Susceptibility of adult and larval stages of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae under field conditions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of Metarhizium anisopliae fungus on off-host Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from tick-infested pasture under cattle grazing in Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reaction of Bipolaris euphorbiae to environmental factors and its tolerance to solar and ultraviolet radiation

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Uso de agentes microbianos e químico para o controle de Meloidogyne incognita em soja

Nematoides de galhas constituem importante grupo de patógenos da cultura da soja e o manejo integrado é uma das principais medidas de controle que visam à redução de perdas econômicas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a eficácia dos fungos Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) Samsom e Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & Gams (sinonímia Verticillium chlamydosporium), de um produto comercial à base de Bacillus sp. (Nemix) e do nematicida químico Aldicarb no controle de Meloidogyne incognita em soja, variedade M-SOY 6101. O experimento foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos (três produtos biológicos usados no tratamento de sementes com ou sem a aplicação em pós-emergência, Aldicarb aplicado apenas em pós-emergência e duas testemunhas) e quatro repetições. Aldicarb reduziu o número de ovos e de juvenis do nematoide. P. lilacinus foi o mais atuante dos agentes biológicos, favorecendo a manutenção da quantidade de matéria seca da raiz de soja e reduzindo o número de ovos. O produto Nemix e P. chlamydosporia somente tiveram ação efetiva na redução do número de ovos do nematoide. Com base nos resultados, foi possível concluir que o agente químico e os agentes biológicos avaliados neste trabalho tiveram moderada atividade no controle de M. incognita em soja.

Patogenicidade de isolados de três fungos entomopatogênicos a soldados de Atta sexdens sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)

As formigas cortadeiras atacam diversas culturas agrícolas, pastagens e os reflorestamentos, atuando sobre muitas espécies vegetais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a patogenicidade dos fungos Beauveria bassiana (isolados AM 9 e JAB 06), Metarhizium anisopliae (isolados E 9 e AL) e Paecilomyces farinosus (isolados CG 189 e CG 195) a soldados de Atta sexdens sexdens, em condições de laboratório. Após a coleta em formigueiro isento de produtos fitossanitários, exemplares de soldados foram cuidadosamente separados em grupos de oito indivíduos e, a seguir, banhados em suspensões contendo 1,0 x 10(6), 1,0 x 10(7), 1,0 x 10(8) e 1,0 x 10(9) conídios/mL de cada isolado. em seguida, cada grupo de formigas foi transferido para unidades de câmara úmida e mantido, sem alimentação, a 27 ± 1 ºC. A mortalidade foi verificada diariamente. Os três fungos se mostraram eficientes patógenos, pois provocaram alta mortalidade, matando mais que 80% dos soldados nos quatro primeiros dias após a inoculação. Os melhores isolados foram JAB 06 e AL, na concentração de 1,0 x 10(9) con./mL. Os isolados JAB 06, AL, CG 195 apresentaram maior capacidade de esporular nos cadáveres das formigas e os tempos letais decresceram com o aumento da concentração de conídios usada.

Ciclo biológico e predação de três espécies de coccinelídeos (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) sobre o pulgão-gigante-do-pinus Cinara atlantica (Wilson) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Patogenicidade de Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) ao Cupim de Montículo Cornitermes cumulans (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Cornitermes cumulans is a termite species often found in pastures of Brazil, mainly in the most degraded ones. Chemical control has been the most recommended method against this insect pest, but control measures are usually avoided by farmers. Biocontrol of termites with entomopathogenic fungi and possibly with entomopathogenic nematodes have been considered promising techniques, being recommended for use in several countries. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae (an unidentified isolate) against C cumulans castes (workers and soldiers). Three experiments were done, one using Petri dishes, with daily evaluations, and two others in artificial colonies (with workers and soldiers). For one of the experiments in artificial colonies, nematode suspensions (167 and 333 infective juveniles (IJ) per insect) were applied over the food supplied to the termites. For the other experiment, nematode suspensions (133, 267 and 533 IJ per insect) were applied directly over the artificial termite colonies. In these two experiments evaluations were done 1, 5 and 9 days after nematode application. Each dead insect was dissected for nematode verification. S. carpocapsae was highly pathogenic to both castes of C cumulans in all experiments.

Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing pupae of Citioica anthonilis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) collected on Piptadenia gonoacantha (Fabaceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a new parasitoidof Melanolophia consimilaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

First report on the parasitoid Trichospilus diatraeae of the genus in Eulophidae found in the field parasitizing pupae of the eucalyptus defoliating looper Melanolophia consimilaria. This opens new perspectives for the use of this parasitoid in biological control programs against caterpillars of forestry importance.

Occurrence of Delphastus davidsoni (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predating Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse conditions in Brazil.

In March of 2009 larvae and adults from ladybug Delphastus davidsoni Gordon (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were observed predating eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in cabbage plants on rearing of this whitefly. This is the first report of D. davidsoni predating B. tabaci biotype B on cabbage plants, limiting the rearing and showing high potential on biological control of this aleyrodid for conditions of protected cultivation.

