Morfologia de frutos e sementes de espécies arbóreas do gênero Solanum L.

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a morfologia do fruto e da semente de três espécies florestais nativas do Brasil, Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal, S. lycocarpum A.St.-Hil. e S. pseudoquina A.St.-Hil., recomendadas para plantações destinadas à recuperação de áreas degradadas. Os frutos são indeiscentes, carnosos, do tipo baga, globosos, polispérmicos e constituídos por dois ou mais lóculos. As sementes são estenospérmicas, campilótropas, elipsóides, comprimidas, apresentando seção longitudinal largo-ovalada ou achatado-ovalada e seção transversal elíptica. Hilo mediano-marginal localizado em uma depressão e micrópila arredondada. Sementes albuminosas, com endosperma abundante, periférico, carnoso-firme, semitransparente e de coloração esbranquiçada. Embrião axial, linear, contínuo e curvado. em Solanum lycocarpum e S. pseudoquina o embrião é circinado e em S. granuloso-leprosum é espiralado.

Descrição anátomo-topográfica do coração da paca (Agouti paca)

Background: The domestic animals heart is a conical hollow viscera, surrounded by pericardium, laterally compressed, accompanying the thorax shape. Atriums constituted the heart basis and their auricles partially bound the initial portion of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. In mammals, heart is kept suspended in the thoracic cavity and the pericardic sac is fixed dorsally by great veins and arteries roots, and ventrally fixed to the sternum, although its fixation to the diaphragm varies among species. This paper aimed to describe morphological aspects of the heart of the paca, the second biggest Brazilian rodent.Materials, Methods & Results: There were used 12 hearts of adult pacas for this study, obtained from the UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, which died due fights or anesthesia during bandages or radiograph exams. The thoracic aorta was filled with colored latex and the animal was set in a 10% formaldehyde solution for at least 72 hours. The thoracic cavity was dissected and hearts individualized and measured with a paquimeter, lateromedially, craniocaudally and dorsoventrally. The paca heart is placed between the first and fifth intercostal space (ICS), in a craniocaudal oblique position; its basis is craniodorsally positioned, on the middle third between the first and second ICS and its apex is located near the sternodiaphragmatic joint, on the fifth ICS, tilted to the left antimere. The heart is surrounded by pericardium, which from ventrocaudally is originated the sternopericardic ligament, that continues as phrenopericardic ligament. At the heart basis, the rising of the pulmonary trunk was observed and the conus arteriosus formed a typical projection. The aorta also rised from the heart basis and its arch, which was caudally curved, crossed dorsally the pulmonary trunk; the right cranial and caudal cava veins drained to the right atrium. There is a left cranial cava vein, which surrounded the left atrium and joined the right caudal cava vein on the right atrium. The azygos vein joins the right cranial cava vein and four pulmonary veins drained to the left atrium. At palpation, a hard structure on the rising of the aorta was observed, similarly to a cartilaginous tissue, which would be part of the cardiac skeleton. The left and right coronary arteries were observed in all hearts.Discussion: The paca heart is anatomica and topographically similar to those of domestic mammals, differing from them for being placed one intercostal space more cranial and due to the presence of two cranial cava veins, the left and the right ones, besides the presence of the caudal cava vein. This vascular description is similar to that of small rodents, as rats and mice. In paca heart, the sinus venous, the terminal crest, the oval fossa, the atrioventricular valvae, the papillary muscles and tendinous cords, besides smooth atriums and auricles covered by pectinate muscles, were observed. The sternopericardic ligament, which is dorsally elongated as phrenopericardic ligament, is similar to the one present in humans, pigs, castors, and different from the one observed in carnivorous, that presents the phrenopericardic ligament and from the one of horses and ruminants, which present the sternopericardic ligament.

Immune response pattern of the popliteal lymph nodes of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sensibilidade a herbicidas de acessos de aguapé coletados em reservatórios do Estado de São Paulo

