Estudo sobre os fatores que explicam e influenciam a taxa de natalidadade no Brasil

O movimento de controle de natalidade mundial já ocorreu em diversos países desde os séculos passados, principalmente naqueles considerados do primeiro mundo. Os dados obtidos no Brasil demonstram a redução sensível dessa taxa de natalidade, porém de maneira distinta comparada aos dos países tidos como desenvolvidos. Dessa forma, estudou-se a taxa de natalidade brasileira e suas variações ao longo dos anos, no período de 1940 a 2000, tendo em vista as mudanças de fatores no âmbito econômico, social, político e cultural. Esse estudo se fundamentou numa base bibliográfica em que as atividades desenvolvidas foram pautadas na metodologia científica. Os dados de crescimento populacional foram analisados à luz das Teorias Demográficas Malthusiana, Neomalthusiana e Reformistas ou Marxistas, fazendo um comparativo com a Teoria da Transição Demográfica de Thompson. Além disso, o estudo fez uso da pesquisa quantitativa para compreender o seu objeto de interesse, pois os dados e as evidências coletados foram quantificados, organizados, tabulados e preparados para serem submetidos a análises estatísticas e econométricas. Para o estudo foram utilizados dados obtidos no IPEADATA, nos anos de 1991 e 2000, explicados por meio de uma regressão, tendo como variáveis independentes o analfabetismo, o número de domicílios com televisão e energia elétrica, a esperança de vida ao nascer, a freqüência escolar, o número de médicos por habitante, a mortalidade infantil, o número de homicídios por município, a participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho, a população rural, o percentual de pobreza, a renda per capita e a renda de transferências governamentais. Assim, foi possível elaborar um modelo de regressão com dados em painel que mediu a influência dessas variáveis sobre a taxa de fecundidade brasileira. Os resultados indicaram o impacto dessas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Síndrome do comportamento em roedores muroides da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande e suas possíveis implicações: resposta à fragmentação, dinâmica sucessional e taxa metabólica basal

Embora a fragmentação da paisagem seja apontada como uma das principais alterações antrópicas ao meio ambiente, sabe-se que nem todas as espécies são afetadas da mesma forma por este processo. Resultados obtidos na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande (RFMG) encontraram ainda relação entre a vulnerabilidade diferenciada à fragmentação e a dinâmica sucessional em roedores. Estudos recentes sugerem que estas respostas diferenciais poderiam estar associadas a perfis metabólico/comportamentais, com consequências para a capacidade de exploração do habitat e utilização de recursos. Neste trabalho investigamos aspectos comportamentais e do metabolismo energético de três espécies de roedores da RFMG, já classificados como sensíveis (Euryoryzomys russatus) e tolerantes à fragmentação (Akodon montensis e Oligoryzomys nigripes), a fim de testar se estes fatores explicariam em parte suas diferentes vulnerabilidades. Analisou-se ainda a relação existente entre o metabolismo energético (expresso pela taxa metabólica basal, TMB) e o comportamento em nível de indivíduos. Por meio de testes comportamentais verificamos que não há diferença significativa entre os níveis exploratórios de espécies tolerantes e sensíveis à fragmentação. Por outro lado, a tendência de diferenciação na TMB entre as espécies foi bastante clara, com Euryoryzomys apresentando o mais alto metabolismo basal. As características de baixo metabolismo basal e plasticidade metabólica encontradas em Akodon e Oligoryzomys podem, de fato, estar contribuindo para o sucesso dessas espécies em áreas fragmentadas e alteradas. Foi encontrada ainda relação negativa entre a TMB e comportamentos custosos para duas das espécies, demonstrando predomínio do Modelo da Partilha, aparentemente adaptativo em ambientes imprevisíveis e com baixa produtividade, já que caracteriza animais com baixa demanda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Método Pilates: equilíbrio perfeito entre corpo e mente?

Taking as base the Brazilian Physical Education History, it’s possible to observe how much the recognizable corporal activity as smooth and alternative, giving origin to non traditional ways to move the body that receives the name of “alternative corporal practices” has increased lately. Therefore this research was done with objective to raise interest and stimulate physical educational professional and general interested people knowledge to the work of a corporal approach called “Pilates Method”. Based on a bibliographic research in sites, articles, and books about Pilates method, alternative corporal practices and physical education history, we tried to gather, in one material, important information about Pilates method. To organize the material here shown, we guided ourselves on the collection of UNESP´s library and on Pilates methods training courses about which were made references in the body text and were mentioned the bibliographic reference for further profound study of interested people. We hope that Physical Educational professionals and further interested people find in this conclusion course work that intends to contribute to the method divulgation assistance for higher and deeper knowledge concerning to the origin, principles and possibilities of practical appliance pedagogy of Pilates Methods.

