Alternativas sustentáveis para a circulação urbana – estudo de caso: as cidades de Guaratinguetá e Lorena

La circulation urbaine dans les villes brésiliennes a été marquée par l'influence directe de l'automobile. Grâce aux possibilités découlant de l'automobile, les villes se développent de plus en plus désordonnées et exigent la création de nouveaux moyens pour maintenir le flux du trafic. Cependant, la création de nouvelles routes est venu de collaborer avec les embouteillages, parce que plus les routes ont été construites, plus elles ont généré le besoin de transport. La question du développement durable a commencé à être traités de 1987 et alors, les premières idées pour résoudre, entre autres, le problème de la circulation urbaine. Une des solutions suggérées par les études est l'utilisation de transports non-motorisés. Ainsi, le vélo est devenu le grand pari pour un transport plus durable. Au Brésil, le vélo est largement utilisé, mais n'est pas considéré comme un réel moyen de transport, qui conduit à de mauvais investissements et incitations. Par conséquent, des mesures sont nécessaires pour encourager le transport à vélo pour se obtenir, avec d'autres mesures, un transport plus durable. Enfin, l'étude de cas dans deux villes, Guaratinguetá et Lorena, montre l'influence de l'automobile dans la formation de ces deux villes, qui a fini par nuire les autres modes de transport qui auraient pu être mieux utilisés

Estimativa das emissões de monóxido de carbono por veículos automotivos na cidade de Campinas/SP utilizando o modelo CAL3QHCR

Air pollution is an environmental issue worldwide and frequently cause negative effects on population health and ecosystems on cities. The relationship between climate and atmospheric pollution can be used as a surrogate to the intensity of air pollution. The present and quantity of some gases can be used as indicators to air quality: particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Among those gases, CO has its major source within the cities, where automobiles are the main emitter. But measure pollutant concentration are challenging, sometimes because the lack of good equipments due to high costs and of the large variability of models that varies in precision, way of measure and distribution of sellers. Modeling are useful when there are an intend to evaluate air pollution, its sources and evaluate scenarios. This work aims to use CAL3QHCR model developed by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to generate predictive surfaces of CO concentration distribution on a site within Campinas city, located in São Paulo state, Brazil. CAL3QHCR model use data urban automobile circulation to generate spatial results for CO distribution. We observed that the pollution concentration was lower on our modeling than the concentrations measured by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), the main environmental company on the São Paulo state. Also the correlation between average estimates of our model and the measure by CETESB was weak, indicating that the model used on this study need to be or better parameterized, or the scale we measured of CO emissions need to be rescaled. Although the model failed to correlate to CETESB data, maybe one that explore the estimated emissions distributed within the sites to understand spatial distributions of CO on the regions. Also, the generated information can also be used to other studies, and come to be useful to explain heat island

Centralidade, eixos comerciais e consumo: um estudo das concessionárias de automóveis em Presidente Prudente (SP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)