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de herbicidas em diferentes acessos de aguapé coletados em reservatórios de hidrelétricas do Estado de São Paulo, foi realizado um estudo no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia da FCA-UNESP, campus de Botucatu. A escolha das plantas geneticamente diferentes foi feita com base em estudos de variabilidade genética, nos quais se utilizou a técnica de RAPD. Avaliou-se o efeito dos herbicidas imazapyr nas doses de 62,5 e 125,0 g e.a. ha-1, glyphosate a 1.680 e 3.360 g e.a. ha-1 + 0,5% V/V de Extravon, diquat a 480 e 960 g i.a. ha-1 e 2,4-D a 670 e 1.340 g e.a. ha-1. Os seis acessos escolhidos foram colocados em caixas plásticas de 28,0 x 14,0 x 12,0 cm, contendo 4 litros de água. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada com um simulador de pulverização pressurizado com ar comprimido, equipado com barra de aplicação com quatro bicos de jato plano Teejet 110.02 VS. A pressão constante de trabalho foi de 1,6 bar, e o consumo de calda, de 193 L ha-1. A velocidade de aplicação foi de 3,69 km h-1. Durante as aplicações, a temperatura do ar foi de 25 ºC e a umidade relativa de 73%. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 3, 5, 7, 11, 21 e 28 dias, nas quais 0 consistiu em nenhum controle e 100 em morte de plantas. Todos os herbicidas e doses testados proporcionaram controle eficiente das plantas de aguapé, e os seis acessos estudados responderam de forma semelhante.

Controle químico de plantas daninhas aquáticas: Alternanthera philoxeroides, Enhydra anagallis e Pycreus decumbens

As espécies de plantas aquáticas podem causar inúmeros inconvenientes ao uso múltiplo da água quando elas se desenvolvem desordenadamente. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes herbicidas no controle químico de plantas de Alternanthera philoxeroides, Enhydra anagallis e Pycreus decumbens em caixa-d'água. Quando as plantas atingiram o seu pleno desenvolvimento (antes do florescimento), foram aplicados, nas espécies Alternanthera philoxeroides e Enhydra anagallis, os herbicidas: 2,4-D amina (U-46 D FLUID 720) a 2.880 g e.a. ha-1; diquat (REWARD 240) a 480 g i.a. ha-1; imazapyr (ARSENAL 250) a 500 e 750 g e.a. ha-1; glyphosate (RODEO 480) a 3.360 g e.a. ha-1 com e sem o surfatante Aterbane BR (0,5% v v-1); glyphosate + diquat (3.360 + 480 g i./e.a. ha-1 ); glyphosate + 2,4-D (3.360 + 2.880 g e.a. ha-1); e diquat + 2,4-D (480 + 2.880 g i./e.a. ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicida. Para a espécie Pycreus decumbens foram aplicados: 2,4-D amina (U-46 D FLUID 720) a 2.880 g e.a. ha-1; diquat (REWARD 240) a 480 g i.a. ha-1; propanil (STAM 480) a 2.880 g i.a. ha-1; glyphosate (RODEO 480) a 3.360 g e.a. ha-1 mais o surfatante Aterbane BR (0,5% v v-1); glyphosate + propanil (3.360 + 2.880 g i./e.a. ha-1); glyphosate + diquat (3.360 + 480 g i./e.a. ha-1); glyphosate + 2,4-D (3.360 + 2.880 g e.a. ha-1); propanil + 2,4-D (2.880 + 2.880 g i./e.a. ha-1); e diquat + 2,4-D (480 + 2.880 g i./e.a. ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicida. Os herbicidas foram aplicados com um pulverizador estacionário, pressurizado a ar comprimido e equipado com um reservatório de 2 litros, pontas Teejet XR11002VS, com um consumo de calda de 200 L ha-1. As avaliações de controle das plantas daninhas foram visuais, por meio de uma escala de percentual de notas, além de se avaliar a massa seca das plantas. Verificou-se que o controle químico apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa de manejo para as espécies A. philoxeroides, E. anagallis e P. decumbens, e a mistura de herbicidas pode aumentar a eficiência de controle. E. anagallis apresentou alta sensibilidade à ação dos herbicidas; entretanto, as espécies A. philoxeroides e P. decumbens evidenciaram alta capacidade de regeneração, principalmente quando se utilizaram herbicidas de ação de contato.

Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of poly[2-methoxy-5-(n-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene]

Langmuir films have been fabricated from poly[(2-methoxy-5-n-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (OC1OC6-PPV). The stability and the area per monomer for condensed films indicate the formation of true monolayers with a very small extent of aggregation, which is unusual for polymer films. This is attributed to the linearity of the alkyl side chain. The Y-type Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films produced from Langmuir films of OC1OC6-PPV have distinctive features compared to those of cast films, probably due to the organization in the LB films whereas the molecules are randomly oriented in cast films. Infrared absorption spectra recorded for both transmission and reflection modes indicate that OC1OC6-PPV molecules are anchored to the substrate by the lateral groups. This is confirmed by the Raman spectrum, in which a distortion of the vinylene group was observed, and by surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) on an LB monolayer deposited onto Ag nanoparticles. The more homogeneous nature of the LB films in comparison with the case of cast films was demonstrated by optical microscopy and fluorescence measurements where the emission spectra were essentially the same for different regions of an LB film but showed dispersion in cast films. The LB films also displayed reversible photoconductivity.

