An��lise de br��nquias de peixes expostos ��s ��guas de ambiente l��ntico

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Estudo dos mixozo��rios (Myxozoa : Myxosporea) parasitos dos peixes characiformes Acestrorhynchus lacustris (L��tken, 1875) e Steindachnerina insculpta (Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1948) coletados no Rio do Peixe, m��dio Rio Tiet��, SP, Brasil

The S��o Paulo State has as one of its main rivers the Tiet��, which is an extremely important source because of its biodiversity, use in navigation and mainly as direct supplier of water for thousands of people in the region. Currently, the biodiversity of marine and freshwater ecosystems has been threatened, primarily by environmental problems resulting from the degradation of ecosystems, an example is the stretch of the Middle Tiet�� River, where the Barra Bonita dam (SP) focused virtually the whole load organic effluents from the metropolitan region of S��o Paulo, leading to eutrophication with the loss of water quality. This basin is located in the Peixe���s River, a tributary of the Barra Bonita whose sources are on the slopes of the Cuesta de Botucatu, presenting an altitudinal gradient in a good state of conservation and water quality. From another perspective, the studies related to parasites and other pathogens of aquatic organisms have considerably increased the relevance, especially those hosts with potential for growing and marketing, given the significant increase these activities in Brazil and worldwide. Among the agents responsible for diseases in fish are the myxosporean, which can cause major economic damage, with high mortality ratios. Based on the above, this study evaluated the biodiversity of myxosporean parasites of two species of fish Acestrorhynchus lacustris and Steindachnerina insculpta. During the period January to November 2012, 40 specimens of Acestrorhynchus lacustris and 33 specimens of Steindachnerina insculpta were collected from the Peoxe���s river at four different points. The necropsies were performed and all organs were analyzed looking for myxosporean. Only the species Steindachnerina insculpta had their gills parasitized by two species of the genus Henneguya

An��lise do f��gado de peixes da esp��cie Prochilodus lineatus de ambientes alterados, quantificada pelo Image J

Al��m de ser bom bioindicar a esp��cie Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) tamb��m apresenta import��ncia econ��mica, ecol��gica e ampla distribui����o na regi��o neotropical. A ecotoxicologia estuda a intera����o da qu��mica ambiental e a biota, sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar altera����es quantitativas de bile e glicog��nio no f��gado dos peixes, ��rg��o respons��vel pelo processo de detoxifica����o, biotransforma����o e tamb��m pela reserva de nutrientes como o glicog��nio e por secretar a bile. Os grupos foram separados em tr��s tratamentos com o objetivo de comparar os danos causados aos peixes que vivem em ��reas perturbadas, (como �� o caso do Lago Azul ��� Rio Claro-SP), e os que vivem em ��guas com detergentes biodegrad��veis dilu��dos, como na maioria dos nossos cursos d�����gua, comparados a um grupo controle (��gua clorada do po��o artesiano da UNESP- Campus Rio Claro). An��lises histol��gicas foram feitas com a utiliza����o das t��cnicas de H-E e PAS, sendo o material coletado ap��s sete e 20 dias de experimento, visando identificar os efeitos agudos de tais poluentes. A identifica����o de altera����es na estrutura histol��gica foi realizada com o auxilio do programa ImageJ com o qual foi feita a quantifica����o da ��rea ocupada pela bile e pelo glicog��nio

Qualidade microbiol��gica de peixes e frutos do mar em Botucatu, SP

whole world. The world production of fish is around 100 million tons/year and 70% of them is destined exclusively to the human feeding. The fish and derived have a great importance in the human diet, contributing with �� of offer of protein of animal origin. Sseafood and fish are health, because they are rich in proteins, vitamins, micronutrients and insatured fats. However, one of the most important themes, in public health, refers to the safe food. Only in the USA, 76 million case of foodborne diseases occurs every year, with 325 thousand hospitalized and 5 thousand deaths. According to the microbiological parameters, the Brazilian Food Sanitation Standard (Decree No. 12, 2001) defined that fish, roes of fish, crustaceans and mollusks in natura cooled or frozen, no consumed raw should present up to 103 MPN of coagulase positive Staphylococcus in the absence of Salmonella in 25g. Based on this, this work verified the microbiological quality of fish and seafood retailed in supermarkets and fish store in Botucatu city. A hundred samples were analyzed, being 65 frozen (65%) and 35 cooled (35%). The samples included various kinds of fish and seafood. Among the frozen samples, 31 were fish and 34 seafood. About the cooled ones, 28 were fish and 7 seafood. The methods used for analysis are in agreement with APHA (2001). The samples were acquired in 4 establishments (3 supermarkets and a fish store). Ina total of 100 samples, all were negative to coagulase positive Staphylococcus and 2 were positive for Salmonella (2%). According to the results, we conclude that the presence of Salmonella is a risk factor for the consumers' health and these foods should not be consumed raw. In spite of the freezing to be a good conservation way, this process doesn't totally eliminate the pathogens of the food

