Produção e composição do leite de vacas mantidas em pastagens de capim-elefante submetidas a duas frequências de pastejo

The objective of this study was to evaluate two grazing intervals (IG) for elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Cameroon) pasture: one variable, determined by the entry of animals to the paddocks when 95% of active photosynthetic radiation was intercepted by the sward, and fixed 26-day grazing interval. Eight dairy cows were used, averaging 124 days lactation, 516 kg body weight and 17.5 kg daily milk production at the beginning of the trial. The experimental period was 80 days divided into four sub-periods of 20 days each. Data were analyzed in a cross-over design. The grazing frequencies did not influence milk production and composition, plasma urea nitrogen, body condition score and variations in body weight. However, the stocking rate and milk production per hectare were higher for pasture with interval of grazing determined by 95% of active photosynthetic radiation. Thus grazing frequency defined in variable intervals by sward interception of active photosynthetic radiation result in higher milk production per area unit.

Desenvolvimento in vitro de copo-de-leite: efeito das concentrações de sacarose e de ácido giberélico

Calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) is appreciated as cut flower and for the composition of gardens. However, many pathogens affect this species. By the traditional method of propagation, some units of new seedlings can only be produced annually. Tissue culture allows fast large-scale clonal propagation and provides healthy uniform plants. During the in vitro process, type and concentration of growth regulator could affect the growth of seedlings. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine sucrose and GA(3) concentrations to increase the efficiency of the in vitro multiplication of calla lily. After 60 days, the length of the above ground part and the roots, the number of sprouts, roots and leaves, above ground part and root fresh weight of seedlings were evaluated. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four replications. It was necessary the addition of 60.5 g L-1 sucrose associated to 5 mg L-1 GA(3) to obtain hight sprouts number. For higher length of the above ground part the addition of 45.3 g L-1 sucrose and 10 mg L-1 GA(3) was enough. Better results in the root length and number of roots were observed only in the sucrose presence, in concentrations in the range of 51.13 - 56.5 g L-1.

CONDICOES BACTERIOLOGICAS DE LEITE CRU E DE LEITE PASTEURIZADO NA REGIAO DE ARARAQUARA, SP, BRASIL

Milk can be an important spreading vehicle of pathogenic agents mainly for young children who are an important group of milk consumers. 135 milk samples (77 of raw milk and 58 of pasteurized milk) were analysed in order to verify the number of heterotrophic bacteria, of Staphylococcus aureus and of total coliforms, as well as to determine presence of Salmonella, Shigella, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). The results were negative for Salmonella, Shigella and EIEC. EPEC serotypes 0:28, 0:111 and 0:55 were isolated in 4 of raw milk samples. The heterotrophic bacteria was found in counts over 30.000 UFC/mL in 91%, 25% and 68,75% respectively of raw milk, milk grade B and grade C. Counts over 30.000 coliforms/mL were found in 70,13%, 6,25% and 6,24% of the raw milk, B and C, respectively. 32,40% of the raw milk had counts of S. aureus over 3.000 UFC/mL.

Influência da mastite subclínica estafilocócica sobre as características físico-químicas e celulares do leite

One hundred twenty-six milk samples from 63 apparently healthy cows, but positive in the California Mastitis Test were submitted to determinations of pH, acidity, density, butter-fat, total solids, non-fat solids, cryoscopic point, caseine level, chloride level and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Forty-one cows were infected by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and 22 by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The results obtained in the milk sample analysis from the healthy quarters and infected by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus showed variations of all constituents investigated. However only the pH values (F=4.17*) and the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (F=11.35**) showed significant differences. On the other hand, between the milk samples from healthy quarters and infected quarters by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, only the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (F=16.29**) showed significant differences.

Fortificação do leite fluido na prevenção e tratamento da anemia carencial ferropriva em crianças menores de 4 anos

The effectiveness of the use of chelate aminoacid iron fortified fluid milk in the treatment of iron deficiency in children under four years of age was studied. The 269 children included in this trial received 1 liter/day of fluid milk fortified with 3 mg of chelate aminoacid iron and were evaluated at six monthly intervals. At the beginning of the study 62.3% of the children presented anemia. After 6 months, this percentage had decreased to 41.8% and at the end of one year to 26.4%. The greatest decreases occurred in the groups comprising the subjects who were of 12 to 23 months of age and those under one year of age. Among the children who presented initial hemoglobin levels under 9.5 g/ dl, 59.3% were free of anemia after one year of follow-up. Of those presenting initial hemoglobin levels between 9.5 and 10.9 g/dl, 66.7% recovered from their anemia. There was also greater hematological improvement in the children that ingested over 750 ml/day of fortified milk in those families that did not share the supply of supplement among their other members and in those families that had only one child under five years of age. These findings led to the conclusion that the fortification of fluid milk is a viable and effective method for the treatment of iron deficiency in pre-school children.

