Subdosages of Bacillus thuringiensis on Plutella xylostella) (Lepepidoptera: plutellidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae)

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the biological aspects of Plutella xylostella and Trichogramma pretiosum in eggs of the F2 generation of P. xylostella under the influence of Bacillus thuringiensis in laboratory conditions. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratorio de Biologia and Criacao de Insetos of Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias de Jaboticabal - UNESP reen collars contaminated with strains and commercial product based on B. thuringiensis in the laboratory. The eggs obtained from the F2 generation of P. xylostella evaluated the biological parameters of T. pretiosum. It was observed that some biological characteristics of P. xylostella showed changes by the treatment with B. thuringiensis. The viability of the larvae and pupae stages, pupae weight were the biological parameters more influenced by treatments, with values significantly reduced when compared to control. However, the larvae length and pupae stages and sex ratio were similar in all treatments, with no significant biological variations. Thus, this bacterium isolated from this behavior may provide greater exposure of larvae to other natural enemies as well as generation of adults less viable, which makes them potential programs in pest control, since the interaction of the methods of control is one of the main ways to enhance the biological control of insect pests. It was observed sublethal effects on P. xylostella biology, and B. thuringiensis negative influence on the parasitism capacity and emergency of T. pretiosum.

Dietas artificiais incorporadas ou não a colmos triturados de variedades de cana-de-açúcar na biologia de Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

It was studied the incorporation or not of shredded stems of sugarcane varieties to artificial diets and their effect in the biology of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) under laboratory conditions. The experiment was carried out at the Department of Plant Protection of FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2007, using diets with different amounts of their components (100, 75, 25 e 25% of concentration of the standard diet). The experiment had a complete randomized design in a 4x3 factorial scheme, using 4 concentrations of diets and three treatments, in a total of 12, with 6 replications. The larval, pupal an total periods and viability were evaluated, as well as the larval weight at 15 days, the pupal weight after 24 hours and the longevity of adults without feeding. The diet with 25% concentration of the components compared to the standard diet had a negative effect in the development of D. saccharlis larvae. Shredded dry stalks incorporated or not to the diet affected only the larval and pupal weight whereas the larval weight was more affected when the resistant (RB83-5486) and susceptible (SP80-3280) varieties due to the use of diet with 50% of its components. The diet with 100% concentration of its components are more favorable to the development of D. saccharalis, with 25% while that is less favorable. The diet with 100% concentration of the components associated with the presence of SP80-3280 (susceptible) stem variety provides greater larval weight. The weights of larvae and pupae of insects are negatively affected when RB83-5486 (resistant) shredded dry stem variety is incorporated into the diet. regarding to larval weight the diet with 50% of the concentration of its components provides better discrimination between genotypes resistant and susceptible to sugarcane borer.

Cultivo consorciado de milho com amendoim forrageiro e calopogônio e os efeitos na cultura da soja em rotação

This work aimed to study the intercropping of corn with Arachis pintoi cv. MG-100 and Calopogonium muconoides, regarding to vegetative growth and corn yield, capacity of production of forage dry matter, infestation of weeds and the effect of this system of production in the soybean crop in rotation. This research was carried out under field conditions form December 2008 to April 2010 in the UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block in split-plot design with four replications. Two forages species (A. pintoi and C. muconoides), four amounts of seeds (400, 800, 1200 e 1600 points of cultural value ha(-1)) and one treatment additional with single corn were studied. The intercropping did not affect the vegetative growth and corn yield when compared to the single corn. The C. muconoides had greater density and dry matter of plants than A. pintoi. The number of plants and dry matter of C. muconoides increased with increasing the amount of seeds sowed in the area. These variables were not affected by the sowing density of A. pintoi. The straw production by the forage species before of the soybean crop in rotation was inexpressive (less than 1100 kg ha(-1)). The intercropping did not affect the weed occurrence and the development of the soybean crop in rotation.

Detection of antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in dairy cattle with different prevalences of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) in São Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Toxoplasmose canina: aspectos clínicos e patológicos

Inquiries about toxoplasmosis are essential because its zoonotic potential and pathogenicity in pets and production animals. The dog can be involved in the mechanical transmission of the infection by Toxoplasma gondii and in spite of not being the definitive host, it has an epidemiological role in this disease. The high rate of dogs naturally infected by T gondii and the great possibility of adquiring this protozoan, justify the importance of attempting against for the occurrence of this illness. The aim of this article was to demonstrated through literature revision, some clinical aspects, epidemic and pathological of the toxoplasmosis in the canine species.

