219 resultados para Métricas da paisagens
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Cardoso Island, settled in the south of paulista region, is characterized by its ecological importance due to the great biodiversity of Mata Atlântica and for accommodating several kinds of ecosystems as mangroves, which were considered by UNESCO as human natural ownership. The mangroves are among the most important marine ecosystems, known as warranty of biological productivity and diversity and supply of food and economical resources to the local population. Although the island has been transformed in a state park for preservation, it hasn’t become free from environmental impacts made by antropical activities. This way it was proposed a rebuilt of an evolutionary process in the region, having as an objective to subsidize programs of environmental conservation and planning , aiming to a sustainable development. For this it was used a isobasis methodological analyses where by the drainage channels and its confluences makes relative maps to the different base levels represented by the isobasis, characterizing itself by an attempt to rebuilt the preterit local landscape. There were elaborated eight maps referring to four orders of confluences met in the region of Cardoso Island and round it where you can conclude it is about an appropriate methodology to rebuilt preterits environments that specially aim to actions of environmental planning and conservation.
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A ocupação humana desordenada e sem planejamento pode resultar em impactos ambientais como esgotamento do solo, perda de cobertura vegetal, erosão e perda de solo, assoreamento de leitos fluviais, contaminação das águas (superficiais e profundas), entre outros. Estas conseqüências estão presentes também no município de Ipeúna-SP, onde predominam as pastagens e o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. Este quadro atual mostra a necessidade de se desenvolver estudos e levantamentos que contemplem diversos fatores ambientais (bióticos e abióticos) básicos para o entendimento das características, potencialidades e fragilidades da área, possíveis de subsidiar o planejamento e a gestão do uso da terra e adequar a utilização dos recursos naturais disponíveis com conservação do meio ambiente. O estudo da fisiografia permite a caracterização e classificação das paisagens terrestres levando em consideração os fatores formadores destas paisagens (clima atual e passado, hidrologia, geologia, geomorfologia e indiretamente aspectos bióticos) e as relações (processos) que os afetam. Desta forma, o objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar as características fisiográficas do município de Ipeúna-SP e, assim, contribuir para o melhor conhecimento dos aspectos do meio físico. Para atingir o objetivo foram realizadas as técnicas de interpretação de fotografias aéreas em escala 1:25.000, geoprocessamento e levantamentos de campo. A sistemática de trabalho adotada se resume a duas etapas: I) diagnóstico zero e; II) análise fisiográfica. O resultado final é o Mapa Fisiográfico em escala 1:50.000. A análise fisiográfica permitiu identificar e compreender os processos endógenos e exógenos que atuam e atuaram na evolução paisagem. O município de Ipeúna-SP é caracterizado por paisagens policíclicas de origem aluvial, coluvial/aluvial e estrutural... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Planning is an essential instrument for the agricultural occupation of the lands, because it supports the activities of food production and raw materials. It must be driven by techniques that provide the sustainability of these activities, so that also ensures the environmental balance of agroecosystems. Lands misuse can be considered as one of the causes of frustration of agricultural activities. Thus, the occurrence of discrepancies between the effective use (real use) of the land and its agricultural aptitude can compete, in many cases, to the decrease of productivity, as well as for soil degradation. In this way, this research intends to study the relationship between the temporary cultivations, halfperennial cultures, perennial and its developmental environment, determining the edaphoclimatic characteristics of landscapes. From then on, a letter shall be subject to the use and occupation of the soil for agriculture in the municipality of Cristais Paulista-SP, aiming to describe the spatial organization of land use and vegetation cover, and emphasizing management and conservative practices. For that, climatic factors were characterized, fundamentally humidity, temperature and luminosity; edaphics, including parental material, chemical and physical properties, fertility, soil temperature and climatic zoning; biotic, referring to the suitability of different cultures or to be implanted; physical, such as geomorphology, slope, geology, hypsometry and hydrology; socioeconomic, in particular production and marketing seasons; and the way they all, together, affect the adaptation, distribution and production of crops. Using this information, the zoning of the area of study was done based on the 21 nominated groups obtained, in addition to recommendations and suggestions for handling each type of cultivation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Matrix can be defined as a portion of the landscape, that somewhere in time suffered intense human disturbance, such as decreasing of native vegetation. The matrix surrounding the forest fragments may create a certain resistance to the movements of individuals (RICKETTS, 2001). The Atlantic rainforest present in the Corumbataí river basin lost about 89% of its original vegetation, leading to a highly fragmented landscape (VALENTE e VETTORAZZI, 2005). In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the matrix and the characteristic capacity of two forest birds, Dysithamnus mentalis and Basileuterus flaveolus, moving around the landscape. With this aim, six fragments were selected, three with sugar cane matrix, three with Eucalyptus sp. matrix. The methodology utilized to evaluate the response of the birds was playback technique. First the vocalizations were carried out at the forest matrix boundary, in the edge, attracting individuals to the matrix. As the responses were generated, the playback was moved increasingly inside the matrix, observing the distances traveled by the species. The control trials were conducted inside the fragments, the playback was played at the edge and as the responses were observed, the vocalizations were carried out inside the fragment until the moment that individuals ceased answers. It could be observed that for individuals of D. mentalis the matrix generated a high resistance, because no individual entered the matrix. For B. flaveolus the average distance traveled in both matrices was 70 meters, indicating statistically high resistance of the sugar cane matrix and Eucalyptus sp. Considering the characteristics of different matrices, it was found that both matrices generate similar resistance in the movement of these species
