mudas de pitaya vermelha através de sementes foram diretamente proporcionais ao volume de substrato usado no experimento. Para formação de mudas de pitaya vermelha através de sementes é recomendado o uso de containeres com capacidade de 65 mL.

A GC-FID Method to Determine Styrene in Polystyrene Glasses

The styrene levels of polystyrene (PS) glasses from the most consumed brands of disposable glasses intended for water and coffee in Brazil were determined. A GC-FID method was developed and validated, showing good precision and accuracy. The method was successfully used to determine styrene in 11 PS glass brands. The styrene levels ranged from 1.68 to 43.69 mg/100 g glass, depending on the kind of polymer, thickness, and glass brand. It could be used to control the content of styrene in the polymer. The migration of styrene from the glasses into water and 20 % ethanol was not detected.

Expanded description of Lamproglena monodi (Copepoda: Lernaeidae), parasitizing native and introduced fishes in Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of Osteopenia in Autogenous Bone Graft Healing With or Without Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes: Histologic and Histomorphometric Study in Rats

Purpose: The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate and qualitatively describe autogenous bone graft healing with or without an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane in ovariectornized rats. Materials and Methods: Eighty Wistar rats, weighing approximately 300 g each, were used. A graft was obtained from the parietal bone and fixed to the sidewall of each animal's left mandibular ramus. The animals were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 20 in each group): group 1, sham operated and autogenous bone graft only- group 2, sham operated and autogenous bone graft covered by e-PTFE membrane; group 3, ovariectornized (OVX) and autogenous bone graft only- group 4, OVX and autogenous bone graft covered by e-PTFE membrane. The animals were sacrificed at five different time points: immediately after grafting or at 7, 21, 45, or 60 days after grafting. Histologic examination and morphometric measurement of the sections were performed, and values were submitted to statistical analyses. Results: Both groups (sham and OVX) experienced loss of the original graft volume when it was not covered by the membrane, whereas use of the membrane resulted in additional bone formation beyond the edges of the graft and under the membrane. Histologic analysis showed integration of the grafts in all animals, although a larger number of marrow spaces was found in OVX groups. Conclusions: Association of bone graft with an e-PTFE membrane resulted in maintenance of its original volume as well as formation of new bone that filled the space under the membrane. Osteopenia did not influence bone graft repair, regardless of whether or not it was associated with e-PTFE membrane, but descriptive histologic analysis showed larger numbers of marrow spaces in the bone graft and receptor bed and formation of new bone in the OVX animals. INT J ORAL MAXILLOFAC IMPLANTS 2009;24:1074-1082

Influência de embalagens e temperatura no armazenamento de jabuticabas (Myrciaria jabuticaba (Vell) Berg) cv 'SABARÁ'

Foram avaliadas jabuticabas 'sabará' maduras, acondicionadas em bandejas de polietileno tereftalato, revestidas externamente com filme plástico de PVC, esticável e alto aderente, de 12 e 20 micras, e em bandejas de poliestireno expandido, revestidas externamente com filme plástico de PVC, esticável e alto aderente, de 12 e 20 micras. Cada bandeja recebeu 25 frutos. As bandejas foram armazenadas à temperatura de 11±1ºC com 98%UR e em condições de ambiente (23,6 a 28,3ºC com 53,7 a 68,3%UR). Como controle utilizaram-se frutos acondicionados em bandejas de polietileno tereftalato (12x20x5cm) não recobertas com filme plástico. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o uso de embalagem associada à baixa temperatura reduziu a perda de massa fresca, prolongou a vida-útil dos frutos com manutenção da aparência até 6 dias, não influenciou na evolução dos teores de acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais e pH, mas interferiu na evolução de carboidratos solúveis e vitamina C. Os frutos acondicionados não recobertos com filme plástico e armazenados em condições ambiente resistiram 2 dias, mas ao final não apresentaram aparência aceitável para comercialização, pois haviam emurchecido e enrugado. As condições de refrigeração (11±1ºC) melhoraram a resistência dos frutos acondicionados não recobertos com filmes plásticos, entretanto, após 4 dias apresentaram má aparência.