Influência do alongamento prévio no pico de torque e na taxa de força em exercício de contração isométrica

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of previous active static stretch on the isometric peak torque (PT) and rate of force development (RFD) measured from different time intervals from the beginning of muscle contraction. Participated of this study 15 male individuals, apparently healthy, with ages between 18 and 25 years, without regular physical activity practice. The individuals were submitted in different days to the following tests: 1) Familiarization session to the isokinetic dynamometer; 2) Two maximal isometric concentric contractions for knee extensors in isokinetic dynamometer to determine PT and RFD (Control), and; 3) Two active static stretching exercises for the dominant leg extensors (10 x 30 s for each exercise, with 20 s of rest). After the stretching, the isokinetic test was repeated (Post-Stretching). The conditions 2 and 3 were performed in random order. The RFD was considered as the mean slope of the moment-time curve at time intervals of 0-30, 0-50 and 0-100ms relative to the beginning of muscle contraction. It was verified significant reduction for both maximal RFD and PT after the stretching (p < 0.05). At intervals of 0- 30ms, 0-50ms and 0-100ms, the RFD at the conditions with stretching was similar to the RFD without stretching (p > 0.05). At intervals of 0-150ms and 0-200ms, the RFD obtained at the contraction without stretching was significantly higher that that obtained at the contraction with stretching (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the static stretching, performed with duration of 600 s diminish isometric PT, maximal RFD and RFD measured at late phase (> 100 ms) of muscle contraction.

Efeitos do treinamento isocinético e isométrico sobre a taxa de desenvolvimento de força máxima

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of a high speed isokinetic training (180°.s-1) and an isometric training (75°) on the maximum rate of force development (RFDmax) measured in the isokinetic and isometric modes. Twenty seven male non active subjects participated of this study (Mean + SD = body mass 78.6 + 14.1 kg; stature 175.1 + 8.9 cm; age 22.6 + 3.8 years). They were randomly divided into three groups: Control (GC); Isokinetic training (GISOC) and; Isometric training (GISOM). The subjects were submitted in different days to the following pre training protocols: 1) Familiarization to the isokinetic dynamometer tests; 2) Five maximum concentric isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors (180°.s-1) to access the maximum concentric torque (TMC) and the concentric RFDmax; 3) Two maximum isometric contractions of the knee extensors (75°) to access the maximum isometric torque (TMI) and the isometric RFDmax. The same tests were repeated after the training period, but without the familiarization session. Eighteen training sessions were performed (3 times per week). The GISOC performed the entire training whit concentric isokinetic contractions whit the speed of 180°.s-1. The GISOM performed the entire training whit isometric contractions whit the angle between the thigh end the leg being 75° (0° = full knee extension). TMI, TMC, concentric RFDmax, isometric RFDmax values of the GC was not different between pre and post training. GISOM increased only the TMI and the GSIOC increased the TMC, concentric RFDmax and isometric RFDmax. Furthermore, the GISOC had a higher percentage increase of the isometric RFDmax than the isokinetic RFDmax. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the increase in maximum strength corresponded to the training specificity theory, unlike to the RFDmax. Thus the use of isometric contraction ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Análise de algoritmos computacionais utilizados em sistemas de planejamento de braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose: estudo comparativo com o Código MCNP-5C

In radiotherapy, computational systems are used for radiation dose determination in the treatment’s volume and radiometric parameters quality analysis of equipment and field irradiated. Due to the increasing technological advancement, several research has been performed in brachytherapy for different computational algorithms development which may be incorporated to treatment planning systems, providing greater accuracy and confidence in the dose calculation. Informatics and information technology fields undergo constant updating and refinement, allowing the use Monte Carlo Method to simulate brachytherapy source dose distribution. The methodology formalization employed to dosimetric analysis is based mainly in the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) studies, by Task Group nº 43 (TG-43) and protocols aimed at dosimetry of these radiation sources types. This work aims to analyze the feasibility of using the MCNP-5C (Monte Carlo N-Particle) code to obtain radiometric parameters of brachytherapy sources and so to study the radiation dose variation in the treatment planning. Simulations were performed for the radiation dose variation in the source plan and determined the dosimetric parameters required by TG-43 formalism for the characterization of the two high dose rate iridium-192 sources. The calculated values were compared with the presents in the literature, which were obtained with different Monte Carlo simulations codes. The results showed excellent consistency with the compared codes, enhancing MCNP-5C code the capacity and viability in the sources dosimetry employed in HDR brachytherapy. The method employed may suggest a possible incorporation of this code in the treatment planning systems provided by manufactures together with the equipment, since besides reducing acquisition cost, it can also make the used computational routines more comprehensive, facilitating the brachytherapy ...

