Thermoeconomic functional analysis applied in cogeneration systems associated to cellulose plants

Thermoeconomic Functional Analysis is a method developed for the analysis and optimal design of improvement of thermal systems (Frangopoulos, 1984). The purpose of this work is to discuss the cogeneration system optimization using a condensing steam turbine with two extractions. This cogeneration system is a rational alternative in pulp and paper plants in regard to the Brazilian conditions. The objective of this optimization consists of minimizing the global cost of the system acquisition and operation, based on the parametrization of actual data from a cellulose plant with a daily production of 1000 tons. Among the several possible decision variables, the pressure and temperature of live steam were selected. These variables significantly affect the energy performance of the cogeneration system. The conditions which determine a lower cost for the system are presented in conclusion.

Preparation and thermal decomposition of solid state compounds of 4-methoxybenzylidenepyruvate and trivalent lanthanides and yttrium

Solid state compounds were prepared of Ln-4-MeO-BP, where Ln is a trivalent lanthanide (except promethium) or yttrium, and 4-MeO-BP is 4-methoxybenzylidenepyruvate. Thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and other methods of analysis have been used to characterize and to study the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of these compounds. © 1993.

Thermal decomposition of the hydrated basic carbonates of lanthanides and yttrium in CO2 atmosphere

The hydrated basis carbonates of lanthanides and yttrium were prepared by precipitation from homogeneous solution via the hydrolysis of urea, without the addition of an auxiliary anion. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) have been used in the study of these compounds in CO2 atmosphere. The results lead to the composition and thermal stability of the studied compounds, and also to a comparative study with reported results in air atmosphere. © 1993.

Thermal decomposition and stability in a series of tetrafluorborate copper(I) complexes

Tetrafluorborate copper(I) complexes containing acetonitrile, triphenylphosphine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2′-bipyridine and 2-quinolinethiol have been prepared in order to study their thermal stabilities as a function of the ligands present. The characterization of the above compounds was carried out by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Their thermal behaviour has been investigated and the final products were identified by X-ray powder diagrams. © 1995.

Influence of polymerization on the synthesis of SrTiO3: Part I. Characteristics of the polymeric precursors and their thermal decomposition

The influence of polymerization on the thermal decomposition of polymeric precursors and phase formation was investigated during synthesis of SrTiO3. The precipitation of polymeric precursor in acetone produced a more thermal stable precursor with lower weight loss during decomposition. This more stable precursor retarded the formation of the SrTiO3 phase. From thermal analysis, XRD and FT-IR the presence of an intermediate phase during decomposition of the precursors was observed. This is a mixed (Sr,Ti) carbonate phase with the proposed composition of Sr2Ti2O5.CO3. © 1995.

Thermal decomposition of some diuretic agents

Thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the thermal behaviour of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, and amiloride hydrochloride. The results revealed the extents of their thermal stability and also permitted interpretations concerning their thermal decompositions. © 1996 Akadémiai Kiadó.

Thermal decomposition of some analgesic agents

Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG, DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were used to study the thermal behaviour of mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, sodium diclofenac, phenylbutazone, dipyrone and salicylamide. The results led to thermal stability data and also to the interpretation concerning the thermal decomposition. © 1996 Akadémial Kiadó.

Thermal decomposition of the magnesium, zinc, lead and niobium chelates derived from 8-quinolinol

Solid M-Ox compounds, where M represents Mg(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and NbO(III), and Ox is 8-quinolinol, have been prepared. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG, DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared absorption spectra (IR) have been used to characterize and to study the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of these compounds. © 1997 Akadémiai Kiadó.

