283 resultados para Frutos cítricos


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A ocorrência de sementes duras em quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) foi estudada em função da colheita única dos frutos na senescência das plantas ou da colheita periódica dos frutos no estádio de maturação morfológica. As cultivares utilizadas foram Amarelinho, Santa Cruz-47 e Campinas-2 IAC 4076 e os frutos foram separados em aqueles provenientes da haste principal e os oriundos dos ramos laterais. A porcentagem de sementes duras foi avaliada por meio do teste padrão de germinação e os dados obtidos permitiram verificar que o método de colheita única aumentou a ocorrência de sementes duras e, pelo fato de Amarelinho não apresentar essa característica, esse método pode ser utilizado para a mesma, com redução nos custos de produção de sementes sem afetar sua qualidade.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a herança de formato e produção de frutos imaturos de 2 novas linhagens de C. moschata. Para tal obtiveram-se as gerações Fl, F2 e retrocruzamentos para ambos os progenitores. Para a avaliação das diferentes gerações utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições e número variável de plantas por repetição. As estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos foram obtidas segundo o modelo de MATHER & JINKS. Foram avaliados o peso, comprimento e diâmetros próximos das extremidades peduncular e estilar dos frutos. Observou-se dominância para maior velocidade de crescimento dos frutos, caracterizada pelos maiores comprimentos, diâmetros e peso médio na geração F1. Observou-se também dominancia para frutos mais bojudos e com menor relação entre o comprimento e a média dos diâmetros. Devido ao maior peso médio de frutos, e não ao número, obteve-se heterose significativa (20,5%) para produção total por planta.

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Estudou-se o comportamento dos resíduos de fenitrotion em frutos e folhas de tomateiro estaqueado, através de cromatografia gasosa. O experimento de campo foi instalado quando as plantas tinham 90 dias após o transplante das mudas, e constou de quatro tratamentos: (1) uma aplicação de fenitrotion em dosagem simples, de 100 g i.a./100 litros de água, (2) uma aplicação em dosagem dobrada, de 200 g i.a./100 litros de água, (3) quatro aplicações espaçadas de sete dias, na dosagem simples e (4) testemunha. As amostras de fruto e folha foram colhidas um dia antes da aplicação (-1) e aos zero , 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 e 14 dias após. Basicamente, a metododogia para análises dos resíduos dos frutos e das folhas constou da extração com acetona e partição em clorofórmio; limpeza dos extratos em coluna de florisil (no caso de folhas) e eluição procedida com benzeno. As determinações quantitativas foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa, usando-se detector fotométrico de chama com filtro específico para fósforo. Os resíduos nas folhas foram sempre maiores do que os dos frutos (cerca de 80 vezes, em média) durante todo o período de colheita das amostras. Os valores de meia-vida de degradação de fenitrotion em frutos e folhas foram: 1,6 a 1,9 e 0,7 a 0,8 dia, respectivamente, mostrando uma diminuição mais rápida dos resíduos em folhas. As meias-vidas de persistência foram semelhantes para os dois substratos: 4,2 a 7,3 e 5,6 a 6,2 dias, respectivamente. Os resíduos encontrados nos frutos logo após a aplicação, foram menores que a tolerância oficial (0,5 ppm) para os tratamentos que utilizaram 100 g i.a./100 litros em uma ou quatro pulverizações espaçadas de sete dias. Uma única aplicação de 200 g i.a./100 litros resultou em resíduos menores que 0,5 ppm, desde um dia após a aplicação.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Frutos de abacateiro foram colhidos dia 20/03/97. Selecionou-se 100 frutos uniformes, sendo mantidos 25 frutos para grupo controle - análise de perda de peso e 75 frutos para análises destrutivas - textura, sólidos solúveis totais e pH realizadas a cada 4 dias. Os frutos receberam os tratamentos, com objetivo de aumentar a vida pós-colheita: Cera Fruit Wax 1:1 (FW1) e 1:3 (FW2); Sparcitrus 1 (SP1) e 1:1 (SP2); Testemunha. Até o 4º dia de armazenamento não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de perda de peso dos tratamentos, sendo que ao final do armazenamento (12º dia) o tratamento SP1 foi superior aos demais, acarretando menor perda de peso dos frutos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de textura analisados dentro de cada dia de armazenamento, mas os valores decresceram durante o armazenamento. Para sólidos solúveis totais não observou-se aumento significativos dos teores durante o armazenamento, sendo que em relação aos tratamentos, apenas no 12º dia para o tratamento FW2 obtiveram-se valores mais elevados do que o SP1. Para o pH não houve diferença significativa entre os valores dentro dos dias de armazenamento, entretanto do ponto de colheita para o 4ºdia de armazenamento, houve diminuição significativa, com exceção do tratamento SP1.

