The influence of sardine consumption on the omega-3 fatty acid content of mature human milk

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate what effect the ingestion of sardines, rich in omega-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids, has on the composition of breastmilk. Methods: This was a prospective study of 31 nursing mothers under observation at the Hospital Guilherme ��lvaro. Each was given 2 kg of fresh sardines twice with a 15-day interval. Milk was sampled and a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was applied on days 0, 15 and 30. Milk was assayed for fatty acid content by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using nonparametric tests with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The results demonstrate that the nutritional intake of the nursing mothers was adequate at all three sample points. With regard to the omega-3 series fatty acid content of the breastmilk, it was observed that regular consumption and shorter intervals between ingestion and milk collection resulted in higher concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid at 15 and 30 days into the study. Fatty acids from the omega-3 and omega-6 series exhibited a significant correlation, r 2 was 0.58 and 0.59 at 15 and 30 days, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that incorporating fish into the diets of nursing mother during lactation, in the form of 100 g of sardines two or three times a week, contributes to an increase in omega-3 series fatty acids. Copyright �� 2006 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.

Relaci��n entre el recuento de c��lulas som��ticas y la producci��n de leche de b��falas en el estado de S��o Paulo, Brasil

Mastitis is an inflammatory process in the udder that can affect the quality and quantity of milk produced causing economic losses and risks for health. Considering the somatic cell count (SCCs) as indicator of udder health and the milk yield (MY) of buffaloes from S��o Paulo State, this study aimed to quantify the related losses in milk due to somatic cells count (SCC). 9404 sources of information from 2198 lactations that occurred between 1997 and 2004 were analysed. There was no relation between MY and the SCCs in the buffaloes at first parity. For the second parity in the months 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 of lactation, there was a negative and significant relationship between SCCs and MY. For parities of three or more there was a significant and negative regression coefficient during every month of lactation betrween MY and SCC. The average losses varied from 0,18 to 2,2 milk liters per unit of SCCs. The results indicated large losses observed in the miltiparous buffaloes and that this category needs received special attention in terms of udder health. The effect of farm, parity and year, must be considered comparison between animals.

Mastite subcl��nica causada por Staphylococcus aureus: Custo-benef��cio da antibioticoterapia de vacas em lacta����o

Economic evaluation of the treatment bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with or without subclinical mastitis were distributed into four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and treatments. Group 1 included animals treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 2 included animals treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying; group 3 included animals no treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 4 included animals no treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying. Treatment with gentamicin (150mg) was accomplished by intramammary doses, once a day, after performing sensitivity tests. The mammary quarters were re-evaluated after 30 days. The costs with the treatment were calculated considering a S. aureus prevalence of 5% as well as expenses with antibiotic, milk disposal, tests of drug sensitivity and workload. There was loss of income of 2% and 14% in the groups 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the values before the treatment. In such case, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus in the lactation was economically unviable.

Subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococcus aureus: Analysis cost benefit of antibiotic therapy in lactating cows

The cost benefit analysis of treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with subclinical mastitis and healthy were selected in four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and with the treatment or not. Group 1 included treated animals 10 to 60 days in milk; group 2 included treated animals 61 days in milk until two months before the end of lactation; group 3 included animals not treated 10 to 60 days in milk; group 4 included animals not treated from 61 days in milk until two months before the end of lactation. Treatment with gentamicin (150 mg) was accomplished by intramammary doses, once a day, after sensitivity tests. The mammary quarters were evaluated after 30 days again. The costs with the treatment were calculated considering a S. aureus prevalence of 5%, expenses with antibiotic, loss in milk, tests of sensitivity and workload. There was loss of income of 2% and 14% in the groups 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the incomes before treatment. In such case, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis by S. aureus in the lactation was economically not practicable.