An��lise morfol��gica de br��nquias de peixes Oreochromis niloticus (til��pia) expostos ao n��quel

Water is an essential factor in maintaining the vital functions of living beings. We have observed a growing commitment of quality, are due to pollution from many sources and even entire watersheds, whether for industrial waste, sewage, or for substances used in farming such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers. Nickel is the 24th most abundant element on earth, is a heavy metal that, in the form of chloride, is a proven genotoxic and mutagenic. Due to its industrial use, there was considerable increase of its concentration in surface sediments. Fish combine characteristics that make them excellent experimental models for aquatic toxicology studies, which are particularly usable as warn about the potential danger of chemicals or the possibility of environmental pollution. Due to impaired water quality and the few published studies relating the nickel with the tissue change, this study aimed at assessing the consequences of the presence of nickel in the aquatic environment. For this analysis, we used individuals of Oreochromis niloticus, exposed for 96 hours at three different concentrations of nickel dissolved in water compared to a control group. After exposure, the gills were removed and these were analyzed by ultramorphological, histological and histochemical analysis. The results indicate that all concentrations used in the experiment altered the histophysiology of exposed individuals. We observed the following changes: rupture of paviment cells, thus resulting in bleeding, loss of microridges surface of these cells and epithelial loss in the gills of all animals in all treatments with nickel chloride, the histochemical analysis showed non-proliferation of chloride cells. However, there was a dose-dependent increase of mucus cells in all animals. Therefore, nickel has toxic potential to fish, from the smallest concentration used up to twice as permitted by law, indicating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Avalia����o da toxicidade da vinha��a por meio da an��lise histol��gica de f��gados de peixes Oreochromis niloticus

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Mapeamento f��sico dos genes ribosomais 18S e 5S em peixes do g��nero Trichomycterus (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae)

The present study aimed to cytogenetic analysis and structural and molecular level of four fish species of the genus Trichomycterus: T. diabolus, T. iheringi, T. zonatus and T. cf. mimonha collected in different river basins in Brazil. Techniques were used for classical cytogenetic (Giemsa, Silver nitrate impregnation, C-banding) and molecular with the chromosomal location of genes for 18S and 5S rDNA. All individuals examined had a diploid number 54 chromosomes and karyotype consisting of types of metacentric, submetacentric and subtelocentric. The constitutive heterochromatin identified by C-banding was observed in two small blocks in the karyotype of T. diabolus and large blocks of centromeric several pairs in chromosomal karyotypes of T. iheringi, T. zonatus and T. cf. mimonha. The Silver nitrate impregnation and hybridization with 18S rDNA probe revealed the existence of only a couple carryng nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) on the species T. diabolus, T. iheringi and T. cf mimonha, and two pairs carrying 18S rDNA in T. zonatus. The 5S rDNA was observed in interstitial position 6 of the pair in T. iheringi, the synteny with the two pair in 18S rDNA of T.diabolus in pericentromeric position of and two pairs submetacentric, one being also a case of synteny with the 18S rDNA in T. zonatus and T. cf. mimonha, this rDNA was located in the pairs 3, 18 and 25, and synteny in the 18S rDNA pair 18. Although representatives of these four species Trichomycterus present diploid number and karyotypic formula preserved, three is specific about the distribuition patterns of heterochromatin and location of rDNA sequences, indicating that chromosomal differentiation events in this group of fish are acting directly on these genomic portions

Otimiza����o de um m��todo cromatogr��fico de an��lise de pesticidas organoclorados em amostras de peixes

Considering that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including synthetic substances belonging to differents organic functions, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which are the most persistent and bioaccumulative, with high toxicity to humans and animals. Accordingly environmental and biological monitoring is necessary, in order to have greater control regarding the irresponsible use of these products. Though there are several analytical methodology reported in the literature to make determinations of this pesticide, they present some difficulties, requiring several steps to make the clean up of the sample. The proposed project aims to optimize a new analytical method that allows to perform the extraction of organochlorine pesticides in fish tissues, employing acetone as solvent assisted by ultrasound bath, making the method more quickly and not requiringfurther steps to purify the sample. Were analyzed the recoveries of pesticides in study in samples of tilapia average values: Heptachlor=84,7��9,8%; Aldrin=87,3��3,5%; Endosulfan=101,4��18,6%; DDE= 90,5�� 3,3%, Endrin=102,2��13,8%., DDD=92,1��19,9%; DDT=90,8��6,8%. The real samples showed values granted for our legislation and low values of error