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering: Single-molecule detection in a Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) is used for single-molecule detection from spatially resolved 1-mum(2) sections of a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayer deposited onto a Ag film. The target molecule, his (benzimidazo) thioperylene (BZP), is dispersed in an arachidic acid monomolecular layer containing one BZP molecule per mum(2) which is also the probing area of the Raman microscope. For concentrated samples (attomole quantities in the field of view), average SERRS, surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF), and Raman imaging, including line mapping and global images at different temperatures, were recorded. Single-molecule SERRS spectra, obtained using an LB monolayer, present changes in bandwidth and relative intensities, highlighting the properties of single-molecule SERRS that are lost in average SERRS measurements of mixed LB monolayers obtained at the same temperatures. Also, the dilute system phenomenon of blinking is discussed with regard to results obtained from LB monolayers. The dilution process used in the single-molecule LB SERRS work is independently supported by fluorescence results obtained from very dilute solutions with monomer concentrations down to 10(-12) M.

Fabrication, structural characterization, and applications of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of a poly(azo)urethane

The synthesis of a poly(azo)urethane by fixing CO2 in bis-epoxide followed by a polymerization reaction with an azodiamine is presented. Since isocyanate is not used in the process, it is termed clean method and the polymers obtained are named NIPUs (non-isocyanate polyurethanes). Langmuir films were formed at the air-water interface and were characterized by surface pressure vs mean molecular area per met unit (Pi-A) isotherms. The Langmuir monolayers were further studied by running stability tests and cycles of compression/expansion (possible hysteresis) and by varying the compression speed of the monolayer formation, the subphase temperature, and the solvents used to prepare the spreading polymer solutions. The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique was used to fabricate ultrathin films of a particular polymer (PAzoU). It is possible to grow homogeneous LB films of up to 15 layers as monitored using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Higher number of layers can be deposited when PAzoU is mixed with stearic acid, producing mixed LB films. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy and Raman scattering showed that the materials do not interact chemically in the mixed LB films. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) and micro-Raman technique (optical microscopy coupled to Raman spectrograph) revealed that mixed LB films present a phase separation distinguishable at micrometer or nanometer scale. Finally, mixed and neat LB films were successfully characterized using impedance spectroscopy at different temperatures, a property that may lead to future application as temperature sensors. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to correlate the data.

Taking Advantage of Electrostatic Interactions To Grow Langmuir-Blodgett Films Containing Multilayers of the Phospholipid Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Monomolecular films of cholesterol oxidase and S-Layer proteins

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Layer-by-Layer Technique as a New Approach to Produce Nanostructured Films Containing Phospholipids as Transducers in Sensing Applications

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ultrathin films of lignins as a potential transducer in sensing applications involving heavy metal ions

Lignins extracted from sugar cane bagasse using different alcohols in the organosolv-CO(2) supercritical pulping process have been applied in the fabrication of ultrathin films through the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Langmuir films were characterized by surface pressure versus mean molecular area (Pi-A) isotherms to exploit the sensitivity of nanostructured lignin films to metallic ions (Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+)). The Pi-A isotherms were shifted to larger molecular areas when heavy metal ions are present into the subphase, which might be related to electrostatic repulsions between metallic ions entrapped within the lignin molecular structure. Taking the advantage of metal incorporation, Langmuir monolayers were transferred onto solid substrates forming Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films to be used as a transducer in an "electronic tongue" system to detect Cu(2+) in aqueous solution below threshold standard established by the Brazilian regulation. Both techniques impedance spectroscopy and electrochemistry have been used in these experiments. Complementary, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy recorded for LB films before and after soaking into Cu(2+) aqueous solution revealed an interaction between the lignin phenyl groups and the metallic ion. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Toward the Optimization of an e-Tongue System Using Information Visualization: A Case Study with Perylene Tetracarboxylic Derivative Films in the Sensing Units

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Técnicas de caracterização para investigar interações no nível molecular em filmes de Langmuir e Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sensor array made with nanostructured films to detect a phenothiazine compound

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)