EXPERIMENTAL PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS OF HAMSTER INOCULATED IN THE CHEEK POUCH

We compared the granuloma morphology and immune response of hamsters inoculated with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) into the cheek pouch, which lacks lymphatic drainage, and into the footpad, which is rich in lymphatics. Our objective was to better understand the modulation of Pb granuloma in an immunocompetent animal inoculated in an immunologically privileged site. The humoral immune response (ELISA) and cell mediated immunity (footpad test) became positive on days 7 and 14, respectively in animals inoculated into footpad and on days 35 and 60 in animals inoculated into the pouch. Typical epithelioid granulomas were observed at both sites on day 14. The number of fungi gradually decreased from the beginning of the experiment in footpad lesions, but only after day 35 in pouch granulomas, when cell mediated immunity was detectable. The results indicate that typical epithelioid paracoccidioidomycotic granulomas may develop in the absence of a detectable immune response; however, they are incapable of controlling fungal reproduction. Lack of lymphatic drainage delays the appearance of a detectable immune response, but with time fungi escape from the pouch, elicit an immune response and reach other organs. Our results further indicate the importance of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis.

Comportamento de diferentes maracujazeiros em relação ao nematóide formador de galhas

Estudou-se o comportamento de diferentes espécies de maracujazeiro Passiflora spp disponíveis em nosso meio, quando inoculadas com o nematóide formador de galhas Meloidogyne incognita. As avaliações foram feitas 80 dias após a inoculação do parasito, com base nos números de galhas e de ootecas observados nos sistemas radiculares das plantas. Verificou-se que Passiflora alata, P. giberti, P. maliformis e P. serrato digitata mostraram elevada suscetibilidade, enquanto que P. caerulea, P. edulis e P. edulis f. flavicarpa foram bastante resistentes.

Efeito da lavagem artificial na eficiência de acaricidas-ovicidas no controle de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) em citros

The objective of this research was to test the control of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) by the hexythiazox and quinometionato products in citrus crop with and without adhesive spread and when submitted to artificial rain. The plants were sprayed at 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours. When dried, the fruits were collected (eight/plants) and half of them were washed in laboratory with artificial rainfall on the basis of 30 mm/h during 15 minutes establishing the following treatments: T1 - hexythiazox + washing; T2 - hexythiazox + agral + washing; T3 - quinometionato + washing; T4 - quinometionato + agral + washing; T5 - control + agral + washing; T6 - hexythiazox; T7 - hexythiazox + agral; T8 - quinometionato; T9 - quinometionato + agral; T10 - control + agral. Thus, all the fruits were inoculated with ten females of B. phoenicis and five days later the mites alive were counted and eliminated. Approximately 15 days later the number of larvae alive were also counted. The results obtained allowed the following conclusions: a) the acaricides were efficient to control B. phoenicis; b) the rainfall (washing) did not alter the efficiency; c) the agral did not change the results.

Gas exchange in lisianthus plants (Eustoma grandiflorum) submitted to different doses of nitrogen

The effect of different doses of nitrogen (N) on gas exchange, relative chlorophyll (Chl) amount, and the content of N in the aerial biomass of lisianthus was evaluated. The treatments consisted of six different concentrations of N (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 g m(-3) noted as N-50, N-100, N-150, N-200, N-250, and N-300, respectively), applied through the fertirrigation technique. N-250 and N-300 induced increase in the contents of foliar Chl and N in the aerial biomass, that in turn contributed to an increase of photosynthetic activity in lisianthus.

Geographic range, habitats, and host plants of bromeliad-living jumping spiders (Salticidae)

Although spiders are a very diverse group on vegetation, their associations with plants are poorly known. Some salticid species specifically use Bromeliaceae as host plants in some regions of South America. In this study, I report the geographic range of these spider-bromeliad associations, and whether the spiders inhabit particular bromeliad species and vegetation types, as well as open areas or interior of forests. Nine salticid species were found to be associated with up to 23 bromeliad species in cerrados (savanna-like vegetation), semideciduous and seasonal forests, coastal sand dune vegetation, restingas, inselbergs, highland forests, chacos, and rain forests at 47 localities in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. Some species were typically specialists, inhabiting almost exclusively one bromeliad species over a large geographic range (e.g., Psecas chapoda on Bromelia balansae), whereas others were generalists, occurring on up to 7-8 bromeliad species (e.g., Psecas sp., Eustiromastix nativo, and Coryphasia sp. 1). The regional availability of bromeliad species among habitats may explain this pattern of host plant use. More jumping spiders were found on bromeliads in open areas than on bromeliads in the interior of forests. These results show that several jumping spider species may be strictly associated with the Bromeliaceae in the Neotropics. This is one of the few studies to show host-specific associations for spiders on a particular plant type over a wide geographic range.

Associations of spiders of the genus Peucetia (Oxyopidae) with plants bearing glandular hairs

Two common South American species of lynx spiders, Peucetia rubrolineata and P. flava (Oxyopidae), were surveyed on three localities in southeastern Brazil to determine plant choice. Both species were found to be associated with plants bearing glandular trichomes. A literature review and complementary data show that ten Peucetia species are associated with up to 55 plant species bearing glandular trichomes in at least 20 distinct vegetation types (phytophysiognomies) in more than 36 localities in the Neotropical, Neartic, Afrotropical, and Paleartic regions. The main plant families used by the spiders were Solanaceae, Asteraceae, and Melastomataceae. The specialization of the Peucetia species for plants bearing glandular trichomes may have evolved because insects adhered to these sticky structures may be used as prey by the spiders.

HERBIVORY AND ASSEMBLAGE STRUCTURE OF MYRMECOPHYTOUS UNDERSTORY PLANTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED ANTS IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

The species combinations of myrmecophytic plants were compared in three different, neighboring local central Amazon forest sites. The proportional contribution of myrmecophytes in each setting varied significantly, with Maieta guainensis being the most abundant in each locality. This pattern resulted in low site similarity values. Other recorded species were Hirtella physophora, Tachigalia myrmecophila, Duroia sp., Tococa sp., and Cordia nodosa. Little variability was found with respect to associated ants that inhabited the myrmecophytes, and mutual entropies indicated a high degree of mutualistic interactions. However, for the majority of myrmecophytes, no differences in herbivore damage levels could be attributed to the presence of ants, with only M. guianensis and T. myrmecophila demonstrating significantly lower damages when inhabited by ants. Their respective ant associates, Pheidole minitula and Pseudomyrmex concolor, were thus the only plant-ants with a demonstrable ability to reduce the levels of herbivory in their host plant.

Relax and fix heuristics to solve one-stage one-machine lot-scheduling models for small-scale soft drink plants

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)