Histologia comparada de br��nquias, f��gado e sangue em peixes da esp��cie Prochilodus lineatus, expostos a ��guas contaminadas

Os estudos hematol��gicos das diferentes esp��cies de peixes s��o de interesse ecol��gico e fisiol��gico, auxiliando na compreens��o da rela����o entre as caracter��sticas sangu��neas, a filogenia, a atividade f��sica, o h��bitat e a adaptabilidade dos peixes ao ambiente. No experimento realizado foram testados os efeitos de ��guas contaminadas em par��metros hematol��gicos de peixes da esp��cie Prochilodus lineatus, em per��odos de coleta de 7 e 20 dias, nos quais o sangue foi coletado com seringas heparinizadas, foram montadas l��minas de esfrega��o , as quais foram coradas pelo corante de Leishman. Estas l��minas foram analisadas e fotografadas com o aux��lio de um microsc��pio ��ptico Leica, no qual foram feitas contagens totais de c��lulas brancas e contagens diferenciais de tromb��citos e leuc��citos, para a an��lise estat��stica. O grupo exposto ao Lago Azul apresentou uma eleva����o no n��mero de leuc��citos e no total de c��lulas brancas, evidenciando que os contaminantes qu��micos do ambiente estavam atuando de forma semelhante a um ant��geno no corpo do animal fazendo com que suas c��lulas de defesa se proliferassem. Quanto ao grupo exposto ao detergente, observou-se que ap��s os vinte dias de experimento ocorreu uma diminui����o no n��mero de tromb��citos. Tais resultados evidenciam que a varia����o no n��mero de leuc��citos apresentou-se como um indicador de polui����o ambiental e que os detergentes biodegrad��veis podem em certo tempo de exposi����o ocasionar um d��ficit em fun����es vitais de peixes como �� coagula����o e a preven����o contra infec����es, eventos ligados diretamente com os tromb��citos. A maioria dos vertebrados aqu��ticos possui br��nquias, estruturas especializadas nas trocas gasosas e respons��veis por grande parte das trocas i��nicas. Este ��rg��o acaba por absorver grande parte das subst��ncias presentes na ��gua, que ao ca��rem na...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletr��nico abaixo)

Estudo da organiza����o gen��mica e localiza����o cromoss��mica do gene snRNA U1 em peixes do g��nero Leporinus

Em eucariotos os ��ntrons de mRNAs codificantes de prote��na s��o retirados e os ��xons s��o mantidos junto ao transcrito prim��rio pela maquinaria do spliceossomo. Este consiste em um grande complexo RNA-prote��na que cont��m mais de 200 prote��nas e cinco tipos de RNAs n��o codificantes, metabolicamente est��veis, conhecidos como snRNAs U, que incluem U1, U2, U4, U5 e U6. Os genes snRNA U est��o presentes em m��ltiplas c��pias dispersas no genoma de diversos eucariotos e parecem apresentar comportamento semelhante aqueles dos elementos m��veis exibindo pouca conserva����o sint��nica. No presente trabalho pretendia-se estudar a organiza����o gen��mica e a localiza����o cromoss��mica do gene snRNA U1 em esp��cies de peixes do g��nero Leporinus, que �� um grupo de peixes que se configura como um modelo interessante para estudo de DNAs repetitivos e evolu����o gen��mica em peixes. Por��m, ap��s diversas tentativas n��o foi poss��vel amplificar este gene e ent��o optou-se por estudar o gene snRNA U2. O DNA gen��mico de diferentes esp��cies de Leporinus e de Schizodon (grupo pr��ximo evolutivamente) foi amplificado utilizando primers espec��ficos para o gene, por meio da t��cnica de PCR e os produtos obtidos enviados para o sequenciamento. O tamanho encontrado para essa sequ��ncia correspondeu a aproximadamente 200 pb, valor esse j�� encontrado para outras esp��cies. As sequ��ncias foram analisadas e resultados n��o concisos das sequencias obtidas n��o permitiram an��lises subsequentes. A localiza����o cromoss��mica do gene foi realizada por meio da t��cnica de hibrida����o in situ e as marca����es foram evidenciadas em um par cromoss��mico submetac��ntrico de tamanho m��dio em todas as esp��cies. A localiza����o destas sequ��ncias n��o mostrou rela����o com cromossomos sexuais, presentes em algumas das esp��cies analisadas, mas demonstrou forte evid��ncia de conserva����o do gene entre as diferentes esp��cies estudadas