Estimativa da mudança genética na produção de leite e gordura em bovinos da raça Holandesa

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic trends of the milk and fat yield in three herds maintained in São Paulo State, Brazil. The estimation of genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends were based on 716 first lactations. The cows were sired by 134 bulls. The statistical models included the fixed effects of herds, kind of gestation, season and year of the calving, age of the cow at calving, besides the random effect of the bulls. The statistical analyses, by the last squares method showed effects for bulls, herds and age of the cows on milk and fat yield. The genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends estimated were -10.20; 6.74 and -3.46 kg for milk yield and -1.90; 2.20 and 0.12 kg for fat yield.

Efeito da aplicação de prostaglandina (PGF2α) no pós-parto imediato sobre a incidência de retenção de placenta em vacas de leite

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an intramuscular injection of prostaglandin, within the first hour post partum, on the incidence of retained fetal membranes in cows, at 8 and 12 hours post-partum. Eighty-two cows were used as controls and 82 were treated with 25mg of prostaglandin (LUTALYSE®, 5ml), in two different farms. Cows treated with PGF 2α released the placenta faster (P < 0.10) than cows in the control group (7.72±0.84 vs. 10.07±1.09h). The incidence of retained placenta with more than 8h post partum was 30.5% in the control group and 17.1% in the treated group (P < 0.05), and with more than 12h was 19.5% in the control group and 12.2% in the treated group (P < 0.10). Farm, body condition score and parity showed influence on retained placenta rates, whereas sex of calf and help during calving did not have influence. These data showed that prostaglandin treatment within the first hour post-partum is capable of reduce the incidence of retained placenta and may work as a preventive treatment.

Travessia e impasse: O lugar de Sebastião Uchoa Leite na poesia contemporânea

Sebastião Uchoa Leite's work is circumscribed in a field of tension with tradition, which makes impossible is delimitation to anyone who seeks to draw his poetic profile. The undeniable identification with the modernist masters does not mean the enhancement of such standards; on the contrary, they are contaminated by the crossing of the most diverse references. The ambiguity comes from the fact that the poet neither puts limits in a temporal-spaced territory, nor sets defined directions. His is a hybrid textual project, as in a crossing, which the nomad route places, side by side, the referring speeches from tradition and from the contemporary world.

Fração de excreção de sódio, osmolaridade e densidade urinária em recém-nascidos prematuros alimentados com leite humano de banco adicionado de suplemento

Objective: This research was performed with the objective of investigating the renal effects on premature newborn infants of fortifying banked donor human milk. Methods: Clinical intervention trial, of the before-and-after type, involving 28 premature newborn infants split into two groups by postconceptional age at the start of the study: GI < 34 weeks (n = 14) and GII ≥ 34 weeks (n = 14), and assessed at three sample points: S1, on unfortified donor human milk, S2, after 3 days, and S3, after 10-13 days on fortified donor human milk. Nutrient intake, weight gain, fractional sodium excretion, urinary osmolality and specific density were compared with two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. Results: Fluids, energy and sodium intakes were similar for both groups, and weight gain was satisfactory. Among the preterms with < 34 weeks postconceptional age, serum sodium was lower at the end of the study and the fractional sodium excretion was elevated at the start and at the end of the study (S1 = 2.11±1.05; S2 = 1.25±0.64; S3 = 1.62±0.88), with a significant difference in relation to GII (S1 = 1.34±0.94; S2 = 0.90±0.54; S3 = 0.91±0.82). Osmolality and urinary specific density were normal, with no differences between groups or collection dates. Conclusions: No adverse effects on the renal function of these preterms were detected as a result of being fed fortified donor human milk. Copyright © 2006 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.