Microbiology quality in continuous water flow fish ponds

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ovarian remnant syndrome in small animals

The ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) is an iatrogenic disorder in bitches and queens, which is characterized by recurrence of estrus following surgical spay, due to the presence of a piece of ovarian tissue within the abdominal cavity. In most cases, the remnant ovary is found in the right ovarian pedicle, due to its topographic position, deeper and more cranial than the left ovary. The main clinical signs of ORS in small animals are the heat behavior and the presence of vaginal swelling/secretion, especially in canines. The diagnosis should be performed by means of vaginal cytology when attraction of males is detected, serum estrogen and progesterone levels and/or by challenging test with GnRH or hCG administration. However, vaginal citology is the most suitable and less expensive diagnostic tool. Nowadays the treatment of choice is a new laparotomy or laparoscopy, followed by removal of the remnant ovarian tissue. The surgical treatment has more chances of success if it is performed in the diestrus (i.e., between 15 and 60 days after the detection of attraction of males). Furthermore, a careful and accurate surgical procedure aided by advanced visualization techniques during ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy is the best way to prevent ORS in companion animals.

Detection of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bovine brain by nested PCR in Colombian cattle

Fifteen cases of viral meningoencephalitis in Colombian cattle were tested by nested PCR analysis for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5). All fatal cases had shown severe neurological signs and had occurred following natural outbreaks of the disease. The neurological infection was histologically characterized by mild to moderate inflammatory changes in the brain and cerebellum, including meningitis, mononuclear perivascular cuffing, gliosis, haemorrhage, and the presence of Gitter cells (macrophages) accompanying large areas of malacia. No intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in any of the cases. Results from BoHV-5 molecular extraction analyses showed there were five positive cases thus confirming the presence of the virus in Colombia.

Adubação com nitrogênio e potássio em mudas de goiabeira em viveiro comercial

The fertilization takes key role at the production of fruit seedlings in order to ensure a good development and early production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and potassium on the growth of guava seedlings. Herbaceous stakes of guava, Paluma cultivar, were rooted in a mist room, in polyethylene bags containing substrate. The experiment was conducted in a commercial nursery, in randomized blocks and a factorial scheme 4x4, with four doses of nitrogen (0, 552, 828 and 1104 mg dm(-3)) and four doses of potassium (0, 726, 1,089 and 1,452 mg dm(-3)) in three replications and three plants for parcel. During the filling of the bags (1,5 dm(-3)), were added 100 mg dm(-3) of superphosphate, while fertilizers containing nitrogen and potassium were split into three times. After 120 days, the seedlings were evaluated. There was a significant effect of nitrogen in the variables height, stem diameter, number of leaves, SPAD index, dry weight of leaves, stems, total, Dickson quality index, and nitrogen accumulation. The fertilization with potassium did not influence the biometric parameters, SPAD index and Dickson quality index.

Efeito de herbicidas na dessecação e germinação de sementes remanescentes de Lolium multiflorum L.

A trial was carried out to evaluate efficacy of different herbicides and spray volumes when sprayed to ryegrass for chemical management and control of remaining seeds. The treatments were: three formulations of glyphosate at 1080 g ha(-1) (Original Round up, Round up Transorb, WG Round Up), paraquat + diuron at 300+500 and 150+250 g ha(-1) and glufosinate ammonium at 400 and 600 g ha(-1). All treatments were used in spray volumes of 200 and 400 l ha(-1). The effectiveness of the desiccation of ryegrass plants was assessed at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after application. At the last evaluation samples were collected for dry mass production analysis, and also panicles with seeds for germination test. Glyphosate in different formulations and volumes and glufosinate ammonium at 600 g ha(-1) when sprayed with into 400 l ha(-1) provided the best controls regarding ryegrass chemical management. Treatments with gliphosate (Roundup Original) and paraquat + diuron (300 +150 g ha(-1)) in volumes of 400 and 200 L ha(-1), respectively, were the ones that showed the lowest values of dry matter, differing from the control. All the ryegrass seeds were killed by treatments with herbicides (paraquat + diuron) at 500 + 250 g ha(-1) and glufosinate-ammonium at 600 g ha(-1) when used 200 l ha(-1).

Resposta de cultivares de feijoeiro comum à calagem superficial em semeadura direta

Soil acidity in no tillage system, if not in high situations, can be neutralized by lime surface application, improving mineral nutrition and crop yield. Aiming to evaluate the agronomic performance of common bean cultivars, to surface lime application, in no tillage system, an experiment was conducted in Oxisol, Botucatu Municipal District, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block in split plot with four replications, where the plots were formed by common bean cultivars (Carioca, IAC Carioca Ete, Perola, IAPAR 81 e Campeao 2) and subplots consisted of surface application of dolomitic limestone (zero, 1.8 t ha(-1), 3.6 t ha(-1) and 5.4 t ha(-1)). The surface lime application on the soil occurred in October 2002 and subsequently the sequence millet (spring) - beans (summer) - oat (autumn-winter) were planted under rainfed conditions. Bean cultivars sowing were done on December 17, 2003. It can be concluded that there is influence of cultivars and limestone surface application under no tillage, where IAPAR 81 showed better grain yield with the increase of lime rates, obtaining values of 2,025 kg ha(-1) without the lime application to 2,655 kg ha(-1) with 5.4 t ha(-1) lime rate, obtaining 31% yield increase.

