A comparative solid state C-13 NMR and thermal study of CO2 capture by amidines PMDBD and DBN

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Electrochemical characterization of the paste carbon modified electrode with KSr2Ni0.75Nb4.25O15-delta solid in catalytic oxidation of the dipyrone

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

How well will Brazil's system of atlantic forest reserves maintain viable bird populations?

It is crucial for biodiversity conservation that protected areas are large and effective enough to support viable populations of their original species. We used a point count distance sampling method to estimate population sizes of a range of bird species in three Atlantic forest protected areas of size 5600, 22,500, and 46,050 ha. Population sizes were generally related to reserve area, although in the mid-sized reserve, there were many rare species reflecting a high degree of habitat heterogeneity. The proportions of forest species having estimated populations > 500 ranged from 55% of 210 species in the largest reserve to just 25% of 140 species in the smallest reserve. All forest species in the largest reserves had expected populations > 100, but in the small reserve, 28% (38 species) had populations < 100 individuals. Atlantic forest endemics were no more or less likely to have small populations than widespread species. There are 79 reserves (> 1000 ha) in the Atlantic forest lowlands. However, all but three reserves in the north of the region (Espirito Santo and states north) are smaller than 10,000 ha, and we predict serious levels of local extinction from these reserves. Habitat heterogeneity within reserves may promote species richness within them, but it may also be important in determining species loss over time by suppressing populations of individual species. We suggest that most reserves in the region are so small that homogeneity in the habitat/altitude within them is beneficial for maintenance of their (comparatively small) original species compliment. A lack of protection in the north, continued detrimental human activity inside reserves, and our poor knowledge of how well the reserve system protects individual taxa, are crucial considerations in biodiversity management in the region.

Determination of the antimutagenicity of an aqueous extract of Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae), using in vivo and in vitro test systems

An aqueous extract of Rhizophora mangle L. bark is used as raw material in pottery making in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. This extract presents large quantities of tannins, compounds possessing antioxidant properties. Tannin antioxidant activity, as a plant chemical defense mechanism in the process of stabilizing free radicals, has been an incentive to studies on anti-mutagenicity. The present work aimed to evaluate possible antimutagenic activity of a R. mangle aqueous extract, using the Allium cepa test-system and micronuclear (MN) assay with blockage of cytokinesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1). The Allium cepa test-system indicated antimutagenic activity against the damage induced by the mutagenic agent methyl methanesulfonate. A reduction in both MN cell frequency and chromosome breaks occurred in both the pre and post-treatment protocols. The MN testing of CHO-K1 cells revealed anti-mutagenic activity of the R. mangle extract against methyl methanesulfonate and doxorubicin in pre, simultaneous and post-treatment protocols. These results suggest the presence of phyto-constituents in the extract presenting demutagenic and bio-antimutagenic activities. Since the chemical constitution of Rhizophora mangle species presents elevated tannin content, it is highly probable that these compounds are the antimutagenic promoters themselves.

A New Species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) from Southeastern Brazil and Notes on the Genus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

An extraordinary new species of Melanophryniscus (Anura, Bufonidae) from southeastern Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reproductive biology of an endemic Physalaemus of the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and the trade-off between clutch and egg size in terrestrial breeders of the P. signifer group

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of mineral contents on androgen deficient and chronic ethanol consuming rats by biochemistry and non-destructive techniques

Ethanol can compromise the body mineral composition and affect bone, and when associated to hypogonadism is considered an important risk factor for osteoporosis in man. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of androgen deficient and chronic ethanol consuming on mineral contents by biochemistry and non-destructive techniques. Wistar rat (n=54) were divided in orchiectomy (ORQ) or SHAM-operated and subdivided by diet. They were daily fed with a Lieber DeCarli diet model for 8 weeks long. The controls groups were free-diet and pair-fed. Ca and P were analyzed by biochemistry test in the blood and by nX-ray fluorescence and FT-Raman on the femur area. Serum analysis revealed hypocalcaemia and hypeiphosphataemia in ethanol groups more than pair-fed and free-diet. In similarity, spectroscopy indicated a decrease in bone Ca content in ORQ groups, mainly for ethanol groups. Phosphorus content and Ca/P molar ratio, otherwise, doesn't diverge in all 6 groups. Ethanol consumption impaired Ca and P homeostasis in ORQ rat more than SHAM. The relationships among ethanol consume and androgen deficit support the hypothesis that ethanol affects the mineral-regulating hormones and may mediate some effects on bone. These findings demonstrate that ethanol seemed to interfere with the normal compensatory response to these Ca and P levels and is more significant M androgen deficiency rats.

Uranium distribution and radon exhalation from Brazilian dimension stones

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avanços na fruticultura tropical no Brasil