Equações de taxa aplicadas na modelagem de dispositivos fotodetectores baseados em poços quânticos

In this work, it is presented a novel method for calculating some intrinsic parameters such as capture mean time, thermic emission mean time, capture probability and noise gain on quantum well infrared photodetectors. Such devices are built by depositing layers of semiconductors of different energy gap, forming quantum wells. The present method uses rate equations to describe the occupation of discrete states of the quantum wells, that together with noise gain equations given in literature, are solved self consistently. The input data of the method is experimental measurement of dark current (current measured with no relevant incident photon) versus applied bias. In order to validate this approach, the values obtained were compared with results from literature

Equilíbrio, funções executivas e quedas de idosos com demência de Alzheimer: um estudo longitudinal

Falls among older people is a major clinical problem due to its high incidence, with consequent implications for the health and care costs. Elderly patients with dementia of Alzheimer type (AD) are more susceptible to falls due to the impairment of executive functions and gait, with the risk of falls 3 times higher than non-demented elderly. This study used a longitudinal design and aimed to analyze the effects of a regular and systematized physical activity program on the frequency of falls in patients with AD. Additionally, we aimed to correlate the frequency of falls with the executive functions and equilibrium, after and before the physical activity program. The study included 21 patients with clinical diagnosis of AD, divided into two groups: control group (CG), composed of 11 subjects not engaged in any systematized physical activity and training group (TG): 10 seniors who participated in the Cinesioterapia Functional and Cognitive in Elderly with Alzheimer's disease program (PRO-CDA). The physical activity program lasted four months, with weekly frequency of three times, with each session lasting 60 minutes. Were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess cognitive functioning and global score of the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) to classify the severity of dementia. For the evaluation of executive functions were used the Clock Drawing Test (TDR) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). In addition, we used the Functional Balance Scale, Berg test (EEFB) and Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) to assess the equilibrium and risk of falls. Falls were recorded by means of a questionnaire, which included the number of falls in the last four months. Analyzing the results, it was observed that TG obtained significant improvements in equilibrium and in executive functions, highlighting the beneficial effects of physical activity in these variables... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Um Modelo Espacial para a Resposta Imunológica Adaptativa da Hepatite B

This paper proposed a two-dimensional spatial model to describe the adaptive immune response for viral hepatitis B. This model considered six populations: healthy hepatocytes T, infected hepatocytes Y , hepatitis B virus V , innate immune system I, active immune system X and memory cells, X. First, a compartmental model was constructed and its equilibrium solutions and also the threshold values related to the stability of each solution were obtained. Using this model, we was able to reproduce the different trends observed for the disease, which are: individuals that eliminate the infection without forming immune response, patients with acute and chronic carriers. By including dispersion of defense cells of the immune system and virus (spatial model), we analyze two situations: homogeneous model, in which the model parameters are the same at all points of the network, and heterogeneous model, which characterizes cells more permeable and less permeable to virus invasion. For the two spatial models (homogeneous and heterogeneous) the times relatead to the viral erradication and/or virus invasion and persistence becoming smaller in relation to the compartmental model. The results also showed that for the set of values used in the simulations and if the two diffusion rates are different from zero, the model is sensitive to variations in the rate of viral spread and not dependent on the dispersion of memory cells. Finally, the heterogeneous model when compared to the homogeneous model shows that the infection can be spatially limited depending on the type of the cell involved in the infection process

Treinamento de força unilateral: efeitos sobre a taxa de desenvolvimento de força do membro contralateral

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of unilateral isokinetic strength training at high speed (180°.s-1) of the dominant leg on the rate of force development (RFD) of the contralateral limb. The study included 18 male individuals, apparently healthy, with an average of 23 years, and without regular practice of physical activities. The subjects were divided randomly into two groups: control group (GC) and isokinetic group (GISOC). Assessments were made of the values of peak isometric torque (PT isom) and RFD of both lower limbs in the pre-training. So, the GISOC underwent an isokinetic strength training with high speed (180°.s-1) for 6 weeks, with the dominant leg only and then reassessed. It was found that there was no significant improvement in value of PT isom (p> 0.05), and the RFD for the dominant limb had a significant improvement (p< 0.05) compared to the pre-training and that there was no transfer of values to the contralateral side (p> 0.05). It can be concluded that the isokinetic training at high speed was not enough for significant cross education

Confecção e caracterização de filmes finos de boro para a medida da taxa de reação 10B(N, a)7LI na terapia por captura de nêutrons pelo boro

The Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), based on the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction, represents a promising modality for the treatment of cancers that are resistents to conventional treatments. So, it is necessary to find drugs (boron compounds) with high selectivity for each type of cancer, the neutrons source should be well characterized and the rate of 10B(n,α)7Li reaction should be measured with great accuracy as possible. This study aimed to develop a method for manufacturing thin films of boron, for measure the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction, and analyze the uniformity of the films. Five thin films of boron were manufactured with three different concentrations of boric acid, heated to transform the acid in boron, irradiated with thermic neutrons coupled to CR-39 detectors, in BNCT line at the reactor IEA-R1 IPEN/CNEN, São Paulo. After the irradiation, the detectors were chemically attacked with NaOH to reveal the tracks. The methodology presented is effective because it resulted in deposition of boron as thin film enabling the quantitative analysis of 10B(n,α)7Li reaction. The analysis of the uniformity of density of the induced tracks in CR-39 shows that, in most of the films, there is no uniformity in surface distribution of boron, but when the film is divided, we obtain some uniform sectors

Influência da atividade física sobre o risco de quedas e o equilíbrio em pacientes com doença de Parkinson

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa que afeta principalmente o controle motor com reflexos negativos no desempenho funcional de seus pacientes. Alterações no equilíbrio podem levar à diminuição da independência e funcionalidade. Alguns estudos evidenciam os benefícios do exercício físico, como alternativa nãofarmacológica para esses pacientes. Objetivo: O presente trabalho analisou e comparou os efeitos de dois programas de atividade física sobre o risco de quedas e o equilíbrio funcional em pacientes com doença de Parkinson. O presente estudo também teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre as variáveis clínicas e comportamentais. Método: Participaram do estudo 30 pacientes com DP idiopática entre os estágios I a III na escala de estagiamento clínico de Hoehn & Yahr, sendo distribuídos em três grupos: grupo de treinamento com pesos (GTP), atividade física generalizada (GAFG) e o grupo controle (GC). O período de intervenção para o GTP e o GAFG foi de quatro meses. As avaliações foram realizadas com os participantes na fase “on” da medicação. Para avaliar o equilíbrio dinâmico juntamente com o risco de quedas foi utilizado o teste Timed Up and Go (TUG) e, para analisar o risco de quedas foi utilizada a Escala de Equilíbrio Funcional de Berg (EEFB). As avaliações clínicas foram realizadas por meio da Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (sub-escalas funcional e motora), escala de nível de gravidade da doença de Hohen & Yahr e Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparação das variáveis analisadas entre os três grupos separadamente por momento do treinamento. Resultados: Apenas em relação à EEFB foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos, com pior desempenho para o grupo controle (GC). Conclusão: Foi possível observar que: os pacientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Correlação entre aneuploidia cromossômica em espermatozóides e taxa de implantação embrionária: subtitulo

Infertility is directly related to chromosomal abnormalities in germ cells. Among them, the aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities and responsible for embryo implantation failures, miscarriages, fetal losses and newborns with congenital malformations, mental disability and neuropsychomotor developmental delay. Male patients with normal somatic karyotype may present different rates of aneuploidies in sperm, resulting in abnormal embryos. This study aimed to correlate the frequency of chromosomal aneuploidies in spermatozoa with embryo implantation rate in couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. The methodology has included chromosomal analysis by GTG banding and molecular cytogenetic study using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization technique for evaluation of chromosomes 9, X and Y in germ cells of 22 patients referred to the Human Reproduction Service of the Clinical Hospital FMRP-USP. Embryo implantation rates were determined by hormonal evaluation in maternal peripheral blood and ultrasound confirmation. Two patients presented abnormal karyotype, characterized by polymorphism of the heterochromatic region of the long arm of chromosome 9 and a satellite in the short arm of chromosome 22. Both alterations, usually considered variants of normality, have been related to infertility phenotype and miscarriages. Significant differences were detected between couples who presented pregnancy (group 1) and couples with embryo implantation failure (group 2), with higher frequency of aneusomy and diploidy of chromosome 9, as well as total aneuploidy in sperm of group 2 patients. Our results suggest a correlation between aneuploidy and embryo implantation rates, since the infertile group with reproductive failure has showed higher frequency of aneuploidy. Screening for aneuploidies detection in male germ cells should be included in order to decrease embryo implantation failures, miscarriages and fetuses with chromosomal ...

Avaliação da influência da taxa de resfriamento posterior ao tratamento térmico nas propriedades mecânicas do aço API 5L X70

In this work a study about the mechanical properties of the API 5L X70 steel, with or without heat treating, has been made, with the intetion of assess the influence of cooling after the austenitization heat treating by air cooling (normalizing) and a rapid cooling with oil (tempering). This steel is known by high strength and ductility values and it is commonly used in the manufacture of oil pipes. The growing energy demand encouraged the study and manufacture of this material. Although this microalloyed dispense subsequent heat treatings, it was proven that its implementation is very advantageous for this type of application, improving hardness and plastic stability. It was also assessed that the faster the cooling rate is, the better will be these properties

Efeitos do exercício aeróbio prévio sobre a taxa de desenvolvimento de força em indivíduos ativos

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