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The building sector can cause the environmental degradation, by the natural resources consumption, machinery use and natural landscape modifying. The environmental management system (EMS) improves the environmental quality and makes the companies more competitive. So, this work developed an environmental management system in a building site focused on the solid waste and in the development of mitigation proposals for the most significant environmental impacts. To develop this work it was necessary to follow the building site activities; evaluate the solid waste management; identify the law requirements; identify the environmental aspects and impacts; evaluate the environmental impacts; and propose alternatives for mitigating the adverse environmental critical impacts. The main proposals are the reduction of the waste generation in the place that it’s generated; the reuse and correct final disposal of that wastes; the treatment and reuse of the effluent; and the supervising in the trucks and machineries avoiding the oil spilling and the air pollution
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It is commonplace to rely on the notion that thought is expressed from a historical and geographical context that reveals the special nature of the thinking subject. In ways and wanderings of thought, the literature shows up as a means both permissive and facilitating the possibility of expression of thought, from the written language, also depend on the temporalities and spatialities that concern you. Based on the identification of a dominant matrix of thought, given by comtean positivism and the neopositivism or logical positivism, a historical and geographical context imbued with the defining characteristics of temporalities and spatialities own perspective and written language as a medium and as support for expression of thought is that we propose to discuss the clues that identify the Lobato narrative expressed in Geography of Dona Benta, a work dating from 1935, an idea of space and nation. What notions of geographic space tells Lobato? What are your references to address landscape and territory? What representation of nation and national identity proposes in his narrative? Pursuing this aim, we seek to contribute to the substantiation of geographical knowledge from a critical effort of thinking about and doing geography
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O presente trabalho trata da importância da concepção e manutenção de espaços públicos destinados ao lazer e a prática esportiva sob a óptica da designação de agentes promotores de qualidade de vida urbana, por intermédio do desenvolvimento do projeto de proposta arquitetônica de Reabilitação do Centro Olímpico de Presidente Prudente – SP, atual sede da SEMEPP (Secretaria Municipal de Esportes de Presidente Prudente – SP). Destarte, a definição do tema justifica-se e apresenta-se basicamente como síntese de estudos direcionados a integração de dois aspectos: a prática de esporte como indicador de qualidade de vida e a existência de uma área em potencial inserida no principal parque linear da cidade, o Parque do Povo, e, portanto; em um contexto urbano em processo progressivo de valorização imobiliária, cujo aproveitamento e ocupação dos espaços revelam-se inadequados
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O processo de homogeneização da biodiversidade tem chamado a atenção de pesquisadores porque integra três principais processos que estão relacionados com a crise moderna da biodiversidade – a introdução de espécies exóticas, extinção de espécies nativas e modificações do habitat – e por dar maior ênfase à composição de espécies ao invés do número de espécies das comunidades. Neste sentido, o conceito de diversidade beta – variação espacial e temporal na composição das espécies – apresenta-se central para a compreensão do processo de homogeneização da biota; principalmente porque a heterogeneidade do habitat é a maior causa da diversidade beta, e segundo, por que algumas métricas de diversidade beta fornecem um meio de estimar e comparar estatisticamente a homogeneização taxonômica. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos se a modificação do habitat está relacionada com a homogeneização taxonômica de macroinvertebrados em 32 riachos da Mata Atlântica. Nós testamos se esta modificação, associada com diferentes usos do solo (e.g., cana-de-açúcar, eucalipto, pasto, banana e floresta), está relacionada com o declínio na diversidade beta, e se a diversidade beta é afetada pela escala espacial utilizada nas análises. Nós estimamos e comparamos diversidade beta através do procedimento de homogeneidade de dispersões multivariadas. Quando agrupamos os diferentes tipos de uso do solo em uma escala maior, i.e., áreas impactadas vs. áreas florestadas, nós encontramos que os riachos impactados tinham diversidade beta mais alta. Ou seja, riachos mais preservados foram, surpreendentemente, mais homogêneos biologicamente. Porém, na escala espacial mais fina, distinguindo os diferentes tipos de uso do solo, nós observamos maior diversidade beta e maior heterogeneidade ambiental entre riachos florestados. Estes resultados indicam que se agruparmos diferentes tipos de impacto como áreas impactadas, nós...
