Evaluation of Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil in lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus

Hematophagous gastrointestinal parasites cause significant economic losses in small ruminant grazing systems. The growing reports of multi-drug resistant parasites call for intensive research on alternative treatments for anthelmintics to help small ruminants cope with these parasites. Two-month-old lambs with mean body weight (BW) of 22.5 kg were experimentally infected with a multidrug-resistant Haemonchus contortus strain. Infected animals were dosed orally with Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil to evaluate its anthelmintic potential. Eighteen animals were allocated into three groups of six animals, and each received one of the following treatments: Group 1 - control (10 mL of water), Group 2 - C. schoenanthus essential oil (180 mg/kg BW); and Group 3 - C schoenanthus essential oil (360 mg/kg BW). Animals received the oil once a day for 3 consecutive days. Lambs were evaluated clinically for blood biochemistry before, at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after treatment, and then were euthanized to assess the total worm burden. No statistically significant reduction in fecal egg count, packed cell volume or total worm count was observed after treatments. Also, no statistical difference among group means for blood levels of urea, creatinine, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase was found. Larval development assay (LDA) and egg hatch assay (EHA) were performed from feces of treated animals at 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after essential oil administration. An inhibition in LDA was observed 1 day after the 3-day treatment in larvae from feces of animals treated with 360 mg/kg essential oil. In conclusion, the essential oil at the doses of 180 mg/kg and 360 mg/kg was safe to sheep, but failed as an anthelmintic treatment when applied to young sheep artificially infected with a multidrug-resistant H. contortus strain. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Addition of propolis or monensin in the diet: Behavior and productivity of lambs in feedlot

This study assessed the behavior and the productive performance of lambs finished in feedlot receiving diets added with green propolis, brown propolis or monensin sodium. The experiment used a randomized block design that compared weight gain of 32 male lambs aged four months among four dietary treatments: (1) control, non-enriched diet; (2) with green propolis; (3) with brown propolis; and (4) with monensin sodium. The basic diet provided to all the groups was a total mixed ration (TMR) with a forage:concentrate ratio of 50:50, in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) grass was used as roughage feed and the concentrate was based on soybean meal, corn meal and minerals. The green propolis diet decreased rumination and increased resting time. The diets provided similar feeding rate (g/min). DM and aNDF intake (g/kg of body weight and g/kg of metabolic weight) were higher in the control treatment. Although the control group had the highest weight gain, the highest feed conversion and feed efficiency were found in lambs fed brown propolis and monensin sodium. Technically, brown propolis can substitute monensin sodium as a dietary additive for feedlot lambs. However, complementary studies are needed to identify the best levels of brown propolis to add to these diets. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Idade à desmama e manejo alimentar na produção de cordeiros superprecoces

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito da suplementação das ovelhas sobre a época da desmama, na produção de cordeiros superprecoces e no ciclo reprodutivo da mãe. Foram utilizadas 66 fêmeas da raça Hampshire Down, com idade entre 3 e 4 anos, e seus respectivos produtos, mantidos em pastagem de gramínea e alimentados em creep-feeding com ração concentrada. As ovelhas foram distribuídas em suplementadas (n=34) e não suplementadas (n=32) durante a lactação. Os cordeiros foram distribuídos ao acaso em quatro tratamentos: T1- cordeiros desmamados aos 34 dias (n=16) com ovelhas suplementadas; T2 - cordeiros desmamados aos 62 dias (n=18) com ovelhas suplementadas; T3 - cordeiros desmamados aos 34 dias de idade (n=16), com ovelhas não suplementadas e;T4 - cordeiros desmamados aos 62 dias (n=16) com ovelhas não suplementadas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os cordeiros dos tratamentos T2 e T4 tiveram ganhos de peso significativamente maiores que os desmamados aos 34 dias (T1 e T3). O peso à desmama aos 62 dias foi significativamente maior nos cordeiros de mães não suplementadas e os cordeiros foram abatidos mais cedo que os de ovelhas suplementadas. Os rendimentos de carcaça e o índice de compacidade foram superiores nos cordeiros desmamados aos 62 dias. Não houve diferença significativa na gordura de cobertura. Houve efeito de suplementação das mães na maciez da carne dos cordeiros. Não houve diferença significativa nos pesos das mães à desmama, mas houve diferença entre o peso ao parto e à desmama . A suplementação materna e a idade de desmama, nas condições do experimento, não interferiram na capacidade reprodutiva das matrizes.