Os principais aspectos que marcaram a evolução técnica das culturas do abacaxizeiro, mamoeiro e maracujazeiro no Brasil foram discutidos. em abacaxizeiro, tem-se constatado uma inovação no sistema de comercialização da cv. Smooth Cayenne, que consiste no uso de caixas de papelão ondulado para o mercado interno, cujo objetivo é propiciar uma garantia de sabor inserida em uma marca. O recente lançamento de cultivares resistentes à fusariose, pela Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) (Imperial e Vitória) e IAC (Fantástico), traz novas perspectivas de produtividade. em maracujazeiro, a maior contribuição aos pomares foi dada pelo melhoramento genético, inicialmente voltado apenas para ampliação da produtividade da cultura. No início dos anos 2000, o lançamento das primeiras cultivares de maracujá - mais produtivas e com qualidade de fruta diferenciada para os dois segmentos de mercado (frutas frescas e agroindústria), transformou o cenário produtivo brasileiro. Com a criação de um sistema organizado de produção e comercialização de sementes e mudas selecionadas, ampliou-se significativamente a qualidade dos pomares. Atualmente, a disponibilidade de novas cultivares tolerantes à virose (VEFM) e cultivares regionais passou a representar um diferencial para a cultura. em mamoeiro, destaca-se a ocorrência do Mosaico do Mamoeiro (Monte Alto-SP, 1967), que determinou a migração da cultura pelo Estado e sua expulsão para outros estados, até sua fixação na Bahia e no Espírito Santo, os maiores produtores nacionais. Comparam-se as técnicas utilizadas nos diferentes períodos de produção, antes e depois do surgimento do mosaico, que permitiram ao Brasil lançar-se no mercado externo, tornando-se o maior exportador mundial de mamão, com lavouras produtivas e frutos de ótima qualidade. Nesta evolução, soma-se a contribuição do melhoramento genético, que disponibilizou sementes de alta qualidade, com reflexos nas práticas culturais e de propagação. São apresentadas de colheita e de pós-colheita diferenciadas que resultaram em melhorias no padrão de qualidade das frutas exportadas para o mercado europeu e norte-americano.

Ocorrência de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hym.: Eulophidae) em broca-das-cucurbitáceas, no Brasil

Este trabalho tem como objetivo registrar a primeira ocorrência, no Brasil, do parasitóide de pupas Trichospilus diatraeae (Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) na broca-das-cucurbitáceas, Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). A espécie T. diatraeae já foi relatada no Brasil em pragas da gravioleira no Distrito Federal e eucalipto nos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. No sistema produtivo da abóbora D. hyalinata é reconhecidamente uma praga importante por causar sérios prejuízos em função das injúrias provocadas em diferentes partes da planta. A ocorrência do parasitóide foi registrada em pupas coletadas no campo, localizado no campus experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), no município de Alegre-ES.

Avaliação da qualidade do corte florestal com motosserra

Objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, avaliar a qualidade do corte florestal com motosserra, em propriedades rurais no sul do Espírito Santo, considerando aspectos da qualidade e a perda de madeira retida nas cepas. Foram lançadas parcelas de 250 m², onde foram feitas as observações após o corte com motosserra, avaliando-se a qualidade do corte nos seguintes aspectos: presença de espetos; danos por rachadura; cepas com faixa de ruptura fora do padrão; cepas sem o entalhe direcional e a altura da cepa remanescente, com vistas a mensurar a perda de madeira retida nas cepas. de acordo com os resultados, em média, houve presença de espetos em 21,9% das cepas, de rachaduras em 17,2%, de cepas fora do padrão em 44,6% e de cepas sem entalhe direcional em 34,5% das avaliações. Para verificar a influência da realização do entalhe direcional na altura das cepas, o teste-t, a 5% de probabilidade demonstrou que há contribuição para ocorrer maior altura de cepas, nos casos em que o corte foi feito sem o entalhe direcional. A quantidade de madeira retida nas cepas, acima do máximo recomendado, foi, em média, de 2,43 m³/ha, representando um prejuízo de R$ 172,53/ha. Foi verificada que a perda de madeira remanescente nas cepas de eucalipto foi maior nos locais onde, para a derrubada das árvores, não houve a realização do entalhe direcional. Os itens avaliados demonstraram qualidade irregular, indicando a necessidade de melhoria no corte com motosserras.

Jaguar (Panthera onca) food habits in Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil

Between January and December 1996, the food habits of a relict population of jaguars were studied in 220 km(2) Linhares Forest Preserve, which comprises much of the remaining old-growth Atlantic Forest of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Fecal analysis indicated opportunistic feeding on 24 prey species (N = 101 scats). Mammals represented 87 percent of the total items, followed by reptiles (9.8%) and birds (2.8%). Considering prey weight, 23.4 percent of the items weighed 1-3 kg, 40.5 percent were 3-10 kg, and 27.7 percent weighed more than 10 kg. Analysis of relative prey frequency and biomass indicated that the diet was concentrated in two prey types: long-nosed armadillo and white-lipped peccary. Literature data suggest that forest jaguars rely on the same mammal prey over their entire geographic range.

Succession and management of tropical dry forests in the Americas: Review and new perspectives

Understanding tropical forest succession is critical for the development of tropical forest conservation strategies worldwide, given that tropical secondary forests can be considered the forests of the future. Tropical dry forests (TDF) are among the most threatened tropical ecosystems, there are more secondary forests and forest restoration efforts that require a better understanding of successional processes. The main goal of this synthesis for this special issue on the ecology and management of tropical dry forests in the Americas is to present a summarized review of the current knowledge of the ecology and management implications associated to TDF succession. We explore specific issues associated to tropical dry forest succession with emphasis on the use of chronosequences, plant diversity and composition, plant phenology and remote sensing, pollination, and animal-plant interactions; all under the integrating umbrella of ecosystem succession. We also emphasize the need to conduct socio-ecological research to understand changes in land-use history and its effects on succession and forest regeneration of TDF. We close this paper with some thoughts and ideas associated with the strong need for an integrating dimension not considered until today: the role of cyberinfrastructure and eco-informatics as a tool to support sound conservation, management and understanding of TDF in the Americas. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.