PCM thermal insulation in buildings

This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental study of phase change material (PCM) filled walls and roofs under real operational conditions to achieve passive thermal comfort. The numerical part of the study was based on a one-dimensional model for the phase change problem controlled by pure conduction. Real radiation data was used to determine the external face temperature. The numerical treatment was based upon using finite difference approximations and the ADI scheme. The results obtained were compared with field measurements. The experimental set-up consisted of a small room with movable roof and side wall. The roof was constructed in the traditional way but with the phase change material enclosed. Thermocouples were distributed across the cross section of the roof. Another roof, identical but without the PCM, was also used during comparative tests. The movable wall was also constructed as is done traditionally but with the PCM enclosed. Again, thermocouples were distributed across the wall thickness to enable measurement of the local temperatures. Another wall, identical but without the PCM, was also used during comparative tests. The PCM used in the numerical and experimental tests was composed of a mixture of two commercial grades of glycol in order to obtain the required fusion temperature range. Comparison between the simulation results and the experiments indicated good agreement. Field tests also indicated that the PCM used was adequate and that the concept was effective in maintaining the indoor temperature very close to the established comfort limits. Further economical analysis indicated that the concept could effectively help in reducing the electric energy consumption and improving the energy demand pattern. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Numerical and experimental analysis of natural convection in a cavity with flush mounted heat sources on a side wall

This work considers a problem of interest in several technological applications such as the thermal control of electronic equipment. It is also important to study the heat transfer performance of these components under off-normal conditions, such as during failure of cooling fans. The effect of natural convection on the flow and heat transfer in a cavity with two flush mounted heat sources on the left vertical wall, simulating electronic components, is studied numerically and experimentally. The influence of the power distribution, spacing between the heat sources and cavity aspect ratio have been investigated. An analysis of the average Nusselt number of the two heat sources was performed to investigate the behavior of the heat transfer coefficients. The results obtained numerically and experimentally, after an error analysis, showed a good agreement.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal decomposition of [Pd2 (C2-dmba) (μ-SO4) (μ-SO4) SO22]

The bridged sulphate complex [Pd2 (C2,dmba) (μ-SO4) (SO2)2] has been obtained by reacting a saturated solution of SO2 in methanol and the cyclometallated compound [Pd(C2,N-dmba)(μ-N3)]2; (dmba = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine), at room temperature for 24 h. Reaction product was characterized by elemental analysis, NMR comprising 13C{1H} and 1H nuclei and I.R. spectrum's measurements. Thermal behavior has been investigated and residual products identified by X-ray powder diffraction.

Thermal behaviour and analytical study of the production of TiSnOx from the mixed 8-hydroxyquinolinates

Solubility and pH precipitation studies were carried out to obtain the binuclear complex {[TiO(C9H6NO)2][Sn(C9H6NO) 2]} involving 8-hydroxyquinoline as chelating agent. The compound, the individual mononuclear complexes and their physical mixture were evaluated by means of techniques such as TG, DTA, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy. The properties of the original compounds and also the thermoanalytical conditions exerted a great influence on the degree of crystallinity and on the crystalline phase of the mixed oxide obtained as final product of the thermal decomposition.

Synthesis and thermal study of 8-hydroxy-quinoline derivatives of the alkaline Earth metals: I. Strontium complexes

Strontium complexes of 5,7-dibromo-, 5,7-dichloro-, 7-iodo- and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline were precipitated from an aqueous ammonia and acetone medium. The complexes obtained were Sr[(C9H4ONBr2)2]·2.5H 2O; Sr[(C9H4ONCl2)(OH)]·1.5H2O; Sr[(C9H5ONI)2]·5H2O and Sr[(C9H4ONICl)(OH)]·1.25H2O. The residues of their thermal decomposition were SrBr2; a mixture of SrCl2, SrCO3 and SrO3 SrCO3, and SrCO3, respectively. All were characterized by means of thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, complexometry with EDTA, atomic absorption spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. © 1999 Akadémiai Kiadó.

Solid-state compounds of 4-chlorobenzylidenepyruvate with lanthanides preparation and thermal studies

Solid-state compounds Ln-4Cl-BP, where Ln represents lighter trivalent lanthanides and 4Cl-BP is 4-chlorobenzylidenepyruvate, were prepared. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG and DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and other methods of analysis were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds.

Preparation and thermal decomposition of solid-state cinnamates of lighter trivalent lanthanides

Some new compounds of cinnamic acid with lighter trivalent lanthanides were prepared in the solid state. The compounds have general formula ML3·H2O, where L is cinnamate (C6H5-CH=CH-COO-) and M is La, Ce, Pr, Nd or Sm. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared absorption spectra and X-ray diffraction powder patterns were used to characterize and to study the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of these compounds.