Composições tecidual e química do lombo de cordeiros alimentados com rações contendo semente de girassol em comedouros privativos

O experimento foi realizado objetivando avaliar a composição tecidual e química do músculo Longissimus dorsi de cordeiros Suffolk alimentados em comedouros privativos com ração contendo 0; 6,60; 13,20 ou 19,80% de semente de girassol. Ao nascer, os cordeiros foram numerados, pesados e distribuídos aleatoriamente nos piquetes compondo quatro repetições por tratamento em um total de 16 cordeiros. As rações continham 2,65; 2,78; 2,89 ou 2,93 Mcal/kg de energia metabolizável e 18,38; 18,75; 19,98 ou 21,18% de proteína bruta e foram fornecidas à vontade aos cordeiros. Os cordeiros foram pesados a cada 14 dias e mantidos com as ovelhas até atingirem o peso vivo de abate pré-estabelecido (28 kg). As carcaças foram mantidas durante 24 horas na câmara frigorífica a 5ºC e, posteriormente, foram seccionadas em sete regiões anatômicas para coleta dos lombos esquerdo e direito e obtenção, no músculo Longissimus dorsi, do peso dos componentes do lombo (músculo, osso e gordura) e da composição química e do perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo, do osso e da gordura. A semente de girassol influenciou o peso total do lombo, os pesos de músculo e tecido conjuntivo e o rendimento do tecido conjuntivo. O aumento no percentual de semente de girassol na ração diminuiu a quantidade dos ácidos láurico e palmítico (saturados) e aumentou a dos ácidos oléico e linoléico (insaturados). A qualidade nutricional da carne dos cordeiros melhora com aumento da utilização de semente de girassol na dieta.

Relationship between udder measurements and milk yield in Bergamasca ewes in Brazil

The present work aimed to evaluate udders of Bergamasca ewes and their correlation with milk yield in a mix system of milk yield. Seventy-seven ewes were fed with balanced concentrate starting 20 days before lambing until the end of the experiment. The lambs stayed with their mothers in pastures during the day and were separated at night. They returned to their mothers after the morning milking and were weaned at 45 days of age. Forty-eight hours after lambing, ewes were machine milked once daily at 7 am and the milk yield was recorded for a period of 60 days. Measurements of circumference, depth and width of the udder, and width and length of teats, at 30 and 60 days, were taken. A higher average daily yield of commercial milk was observed after lambs weaning (0.509 vs. 0.435 kg/ewe/day) than before. In the same way, the correlations between udder depth, circumference and width and milk yield were positive and significant only after weaning (0.74, 0.75 and 0.62, respectively). Udder measures had positive correlations with milk yield and can be used in programs of milk yield improvement. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efeito da gordura protegida sobre a produção e composição do leite em ovelhas da raça Bergamácia

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da gordura protegida sobre a produção e composição do leite em ovelhas da raça Bergamácia. Utilizaram-se 77 ovelhas distribuídas, por ordem de parição e idade, em duas dietas: uma composta de silagem de milho e concentrado; e outra com gordura protegida (35 g/ovelha/dia) no concentrado. As dietas foram isoenergéticas e isoproteicas e continham 70% NDT e 16% PB com base na matéria seca. Os cordeiros permaneceram com suas mães até os 45 dias de idade, quando foram desmamados. Quarenta e oito horas após o parto, deu-se início a ordenha realizada uma vez ao dia, às 7 h, para mensuração diária da produção de leite durante 60 dias. Amostras de leite foram coletadas semanalmente para análise da composição centesimal e do teor de caseína. A dieta com gordura protegida promoveu maior produção média diária de leite após a desmama (0,531 vs 0,489 kg/dia), entretanto, a produção total do período não diferiu entre controle e com gordura protegida (0,453 vs 0,468 kg/dia, respectivamente). Não foi observada influência das dietas sobre os teores de gordura do leite até a sexta semana de lactação. As diferenças ocorreram apenas após a desmama. Os teores de alfa e beta caseínas diferiram entre os grupos controle e gordura protegida (31,73 vs 18,56 Kda para alfa-caseína e 32,67 vs 26,44 Kda para beta-caseína, respectivamente). A adição de gordura protegida na dieta não altera a produção nem a composição centesimal do leite até a desmama.

Desempenho de ovelhas da raça Bergamácia alimentadas com dieta contendo gordura protegida

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do uso de gordura protegida na dieta de ovelhas da raça Bergamácia sobre a produção e composição do leite e a dinâmica de peso das ovelhas. Utilizaram-se 77 ovelhas distribuídas em 2 grupos de forma homogênea por ordem de parição e idade, mantidas com uma dieta controle, com silagem de milho e concentrado, ou com a dieta controle contendo gordura protegida (35 g/ovelha.dia) adicionada ao concentrado. As dietas foram isoenergéticas e isoproteicas e continham 16% PB e 70% NDT na matéria seca. Durante o dia, os cordeiros eram mantidos com suas mães em pasto, à noite eram separados e retornavam à suas mães após a ordenha matinal; foram desmamados aos 45 dias de idade. As ovelhas, após 48 horas do parto, foram ordenhadas mecanicamente uma vez ao dia, às 7 h, e sua produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente durante 60 dias. Amostras de leite foram coletadas semanalmente para determinação dos teores de proteína e gordura. A dieta com gordura protegida proporcionou maior produção média diária de leite após a desmama dos cordeiros (0,531 vs 0,489 kg/animal.dia). Entretanto, a produção de todo o período não diferiu entre as dietas (0,468 vs 0,453 kg/animal.dia, com gordura protegida e controle, respectivamente). As produções de leite corrigidas para 6,5% de gordura e para 6,5% de gordura e 5,8% de proteína foram semelhantes entre as dietas.