Aspectos físico-químicos e microbianos do queijo maturado por mofo obtido da coagulação mista com leite de cabra congelado e coalhada congelada

Milk goats are indicated as an economic alternative for small farmers and cheese making could improve their profits. Goat's milk has a seasonal production characteristic and shows periods of abundance and others of scarcity. The use of frozen milk or frozen curd to make cheese can be used to solve the problem. The aim of this work was to evaluate the preparation of cheese made from mixed curd and ripened by Penicillium candidum mould using slow frozen milk (in a domestic freezer) or fast frozen milk (by liquid nitrogen). The slow frozen curd and fast frozen curd without whey were used. It was observed that the cheese from the slow and fast frozen milk and from the slow and fast frozen curd did not differ from the control cheese for the yield, chemicophysical characteristics, chemical composition, extention ripened rate, depth ripened rate and microbiological aspects, even when it was expressed as a dry matter content of cheeses.

Polimorfismo da beta-lactoglobulina não afeta as caracterí sticas físico-químicas e a estabilidade do leite bovino

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism, breed and seasonality on physico-chemical characteristics and stability of bovine milk. Six Holstein-Zebu (H-Z) and five Holstein dairy herds were selected, of which 660 Holstein and 293 crossbred Holstein-Zebu milk and blood samples were collected, adding up 953 samples, distributed in two collecting periods at rainy and two at dry seasons. Each milk sample was analyzed for titratable acidity, pH, freezing point and milk ethanol stability, at the following ethanol concentrations: 70, 76, 80 and 84GL. Individual blood samples were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the determination of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism. No effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism was observed in physico-chemical characteristics of milk, in both studied breed. Breed effect for Holstein and H-Z, respectively, was observed on titratable acidity (16.16 and 17.07°D, while effect of seasonality (for rainy and dry seasons, respectively) was also observed on freezing point (-0.5411 and -0.5376°H). Effects of breed and seasonality on milk stability were observed (Holstein-Zebu milk was less stable on dry season), however, no effect of beta-lactoglobulin on milk stability was observed.

Estudo da reatividade cruzada em amostras de soro de cães positivos para Leishmania sp., Babesia canis e Ehrlichia canis, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático indireto e pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta

To verify the presence of cross-reaction among leishmaniosis, ehrlichiosis and babesiosis in serological diagnostics used in human visceral leishmaniasis control programs, serum samples from leishmaniasis endemic and non-endemic areas were collected and tested by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFAT) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All serum samples from endemic areas were positive for Leishmania sp., by ELISA and IFAT, 51% positive for Babesia canis and 43% for Ehrlichia canis by IFAT. None of the serum samples from non-endemic areas were positive for Leishmania sp., by IFAT, but 67% were positive for B. canis and 78% for E. canis using the same test. When tested by ELISA for Leishmania sp., four samples from non-endemic area were positive. These dogs were then located and no clinical signs, parasites or antibody was detected in new tests for a six month period. Only one of these 4 samples was positive for B. canis by IFAT and ELISA and three for E. canis by IFAT. The results of the work suggest a co-infection in the endemic area and no serological cross-reaction among these parasites by IFAT and ELISA.

CD63 e CD123 expressão, autoanticorpos IgG e acurácia do teste do soro autólogo em pacientes com urticária crônica

Introduction: The autologous serum skin test (ASST) may suggest an autoimmune etiology in chronic urticaria (CU). A new laboratory technique called basophil activation test (BAT) has been currently employed for its diagnosis. Objective: To analyze ASST in relation to BAT as well as to evaluate interleukin 3 (IL3) receptors (CD123) and non-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies bound to basophils in patients with chronic urticaria. Methods: We studied 33 adults with CU and mean age of 42.5 + 14 years. After stimulation by serum from patients with CU, CD63 expression on basophils from one atopic donor was analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we investigated CD123 and IgG autoantibody expressions. Results: The odds ratio (OR) between ASST and BAT was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22 to 4.5). The ASST for autoimmune CU diagnosis showed an accuracy of 54.5%, sensitivity of 66%, specificity of 33%, positive predictive value of 63%, and negative predictive value of 36%. There was no statistical difference between the studied groups as to mean non-specific IgG and CD123 expressions (for a p < 0.05). Discussion: This study demonstrated that ASST has low accuracy in the diagnosis of autoimmune CU. Concerning other analyzed aspects, there was no statistical difference between positive ASST and negative ASST. Conclusions: Due to insufficient studies in this area and the relevance of this issue, further investigation is required.