Temperature dependence of photoinduced birefringence in polystyrene doped with Disperse Red-1

A theoretical model on the basis of the free-volume concept is presented explaining the temperature dependence of photoinduced birefringence in polystyrene films that contain Disperse Red-1. Birefringence increases with temperature up to 180 K as the free volume for isomerization increases, and then decreases as thermally activated processes dominate. The fast process of birefringence decay has a time constant that increases with temperature at low temperatures, due to the change kin photoisomerization.

Polystyrene-type resin used for peptide synthesis: application for anion-exchange and affinity chromatography

This paper deals with an unusual application for a copolymer of styrene-1 % divinylbenzene bearing high amount of aminomethyl groups for anion-exchange and affinity chromatography. The so-called aminomethyl resin (AMR), to date only employed for peptide synthesis, swelled appreciably in water and was used successfully to purify negatively charged peptides. By correlating swelling degree of beads with pH of the media, it was possible to estimate that the AMR amino group pK(a) is approximately 5.5. In addition, the synthesized acetyl-(NANP)(3)-AMR succeeded in the affinity interaction with large antibody molecules related to malaria transmission and raised previously against this dodecapeptide sequence. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interface morphology snapshots of vertically segregated thin films of semiconducting polymer/polystyrene blends

We present atomic force microscopic images of the interphase morphology of vertically segregated thin films spin coated from two-component mixtures of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV) and polystyrene (PS). We investigate the mechanism leading to the formation of wetting layers and lateral structures during spin coating using different PS molecular weights, solvents and blend compositions. Spinodal decomposition competes with the formation of surface enrichment layers. The spinodal wavelength as a function of PS molecular weight follows a power-law similar to bulk-like spinodal decomposition. Our experimental results indicate that length scales of interface topographical features can be adjusted from the nanometer to micrometer range. The importance of controlled arrangement of semiconducting polymers in thin film geometries for organic optoelectronic device applications is discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A new species and expanded distributions of freshwater Audouinella (Acrochaetiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Central Mexico and south-eastern Brazil

Eighteen collections of red-coloured Audouinella from Central Mexico and southeastern Brazil detected three species. The most common species, A. eugenea, is characterized by macroscopic thalli, the erect system consisting of filaments with cylindrical cells, undifferentiated into proximal and distal parts, and relatively large monosporangia (greater than or equal to 12.0 mum long). Spermatangia. and possible propagules were observed in some Mexican populations. This is the third Audouinella species observed to have gametangia and the first member of the Acrochaetiales with putative propagules. The second species, from Central Mexico, was characterized by the following features: macroscopic thalli, the erect system differentiated into proximal parts with cylindrical cells, unbranched or rarely branched, and distal parts with barrel-shaped cells, abundantly branched to form dense fascicles, with alternate or dichotomous branching, some at right-angles to the axis, and relatively large monosporangia (greater than or equal to 12.0 mum long). The morphologically distinct proximal and distal portions of the erect system, the latter forming dense fascicles, was a consistent character so far unknown in Audouinella; thus, we propose a new species, A. huastecana sp. nov. The third species is a microscopic epiphyte, A. meiospora, with a well-developed prostrate system composed of creeping and loosely aggregated filaments, and a short homogeneous erect system (less than or equal to 15 cells) of filaments with cylindrical or barrel-shaped cells and small monosporangia (less than or equal to 13.0 mum long). A. eugenea and A. meiospora are characterized for the first time from the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, respectively, both occurring mostly in areas of tropical or subtropical rainforests. A. meiospora is reported from new macroalgal hosts. A. eugenea and A. huastecana tended to occur in warm, alkaline waters with a high ion content that were moderate to fast flowing, whereas A. meiospora was not associated with particular habitats.