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O tangor 'Murcote' apresenta necessidade de desbaste de frutos devido a alternância de produção, caracterizado por anos de excessiva produção intercalado com anos de baixa produção, evitando assim, a diminuição da qualidade dos frutos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de reguladores vegetais, a auxina ANA (ácido naftalenacético) e ethephon (etileno) no desbaste químico de frutos de tangor 'Murcote' aplicado 40 dias após o pleno florescimento. O experimento foi conduzido em Pratânia, SP, onde plantas de 5 anos de idade, enxertadas sobre o limoeiro 'Cravo', foram pulverizadas com ANA a 0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg L-1 e com ethephon a 200, 300 e 400 mg L-1, ambos em solução aquosa juntamente com adjuvante não iônico a 0,05%. A contagem dos frutos foi realizada previamente aos tratamentos em 2 ramos marcados por planta. O ANA não interferiu significativamente no desbaste de frutos, com porcentagens de queda variando entre 7 a 14%, enquanto que as pulverizações com ethephon mostraram maior eficiência no desbaste de frutos, principalmente na dose de 400 mg L-1, promovendo 66,6% de queda de frutos, sem contudo induzir a abscisão foliar. As doses inferiores de ethephon também promoveram desbaste de frutos da ordem de 40%. As porcentagens de queda de frutos foram pequenas, para plantas pulverizadas com ANA, enquanto que a aplicação de ethephon promoveu maior eficiência no desbaste de frutos.

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Biofertilizers are organic products usually obtained from an anaerobic process, evaluated mainly as phytoprotectors for agriculture, although they can improve fruit production. By this way, a field experiment was carried out in Remigio County, Paraiba State, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of two bovine biofertilizers on yield, medium mass and quality of papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.), 'Baixinho de Santa Amalia cultivar. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 15 plants in each parcel, in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, with two biofertilizers: simple (water and fresh bovine manure) and supermagro (water, fresh bovine manure, macro and micronutrients and a protein mix), applied in soil under liquid form at five volumes, as follows: 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; e 2.0 L cave(-1). There was no statistical difference between biofertilizers for fruit mass, yield and external and internal fruit quality variables, while between volumes differences were registered for both biofertilizers. The results, except for fruit firmness, registered positive effects of the biofertilizers on 'Baixinho de Santa Amalia' papaya cultivar in relation to yield and physical and chemical fruit quality.

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The organic production systems based on natural processes do not allow the use of synthetic fertilizers with a high solubility, so it is required the use of technologies in accordance with the organic production legislation in order to make the technical, economical and environmental sustainable activities viable. To evaluate the effects of the usage of mineral and organic natural fertilizers, associated with liquid biofertilizers (BLE= enriched liquid biofertilizer and BF= leaf biofertilizers) on the production of the sugar apple fruit crop Annona squamosa L., replacing totally the chemical fertilizers, used by conventional farming systems, a nine year old orchard was driven in the irrigated plot n degrees 1295, irrigated project Nilo Coelho, district of Petrolina - PE. The experiment was carried out from September 2005 to February 2006. The experimental design was done through randomized blocks with eight treatments and four replications in plots of three plants each, with 96 plants in total. The treatments were the following: T(1) - plants with no fertilizer; T(2) - 60 g de N + 32 g de P(2)O(5) + 48 g de K(2)O; T(3) - 90g de N + 32 g de P(2)O(5) + 48 g de K(2)O; T(4) - 30 g de N + 32 g de P(2)O(5) + 48 g de K(2)O + 15 L de BLE + BF a 5 %; T(5) - 60g de N + 32 g de P(2)O(5) + 48 g de K(2)O + 30 L de BLE + BF a 5 %; T(6)- 90g de N + 32 g de P(2)O(5) + 48 g de K(2)O + 45 L de BLE + BF a 5 %; T(7) - 120g de N + 32 g de P(2)O(5) + 48 g de K(2)O + 60 L de BLE + BF a 5 %; T(8) - 150 g de N + 32 g de P(2)O(5) + 48 g de K(2)O + 75 L de BLE + BF a 5 % The fruit growth analyses (diameter and average length), total yield, productivity, average fruit weight, average number of fruits, fresh weight of the skin and pulp and dry weight of the fruits were used to evaluate the experiment. The results were relevant to the total production, fresh weight of the skin and dry weight of the fruits. The use of organominerals associated with liquid fertilizers increased significantly the productivity in values ranging from 10.44% (T(5) = 1.98 t ha(-1)) to 24.52 % (T(7) = 12.34 %). The treatment T(3) stood out (90g de N + 32g de P(2)O(5) + 48g de K(2)O) with a higher production than the control. The fruit weight increased in the fertilized treatments, with values increasing from treatment (T(2) = 5.26 %) to the treatment (T(7) = 12.34 %) in relation to the control. The fruit development was characterized by an average growth increase of 82 % in length and 84 % in diameter until the 56(th) day, with a sigmoidal growth pattern.

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The study aimed to evaluate the yield and fruit quality of papaya 'Sunrise Solo' as function of nitrogen and boron fertilization. The experiment had a randomized block design with four replications, two plants per plot with a single border. To make up the treatments, we used the experimental array Plan Puebla III, which set the rates for nitrogen (0.0 to 111.2 - 200 - 288.9 - 400 g plant(-1), and B (0.0 - 0.83 - 1.5 - 2.16 - 3.0 g plant(-1)), in a total of ten treatments. The addition of nitrogen increased the yield, average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. The nitrogen and boron increased the diameter and length of the fruit, amount of seeds and content of soluble solids. The pH of the pulp decreased linearly with increasing doses of nitrogen and boron. It was observed a significant effect of N rates on the level of vitamin C.