Immune response and performance of growing Santa Ines lambs to artificial Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Host specificity of sheep and cattle nematodes in São Paulo state, Brazil

The trial was carried out to investigate parasite host specificity and to analyse the dynamics of infection with nematodes parasitizing sheep and catt:le raised together or separately in São Paulo state, Brazil, and, also to clarify doubts about the systematics of species of the genus Haemonchus on the basis of cytological and morphological studies. Ten steers and 32 ewes were randomly assigned to three paddocks (P), as follows: P1, 5 steers; P2, 5 steers and 16 ewes; and P3, 16 ewes. The animals remained on these paddocks in continuous grazing throughout the trial (1-yr period). Faecal exams and larvae counting on pasture were performed fortnightly. Once a month two tracer lambs were placed in each paddock, while two tracer calves were also placed, but only in the eighth month of the trial. All these animals were slaughtered for worm identification and counting. At the end of the trial, one steer and one ewe from P2, which showed high faecal egg counts, were also slaughtered for the same purpose. Nematodes identified cytogenetically as H. placei presented spicule hooks longer than those identified as H. contortus. The following distribution of parasites in cattle and sheep was observed: Bunostomum phlebotomum, H. similis, Mammomonogamus laryngeus strongly adapted to cattle, H. placei and Cooperia punctata more adapted to cattle than to sheep, Trichostrongylus axel and C. spatulata apparently more adapted to cattle, T. colubriformis strongly adapted to sheep, H. contortus more adapted to sheep than to cattle and C. curticei apparently more adapted to sheep. Cross-infection was shown to occur involving some species, however, with time the animals apparently eliminate the species that are not well adapted to them. Therefore, grazing management systems using cattle and sheep appear to be promising for worm control in southeastern Brazil. (C) 1997 Elsevier B.V. B.V.

Efficacy of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans against infections by Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus species in lambs at pasture

The efficacy of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans against infections by trichostrongyle nematodes in sheep was assessed throughout 6 months. Twenty Ile de France lambs were divided into two groups (control and treated groups), which were kept in separate pastures. Animals of the treated group were fed with D. flagrans twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays). Pellets were prepared with the fungus mycelia in liquid culture medium and contained approximately 20% fungus. They were mixed with the animals' diet at a concentration of 1 g pellet per 10 kg live weight. Faecal egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), total serum protein and the animals' body weight were determined fortnightly from 7 October 2005 to 24 March 2006. Comparison of such parameters between groups showed no significant differences (P > 0.05), except on 10 February 2006, when the control group presented a higher mean FEC than the treated group (P < 0.05). Feeding sheep with pellets containing D. flagrans had no benefit to the prophylaxis of nematode infections under the experimental conditions used in the present study.

Nematode burdens and cellular responses in the abomasal mucosa and blood of Florida Native, Rambouillet and crossbreed lambs

This experiment was carried out to compare the worm burden and cellular responses in the abomasal mucosa and blood of Florida Native and Rambouillet lambs and also in animals produced by crosses of these two breeds (generations F1 and F2). Animals were exposed to infection by gastrointestinal nematodes on three different occasions. The first infection was natural, occurring while they were suckling lambs. After weaning, they were kept indoors for 53 days and then were allowed to graze a contaminated pasture for 50 days for a second natural infection. The third infection was an artificial challenge with 6000 Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. The highest mean fecal egg counts (FEC) values were found in Rambouillet lambs followed in decreasing order by F1, F2 and Florida Native lambs. Throughout the trial, most of the high mean packed cell volumes and plasma protein levels were recorded in the F2 lambs; in contrast, most of the low values were found in the Rambouillet lambs. During the natural infection period, the highest percentages of larvae in the fecal cultures of the lambs were Haemonchus. However, high percentages of Trichostrongylus larvae were found particularly in Florida Native lambs. The mean number of blood eosinophils increased after the artificial challenge, reached a peak 21 days after infection and then declined. The highest and lowest blood eosinophil means were recorded in F2 and Florida Native lambs, respectively. The H. contortus burden was significantly higher in Rambouillet and in F1 lambs than in Florida Native and F2 lambs (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were recorded among eosinophil, mast cell and globule leucocyte counts in the abomasal mucosa (p > 0.05). The highest correlation coefficient recorded at the end of this study was between FEC and worm burden (r = 0.7). These two parameters showed a moderate negative correlation with PCV, plasma protein and mast cell counts in the abomasal mucosa. The results obtained in this study indicate that crossbreeding Florida Native and Rambouillet sheep can be a rapid way to combine and improve the characteristics of these two breeds. The parasitological results were promising. however, more studies will be necessary to verify the impact of crossbreeding in other traits. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of dietary protein supply on resistance to experimental infections with Haemonchus contortus in Ile de France and Santa Ines lambs