Discursos no milagre dos p��es e dos peixes: tradu����o e estudo

The purpose of this work is to study the multiplication of loaves and fishes miracle scene that is narrated by the four gospels of the New Testament. After briefly presenting the gospels and the Greek dialect, koin��, that is used in the composition of these texts, we translated the corpus in order to recognize both the syntactic structures and lexicon used by the authors. In addition, we shortly analyzed the narrative categories of the miracle. At last, we focused on the descriptive and comparative study of the direct and indirect speeches that feature in the narratives, which has lead us to conclude that the direct speech takes a key role in organizing the scene as a whole

Mapeamento citogen��tico de sequ��ncias hist��nicas e ribossomais revelam conserva����o e diverg��ncia cromoss��mica em popula����es de peixes da esp��cie Astyanax bockmanni (Teleostei, Characidae)

In the present work we performed molecular cytogenetic studies in two different populations of Astyanax bockmanni from streams of Botucatu, SP: one from Capivara river, on Tiet�� river basin and one from ��gua da Madalena river, on Paranapanema river basin. The results showed that the population of Astyanax bockmanni from Capivara river have a diploid number of 50 chromosomes, with karyotype consisting of 8 methacentric, 14 submethacentric, 12 subtelocentric and 16 acrocentric, while the individuals of the population from ��gua da Madalena river have 50 diploid chromosomes but with karyotype organized in 8 metacentric, 14 submetacentric, 16 subtelocentric and 12 acrocentric. Also, the rDNA 18s sequences are widely dispersed throughout the genome of two populations, with intra and interindividual variations. On the other hand, the sequences for rDNA 5S and Histone H1 remained chromosomally conserved in these two samples and sites located in pairs 2 and 19 (rDNA 5S) and the pairs 2 and 15 (Histone H1). The low dispersion of structural genes and a functional dynamic independence between sequences of rDNA 5S and rDNA 18S may be related to the process of karyotype maintenance and differentiation in these populations of Astyanax bockmanni

Impacto de intera����es antr��picas sobre o comportamento de peixes-boi marinhos (Trichechus manatus manatus) reintroduzidos no litoral norte de Alagoas

Atualmente o encalhe de filhotes ��rf��os representa uma das principais amea��as �� conserva����o do peixe-boi marinho (Trichechus manatus manatus) no litoral nordeste do Brasil. O Projeto Peixe-boi resgata os filhotes encalhados, reabilita em cativeiro e reintroduz estes animais em ��reas de ocorr��ncia hist��rica e em locais onde a popula����o est�� em decl��nio. Estudos sobre comportamento animal fornecem uma importante ferramenta para avalia����o dos Programas de Reintrodu����o. Os trabalhos existentes sobre comportamento de peixes-boi marinhos em vida livre sujeitos a intera����es antr��picas restringem-se a animais nativos na Fl��rida. No Brasil, h�� estudos etol��gicos apenas com esp��cimes em cativeiro ou recinto em ambiente natural. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar poss��veis altera����es comportamentais de peixes-boi reintroduzidos, ou seja, que passaram parte da vida em cativeiro e foram soltos em ambiente natural, em fun����o de intera����es antr��picas. No per��odo de Fevereiro a Julho de 2010, com o aux��lio da radio-telemetria, uma f��mea e dois machos (8 anos de idade) foram observados diariamente, em per��odos alternados, com a metodologia do ���animal focal���. Para o monitoramento, utilizou-se bicicleta, caiaque e, em locais de dif��cil acesso, o mesmo foi feito a p��. Totalizou-se 114 horas de observa����o para Arani e 167 horas para Potiguar. As observa����es da f��mea Aira ficaram comprometidas em fun����o da perda do equipamento de radio-telemetria. A an��lise dos dados mostrou uma alta freq����ncia de comportamentos de intera����o (mais de 50%) em rela����o aos demais comportamentos de fun����o vital para os dois machos. Dessas intera����es, as com animais de mesma esp��cie e objeto atingiram elevadas freq����ncias. Verificou-se ainda que a categoria afiliativa foi predominante nas intera����es entre peixes-bois... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletr��nico abaixo)

An��lises morfol��gicas dos mixozo��rios (MYXOZOA) parasitos presentes em tecido nervoso de peixes coletados no Rio do Peixe, m��dio Rio Tiet��, SP, Brasil

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Detec����o de Escherichia coli shigatoxig��nica (STEC) e enteropatog��nica (EPEC) em peixes de pisciculturas e de vida livre

P��s-gradua����o em Microbiologia Agropecu��ria - FCAV