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The Atlantic Forest is considered the fifth most important hotspot of the world, for its high endemism and biodiversity. The Serra do Mar State Park (SMSP) is the biggest area of integral protection in Brazilian coast, having the largest continuous remnant area of Atlantic Forest. Its creation aims to protect the Atlantic Forest remnants and regeneration of degraded areas. The present work develops in the administrative center Núcleo Santa Virgínia, created on May 2, 1989 and aims a comparative analysis and environmental interpretation regarding the evolution of the landscape its creation until the present days, using geoprocessing techniques. For a better understanding of some definitions, a literature review is presented about the current scenario of conservation units, concepts of landscape, landscape ecology, landscape dynamics and the importance of the geoprocessing for landscape analysis. It was elaborated two thematic charts of use and occupation land of Núcleo Santa Virgínia (1989 and 2014) and quantified for each type of use for later comparison
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The region encompassed by the cities of Bocaina’s Historic Valley has your formation closely linked to the coffee´s culture, that were installed during the nineteenth century bringing, at first, a great economic and population growth. However, with the time, the incorrect wear land of the area combined with the antislavery movement and the discovery of more fertile soils in western of São Paulo, among other factors, brought serious setbacks for coffee production in the region which ultimately migrate to other areas, causing an economic crisis in the region that endures to this day. Thus, this paper aims to conduct a study that part of an update of the concept of physiology landscape to identify the physical, ecological and social facts that make up the area of this region, to understand the real causes and consequences of the crisis and what potential persist to circumvent it
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As unidades de paisagens naturais se diferenciam pelo relevo, clima, cobertura vegetal, solos ou até mesmo pelo arranjo estrutural e do tipo de litologia. A caracterização pedológica e o entendimento das relações entre pedologia, geologia e geomorfologia são importantes para a compreensão da distribuição dos solos numa paisagem. Considerando esta como sendo uma combinação dinâmica e instável de elementos físicos, biológicos e antrópicos, e estando em constante evolução, realizou-se o estudo das características químicas, físicas, mineralógicas e morfológicas das coberturas superficiais de uma mesma Unidade Fisiográfica na região do Planalto Ocidental e da Depressão Periférica Paulista nas proximidades de Rio Claro – SP, para a compreensão de suas relações genéticas e cronológicas na evolução das paisagens da área. Para isso foram comparados os solos de dois transectos dentro dos compartimentos, levantando e analisando as características citadas para que se possa obter informações que permitiram o diagnóstico da evolução da área, visando contribuir para o avanço das coberturas superficiais e sua relação com a evolução da paisagem. Foi possível compreender determinados processos e produtos que deram origem às coberturas superficiais e consequentemente a algumas paisagens representativas da Quadrícula de São Carlos a partir dos métodos empregados. O estudo das coberturas de alteração intempérica da região centro-oeste paulista, e seu reconhecimento, são fundamentais para o ordenamento territorial e seu planejamento regional
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The Atlantic Forest biome, reduced to 12% of its original coverage, holds a significant portion of brazilian biodiversity, with high levels of endemism. Among the few remaining areas of the Atlantic, there is the region between the Complex of Cantareira and the municipality of Nazaré Paulista, which will be the object of study of this work. Using the concepts of Landscape Ecology, and analysis of thematic maps, this study aims to characterize the region in a ecologically scaled perspective, identifying two types of hotspots: i) for conservation and ii) for maintain habitat connectivity. Concepts of Landscape Ecology as landscape structure, patches, matrix, corridors (structural and functional) and connectivity, as well as their effects on local biodiversity was adopted and applied in the study region. We also analyzed the effects of roads, hydrographic system, Permanent Protection Areas (PPAs), and Conservation Units for flora and fauna maintenance at regional scale. This allowed us to define strategies and priority areas for the conservation and restoration of forest fragments of Atlantic Forest remnants within the study region. This study generated relevant knowledge for a better planning the region in order to create best conditions for the maintenance of regional biodiversity, and consequently, allowing to improve the quality of life for local population
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Since the beginning of it’s existence the humankind coexists with the production of waste, both organics and inorganics. Over the years the world population is raising, and consequently the different kinds of waste, causing significant problems not only for the public authorities, but also for the population, not only those related with its final or temporary destination but also with its crescent production. Considering it, the cities are not able to handle there volumes, and its landfills and dumps are working over their capacities, leading to a serie of environmental problems due to the lost of environmental quality and the natural and social vulnerabilities arising. This paper plans to working over visits, photographic registration and a review on the theme literature, study the perception and valuation of the landscape on the Ribeirão Preto landfill, São Paulo state (SP), that today is disabled but still an area of risk and environmental vulnerability, well as the perception of environmental quality in the surrounding population
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)