The effect of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep fed with a moderate and high protein content diet was evaluated in two breeds of sheep. Forty-eight Ile de France and Santa Ines lambs were maintained indoors since birth, in worm-free conditions. The lambs were allocated after weaning in four groups of six animals per breed, which were either infected or remain uninfected and given access to either a moderately or highly metabolizable protein diet. The moderately and highly metabolizable protein diets were calculated to supply 75 and 129 g metabolizable protein per kg of dry matter (MP/kg DM), respectively. The infection consisted of a trickle infection with 300 infective larvae, three times a week, for 12 weeks. Significant differences were observed for mast cell, globule leukocyte and eosinophil counts in the abomasal mucosa of the infected groups compared to the control of both breeds (P < 0.05), regardless of the diet supplied. Significantly higher IgA anti-L5 antibody was detected in the infected Santa Ines groups than in the infected Ile de France groups (P < 0.05). Increased metabolizable protein supply resulted in larger body weight gain and higher packed cell volumes for both breeds (P < 0.05). Both breeds showed an increased ability to withstand the pathophysiological effects of H. contortus infection when given access to the highly metabolizable protein diet. However, increased metabolizable protein supply resulted in reduced worm burdens in Santa Ines lambs but not in the Ile de France lambs (P < 0.05). The present results show that the increase in protein content in growing lamb diets may benefit resistance and resilience to gastrointestinal parasites but that these benefits may vary among breeds. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Crescimento alométrico de osso, músculo e gordura em cortes da carcaça de cordeiros Texel segundo os métodos de alimentação e peso de abate

O experimento teve como objetivo estudar o crescimento alométrico dos diferentes tecidos do pescoço, costela, paleta e perna em relação ao peso do corte de cordeiros e cordeiras. Foram utilizados 22 machos inteiros e 23 fêmeas da raça Texel. Desses, sete foram abatidos no início do experimento e os demais, aos pesos de 25 ou 33kg. As ovelhas mais cordeiros foram distribuídos em três métodos de alimentação: M1 -Silagem de milho e concentrado, apenas aos cordeiros até o desmame, aos 60 dias; M2 - Silagem de milho e concentrado, apenas aos cordeiros até o desmame, aos 45 dias e M3 - Silagem de milho e concentrado para ovelha mais cordeiro até o desmame com 60 dias. Após o desmame, os cordeiros receberam silagem mais concentrado. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 x 2 (3 métodos, 2 sexos e 2 pesos de abate). A determinação do crescimento foi obtida através da equação log y = log.a + b log.x, utilizando-se o logaritmo do peso de osso, músculo e gordura em função do logaritmo do peso do corte. Observou-se que o osso do pescoço e da costela foram precoce (b<1) em ambos os sexos, com coeficientes de alometria variando de 0,61 a 0,79; 0,81 a 0,88. O músculo foi isométrico (b=1) no pescoço e precoce (b<1) na costela com exceção dos machos do método um e três que apresentaram crescimento isométrico (b=1). A gordura foi tardia (b>1) independente de sexo e método de alimentação com coeficientes de alometria variando de 1,78 a 2,15 (pescoço) e 1,51 a 1,65 (costela). Na paleta, o osso foi precoce em ambos os sexos, com coeficientes de alometria variando de 0,76 a 0,79 e 0,54 a 0,58 respectivamente para machos e fêmeas. O músculo apresentou crescimento isométrico (b=1), independente de sexo e peso de abate. A gordura foi tardia (b>1) independente de peso de abate e sexo, com coeficientes de alometria variando de 1,80 a 2,12. Na perna o osso apresentou crescimento precoce nas fêmeas e isométricas nos machos, com coeficientes de alometria variando de 0,57 a 0,63 e 0,78 a 0,80 respectivamente para ambos os sexos O músculo apresentou crescimento isométrico (b=1), independente de sexo e peso de abate. A gordura foi tardia (b>1) independente de peso de abate e sexo com coeficientes de alometria variando de 1,80 a 2,12.

Influência da suplementação no pré-parto e da idade de desmama sobre o desempenho de cordeiros terminados em confinamento

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Postweaning growth of the non-carcass components of Texel crossbred lambs

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)