Desenvolvimento e capacidade de consumo de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) alimentada com ninfas de mosca-branca criadas em hortaliças

Many arthropods are mentioned with whitefly natural enemies, including the green lacewings. The aim of this study is to analyses the development and the capacity of predation of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) fed with Bemisia tabaci B biotype nymphs, rearing different vegetables (kale, broccoli, eggplant end tomato). The duration, viability end weight in each stage end phase of development of the insect-predator had been evaluated, as well as the predatory capacity of the larvae in the third instar. The larval phase of the predator presented minor duration when these had been fed with nymphs developed the broccoli (12.36 days) and minor duration of the tomato (14.36 days) phase when fed with nymphs developed in kale, broccoli, and eggplant (6.50, 7.20, 7.33 days, respectively). The lower indices of viability been found for the larvae fed with nymphs developed in the tomato (30%), and average weights have. The predatory capacity of the larvae during the third instar was not affected, independently on the plant host where the whitefly nymph fed itself.

Evaluation of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as parasitoid of the eucalyptus defoliator Eupseudosoma aberrans Schaus, 1905 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Controle do cupim de montículo (Isoptera: Termitidae) de pastagem com fungos entomopatogênicos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of mound-building termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) by entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana). We developed two experiments, with two copies of application in three sizes of nests. The first was installed in the Salto Macauba farm and second in the Laboratory of Plant Protection at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul. The first experiment consisted of five repetitions, each nest an experimental unit, with treatments in a factorial 2 (fungi) x 2 (tests) x 2 (type of spraying) + 1 control, distributed completely at random in the area. The treatments were: 1) control - no implementation, 2) Metarril M103 (M. anisopliae) - 10 g/mound-dusting, 3) Metarril M103 - 10 g/mound - via net, 4) Metarril M103 - 15 g/mound-dusting, 5) Metarril M103 - 15 g/mound - via net, 6) Boveril B102 (B. bassiana) - 10 g/mound - dusting, 7) Boveril B102 - 10 g/mound - via net, 8) Boveril B102 - 15 g/mound-dusting and 9) Boveril B102 - 15 g/mound-via net. The testing of mortality were made spraying of the laboratory with the field measurements performed in compliance with the same separation of the nests. The results suggested that the road dust (dosage of 10 g) of the fungi studied showed higher mortality of nests of small size (53%). B. bassiana (Boveril) (10 g) gave 80% mortality of C. cumulans when applied to nests of small size.

Avaliação da esporulação de Bionectria ochroleuca em diferentes meios de culturas

The biological control of the plants diseases, caused by fungi, is carried out using others organisms (predator, parasite or pathogen). Among the possible agents of biocontrol, a fungus has been highlighting as promising and it is known as Clonostachys rosea, asexual form of Bionectria ochroleuca. For that, it is necessary the in vitro production of spores of this fungus. In this study were tested several culture media to select those with better conidia production. The study was conducted at Plant Protection Division, in the Plant Production Department, FCA - UNESP, Botucatu campus, São Paulo state, Brazil. We used the isolated CCR64 (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)-CNPMA). The means of crops were: BDA; Oats-Agar; Mazeina-Agar; Rice-Agar; V8-5%; V8-10%; V8-20%; TJ-5 %; TJ-10, TJ-20%. The sporulation of the fungus in different culture media was estimated at 8 days after of the incubation. The data were analyzed using method of comparing averages, using the Tukey test, at 5% probability, and the data processed, using (X + 1) 0.5 transformation. All culture media tested were able to produce conidia. It was found that the best culture media for production of conidia of Bionectria ochroleuca is the TJ-5%, followed by TJ-20%, with an sporulation average of 3,5 x 106 conidia / ml.

Diferentes densidades de Trichospilus diatreae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) e seu desenvolvimiento sobre pupas de Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepdoptera: Geometridae)

The control of defoliating caterpillars in eucalyptus forests via the application of chemical and biological insecticides is a complex issue, mainly due to the large size of plantations and the height of trees. Because of this complexity, alternate control methods have been proposed, such as biological control. Several factors should be taken into consideration for biological control programs to be successful, including density of natural enemies released. In this experiment we used 48-hour-old Thyrinteina arnobia pupae exposed to parasitism by 48-hour-old Trichospilus diatraeae females at the following parasitoid/host ratios, respectively: 1:1, 7:1, 14:1, 21:1, 28:1, and 35:1, with 15 replicates per treatment. Density was an important factor for T. diatraeae development, since parasitism rates of 33.3% were found at a density of 1 female per pupa, while no significant differences were found among parasitism rates for densities of 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 females/pupa, with parasitism rates above 70 %. As to emergence, densities of 1:1 and 35:1 did not differ statistically, with low emergence rates. The 7:1 density had an intermediate performance, while densities of 14:1, 21:1, and 28:1 were the most effective, with emergence rates above 90%. With regard to the number of emerged parasitoids there was a positive intraspecific interference up to the 28:1 density. There was an increase in development period from egg-adult as the density of females per pupa increased.