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From the fruits of Solanum flaccidum Vell, two glycoalkaloids (solamargine and solasonine) and one aglycone (solasodine) were isolated and identified.

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This work was carried out at the Fazenda Experimental Lageado, at Botucatu, SP, to evaluate the physiological quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), seeds harvested at different fruit maturity stages and post-harvest resting periods. Fruits of cultivar Pérola were harvested at 6 ages (20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 days after anthesis) and they were stored at room temperature for 0, 5, 10 or 15 days before seed extraction. After this, seeds were fermented for 2 days, washed and dried. External visual characteristics of fruits and seeds were observed at harvest. Seed quality was evaluated as for moisture, dry matter content, dimensions, germination, and vigour. Results showed that seed germination and vigour increased in fruits aging from 20 to 40 days. Post-harvest periods improved seed quality of 20-day old fruits not reaching the seed quality levels observed in 40 or 45-day old fruits, without post-harvest resting period. Seeds from fruits at 25, 30 and 35 days of age, with 10 or 15 days of post-harvest resting period reached the same quality levels of seeds from fruits with 40-45 days old.

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Fruits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) cv. Amarelinho were harvested at three times: 35, 45 and 55 days after anthesis. Half part of the fruits of each harvest time was shelled and the seeds were dried in natural environment of laboratory or in dry chamber. The other half was dried unshelled in the same two conditions. Water contents of seeds were evaluated at harvest time and before the germination test, that was carried out when the seeds were in hygroscopic equilibrium with the two environments. The physiological quality of seeds was affected by the interaction effects of fruit age, drying method and drying condition. The highest values for percentage of germination were obtained from seeds taken from fruits 55 days old (up to 92%) and the hard seeds percentage was not affected by drying method and drying condition. The seeds from fruits of 35 and 45 days old had the germination percentage increased when dried inside the fruit in natural environment.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate the residue from cassava, known as manipueira, as an alternative for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fertilization. This experiment was carried out in UNESP with the cultivar Rio Grande. The experimental design was a completely randomized blocks in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with five blocks. Treatments constituted the following: 1) witness; 2) 54 m3/ha of manipueira; 3) 108 m3/ha of manipueira; 4) half recommended mineral fertilization; 5) half recommended mineral fertilization + 54 m3/ha of manipueira; 6) half recommended mineral fertilization + 108 m3/ha of manipueira; 7) recommended mineral fertilization; 8) recommended mineral fertilization + 54 m3/ha of manipueira and 9) recommended mineral fertilization + 108 m3/ha of manipueira. Tomato yield, number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter and lenght, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA) and the ratio TSS/TTA were evaluated. The results obtained indicated that manipueira contributed significantly to yield and quality of pos-harvested tomato fruits.

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Fruits have been considered an important feeding resource used not only by frugivorous birds, but also by omnivore and some insectivore species. In the present paper we are reporting the behavior of birds consuming fruits of Davilla rugosa (Dilleniaceae). Handling behavior and visits frequency were analyzed in order to infer about the potential ornithochoric seed dispersal. Focal observations were carried out from October to December 1999 in a cerrado fragment located in São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil (21°58′S, 47°52′W). In 60 h of field work we recorded 241 visits of 13 passerine bird species consuming the fruits. The mean number of visits per hour and the standard deviation were 4.01 ± 4.88. All of the species were considered potential seed dispersers, since no pulp mashers or seed predators were observed. No temporal difference in visit frequency was found when all of the species were analyzed together or when they were individually considered. Generalist species were responsible for 68.5% of the visits, followed by frugivorous (22.82%) and insectivorous (8.71%). The main potential seed dispersers were Elaenia spp. (Tyrannidae), Tangara cayana (Emberizidae), Empidonomus varius (Tyrannidae), Turdus leucomelas (Muscicapidae) and Vireo chivi (Vireonidae). The high visit frequency observed suggests that D. rugosa fruits may be an important feeding resource for birds in the cerrado ecosystem, in the manner that this plant can be considered in management plans which intent to maintain or rescue bird communities.

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An experiment with an Elisa hybrid sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L) crop using fertirrigation system was carried out in greenhouse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative effects of an increasing soil saline concentration on the production. The saline concentration was changed by the variation of the KC1 and Ca 2NO 3 concentration in order to obtain high soil electrical conductivity (EC) values. Standard fertigation system (1.5 dS m -1) values were used as control parameters. Besides that, the possibility of saline stress attenuation by applying organic material into the soil was studied. It was observed that the EC levels used in the crop were inversely correlated to the fructification index and the fruit mean weight. Under the most severe treatment (6.0 dS m -1) the fruit mean weight was reduced up to 58% and the mean produced fiuit number per plant was also reduced up to 55%, when compared to the obtained results under controlled conditions. These results demonstrated that the EC variation in the soil solution had strong interference on th production parameters selected for the studies.