Modelaci��n para ajuste de la curva de lactaci��n usando funci��n lineal, no lineal y polinomios segmentados en ganados con alto grado de sangre Brown Swiss

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso de polin��mios segmentados para o estudo da curva de lacta����o de b��falos da ra��a Murrah e seus mesti��os em sistema de cria����o semi-intensivo, no estado de S��o Paulo

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Profitability measures of dairy cows

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Uso de modelos lineales y no lineales para el estudio de la curva de lactancia en b��falos Murrah y sus cruces en sistemas de cr��a extensiva en el estado de S��o Paulo

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Evaluaci��n gen��tica de b��falos de la raza Murrah para la producci��n de leche en el d��a de control y a los 305 d��as de lactancia

There were analyzed 4757 complete lactations of the Murrah breed, daughters of 187 bulls, with the goal of verifying the viability upon employing the test-day (PDLC), on substitution of the milk yield at 305th day of lactation (PL305), in the genetic evaluations. The components of variance for the PDLC1 to PDLC9 and for the PL305 were estimated in uni-traits analysis according to maximum restricted likelihood method. The used model included the genetic direct additive random effects, of residual and permanent environment. There were considered as fixed effects, the contemporary group and the number of milkings and the age of the cow at the moment of parity co-variable (quadratic and linear effect). The contemporary groups were constituted by the herd-year-month of control for the PDLC and by herd-year-epoch of parity for PL305. The estimates of heritability for the PDLC and PL305 were 0.12 to 0.23 and 0.22, respectively. The correlations of order of the predicted genetic values for the 187 bulls, obtained between the PDLC and the PL305, were from moderate to high, varying from 67.74 to 83.12. From the minimum selection of the 10% of the best bulls relating to the predicted genetic value for the PL305, the coincidence among the classification of these animals was over 68%, when evaluated by the PDLC3,PDLC4,PDLC5 and PDLC6. Upon selecting the 5% of the best animals that coincidence presented a lower value.

Estimaci��n de par��metros gen��ticos para la producci��n de leche en el d��a del control empleando un modelo de regresi��n aleatoria para primeras lactancias en b��falos de la costa norte de Colombia

A total of 5575 monthly test-day yield records from 796 lactations buffaloes first in the north coast of Colombia. The model included random direct additive genetic and permanent environment effects. As fixed effects were included, contemporary groups, and age of cow at calving as covaraible, linear and quadratic effects. Test-day (PLDC) yield was 3.89 �� 1.14 kg. The PLDC ranged from 2.86 kg to 4.26 kg while the highest values towards the middle of lactation. The heritability estimates obtained for PLDC ranged from 0.23 to 0.47. Genetic correlations between PLDC, declining steadily increased the distance between PLDC. Phenotypic variances were higher in the initial PLDC and decreasing towards the end of lactation. The results found in this study indicate that there is a high genetic variability for the PLDC in the population studied using a random regression model.

Respostas produtivas e comportamentais durante a ordenha de vacas Holandesas em in��cio de lacta����o

Aiming to compare milk yield, residual milk and behavioral responses of Holstein cows during milking, fourteen experimental cows were mechanically milked twice a day, and evaluated during the first six weeks of lactation. Milk yield was measured daily, and residual milk volume weekly. Body (ribs region), udder and teat temperatures and respiratory frequency were measured twice a week. Animal behavior at the milking parlor was registered using ethograms and interviews with the milkers. During the first weeks of lactation, a higher percentage of kicks, over-steps, milking cups being knocked down, urinations and vocalizations in primiparous cows (p < 0.05) was observed, which were also considered more reactive by the parlors compared to multiparous cows. Multiparous cows produced more milk than primiparous (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in residual milk percentage (p > 0.05), which suggests adaptation of both groups to the milking environment.

Genetic parameters for milk yield, age at first calving and interval between first and second calving in milk Murrah buffaloes

In the present study, data of 1,578 first lactation females, calving from 1985 to 2006 were analysed with the purpose of estimating genetic parameters for milk yield (MY), age at first calving (AFC) and interval between first and second calving (IBFSC) in dairy buffaloes of the Murrah breed in Brazil, Heritability estimates for MY, AFC and IBFSC traits were 0.20, 0.07 and 0.14, respectively. Genetic correlations between MY and AFC and IBFSC were -0.12 and 0.07, respectively, while the corresponding phenotypic correlations were -0.15 and 0.30, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between AFC and IBFSC were 0.35 and 0.37, respectively. Genetic correlation between MY and AFC showed desirable negative association, suggesting that daughters of the bulls with high breeding values for MY could reach physiological mature at a precocious age. Genetic correlation between MY and IBFSC, showed that the selection for milk production could result in the increase of calving intervals.