Precocidade na emissão da raiz primária para avaliação do vigor de sementes de milheto

In a program of seed quality assurance, the evaluation of seed vigor is fundamental and necessary to the global production process outcome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the precocity of primary root emission test, for the substrates paper roll, on paper and between papers, on vigor of pearl millet seeds. Ten seed lots evaluated in four replication of 100 pearl millet seeds cultivar ADR 500 were sown in three different humidified substrates: between papers, paper roll and on paper. These were incubated at a temperature of 20-30 degrees C. Fifteen hours after the germination test was established, the emission of seed primary roots started to be observed every 2 hours up to 25 hours and then after 48 hours. For the comparison among lots, seeds were also evaluated by moisture content, weight of 1000 seeds, germination and vigor (first count, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and seedling emergence). The statistical design was completely randomized, and the means comparisons were accomplished by the Tukey test at 0.05 level of probability. It was concluded that the precocity of primary root emission test on paper is promising for vigor evaluation of pearl millet seeds.

Crescimento e marcha de absorção de nutrientes em tomateiro cultivar Raísa cultivado em sistema hidropônico

The production and quality of tomatoes has increased with the emergence of new genotypes and cropping systems such as hydroponics, however, there are few studies on the nutrition of plants. The objective was to evaluate the growth and motion of absorption of nutrients by Raisa tomato cultivar, grown in hydroponic system. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight treatments consisting of the times of sampling: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 days after transplanting (DAT) and five replications. The tomato seedlings were transplanted to pots of 8 dm(3) (on 31-03-2008), filled with the base substrate of coconut fiber, constantly irrigated with Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution. During the experimental period and focuses on the development of plants and dry leaves, stems, fruits and roots. The dry matter accumulation of leaves and roots of tomato cultivar Raisa was relatively faster than the national stem and fruit, over cultivation, with predominance of dry fruits (45%) on the leaves (27%), the stem (24%) and roots (3%) at the end of the cycle. The accumulation of nutrients and micronutrients by the tomato cultivar Raisa was fit with linear increase throughout the cultivation, except for Mn which was quadratic. Most of the tomato nutritional requirement for nutrients was K, N and Ca and micronutrients was Fe, Zn and Mn.

Evaluation and development of passion fruit (Passiflora alata Dryander) propagated by cutting and seet in conditions of commercial orchard

The present work was conducted in a fruit tree propagation area of the Plant Production Department of the Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP) in Jaboticabal, SP, and also in a commercial orchard in Araguari, MG, with the objective to verify the potential of vegetative growth (stem diameter, height of plants and leaf number) of plants of passion fruit (Passiflora alata Dryander), gotten by cutting and seed, comparing the initial development of plants in the field. This experiment was carried out from January 2002 to February 2003. The experiment using seeds was conducted at a shadow house, and the one that used cuttings in an intermitent mist. The cuttings and seeds were collected from adult plants which came from Passifloraceae Active Germoplasm Bank (BAG) of the Plant Production Department of FCAC/UNESP. For the cuttings, it was used the intermediate part of the branches in stadium of vegetative growth. The seeds, in order to obtain the seedlings, had been sown in plastic trays. Cuttings and seedlings were transplanted to plastic bags with substrate in shadow house and with daily irrigation. They were acclimatized and planted on field, after 60 days. on field, the stem diameter, plant height and number of leaves were better for cuttings than for seedlings in Jaboticabal, SP. In Araguari, MG, stem diameter was larger in the seedlings, which plant heights and number of leaves were larger on cuttings.

Efeito de épocas de colheita e período de repouso pós-colheita sobre as características físicas de frutos e sementes de mamoneira

This study aimed to assess the effect of harvesting times and of post-harvest resting period on physical characteristics of fruits and seeds of castor bean (AL Guarany 2002 genotype) and to verify if theses characteristics could be used to identify the ideal harvest time. Nine times of raceme harvest were assessed from 30 to the 142 days after anthesis (DAA) at fourteen days intervals, and four conditions of resting; (without and with seven days of resting period of seeds extracted (bare), from fruits and fixed to the racemes). It was evaluated water content, seed thickness, and length, width, and weight of fresh fruits and seeds, and seedling emergence in sand. The statistical design was completely randomized with four replications. The harvest times and the post-harvest rest period affected the physical characteristics of fruits and seeds of castor bean but none of these have proved to be effective in the identification of the ideal harvest time.