Analysis of culling probability in dairy buffalo using survival models

In order to contribute to the genetic breeding programs of buffaloes, this study aimed to determine the influence of environmental effects on the stayability (ST) of dairy female Murrah buffalo in the herd. Data from 1016 buffaloes were used. ST was defined as the ability of the female to remain in the herd for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 years after the first calving. Environmental effects were studied by survival analysis, adjusted to the fixed effects of farm, year and season of birth, class of first-lactation milk yield and age at first calving. The data were analyzed using the LIFEREG procedure of the SAS program that fits parametric models to failure time data (culling or ST = 0), and estimates parameters by maximum likelihood estimation. Breeding farm, year of birth and first-lactation milk yield significantly influenced (P < 0.0001) the ST to the specific ages (1 to 6 years after the first calving). Buffaloes that were older at first calving presented higher probabilities of being culled 1 year after the first calving, without any effect on culling at older ages. Buffaloes with a higher milk yield at first calving presented a lower culling probability and remained for a longer period of time in the herd. The effects of breeding farm, year of birth and first-lactation milk yield should be included in models used for the analysis of ST in buffaloes. Copyright �� The Animal Consortium 2010.

Efeito da exposi����o �� fuma��a de cigarro durante a prenhez e a lacta����o de ratas e sua prole sobre par��metros s��ricos e morfom��tricos

PURPOSE: to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on body and tissue weight gain, serum parameters and milk yield during pregnancy and lactation in rats, and the impact on offspring from birth toil young adulthood. METHODS: 40 Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into: CG - not exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of pregnancy; CL - not exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of lactation; FG - exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of pregnancy; FL - exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of lactation. The offspring were separated by gender and divided according to their mothers' groups. Tissue weight, body weight and serum parameters were evaluated in rats and offspring. Milk yield per pup was calculated. RESULTS: body weight was decreased in FL during lactation (CL=267.0��7.2; FL=235.5��7.2 g*, *p<0.05). Adipose tissue was not detected in the CL and FL groups, and was reduced in FG compared to CG (CG=3.3��0.3; FG=2.4��0.3 g*, *p<0.05). Rats exposed to cigarette smoke had higher blood glucose levels (CG=113��17, CL=86��16, FG=177��21*, FL=178��23 mg/dL*, *p<0.05 CG versus FG e CL versus FL), CL and FL groups presented lower HDL-cholesterol with no change in total cholesterol. Finally, rats exposed to cigarette smoke had lower milk yield compared to unexposed rats (CL=6.7��0.4, FL=5.4��0.3 g*, *p<0.05). In offspring from the FG and FL groups, there was a decrease of body weight from birth to young adulthood, with no changes in gastrocnemius, liver or heart weights in any group, and adipose tissue was no detected in female offspring. There was an increase in blood glucose in offspring of both sexes from rats exposed to cigarette smoke (males: Pcg=107��10.5, Pcl=115��8.6, Pfg=148��16.8*, Pfl=172��11.2**; females: Pcg=109��27.2, Pcl=104��9.7, Pfg=134��20.0*, Pfl=126��13.3**; p<0.05 *Pcg versus Pfg and **Pcl versus Pfl). CONCLUSIONS: exposure to cigarette smoke provokes impairment of morphometric and serum parameters during pregnancy and lactation both in mothers and offspring, which is maintained during young adulthood.

Test-day model for milk yield of dairy buffaloes in colombia

The test-day model is the preferred method for genetic evaluations in dairy cattle. For this study, 28372 test-day records of 1220 lactations from 1997 to 2009 were used. The (co)variance components for milk in test-day were estimated using a Uni and multiple-traits repeated animal model with the Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML). The Contemporary Group (herd, year, and season of parity) and the age of parity (linear and quadratic) fixed effects, and the additive genetic, permanent environmental, and residual random effects were included in the model. The heritabilities ranged between 0.06 and 0.45 during lactation. The genetic correlations were greater than 0.93. In conclusion, the test-day model is appropriate for the genetic evaluation of dairy buffaloes in Colombia.