Farinha de resíduos da filetagem de tilápias na alimentação de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) na fase de reversão sexual

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão da farinha de resíduos da indústria de filetagem de tilápias (FT) na alimentação da tilápia-do-nilo na fase de reversão sexual. Foram utilizadas 375 larvas com dois a três dias de idade, distribuídas em 25 aquários com capacidade para 30 L, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por um aquário com 15 larvas. Foram elaboradas cinco rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas com 38,6% de proteína digestível e 3.800 kcal de ED/kg, com níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de inclusão de FT. Os valores de temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade elétrica da água dos aquários durante o período experimental foram de 24,53 ± 1,60ºC; 4,81 ± 0,68 mg/L; 7,70 ± 0,25; e 175,97 ± 108,46 µS/cm, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento, não foram observadas diferenças no peso e comprimento final, no fator de condição, na sobrevivência e no índice de reversão sexual das larvas alimentadas com a FT. A inclusão de até 20% de FT em rações para tilápia do Nilo na fase de reversão sexual não causa prejuízo ao desempenho dos peixes.

Avaliação das exigências nutricionais de pequenos ruminantes pelos sistemas de alimentação recentemente publicados

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de diferentes relações flúor:fosforo na alimentação sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1.000 pintos de corte de 1 dia distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de 50 aves por boxe. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro fontes de fósforo com relações flúor:fósforo de 1:40, 1:60, 1:80 e 1:100. O experimento foi dividido em três fases experimentais: 1 a 21, 22 a 42 e 43 a 49 dias de idade. em cada fase, avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Ao final do experimento, foram abatidas duas aves de cada repetição para coleta da tíbia e de músculos do peito para análise das concentrações.

Fósforo na alimentação de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de fósforo na dieta de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) sobre a qualidade da água, o desempenho zootécnico, o rendimento corporal e a composição química da carcaça. Foram utilizados 100 juvenis com peso médio inicial de 25,9±1,32 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em 20 tanques de fibra de vidro, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia, às 8; 11; 14 e 17 h, com dietas extrusadas contendo 0,40; 0,55; 0,70; 0,85 e 1,0% de fósforo total. Não foram observadas diferenças nos parâmetros de qualidade de água, com exceção da concentração de ortofosfato na água, que apresentou aumento linear. Os parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico, rendimento corporal e composição química da carcaça não diferiram entre os níveis de suplementação de fósforo na dieta. A utilização de 0,40% de fósforo total atende às exigências de fósforo de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), além de disponibilizar menor concentração de ortofosfato da água.

Fezes de galinhas poedeiras na alimentação de ruminantes análises microbiológicas

The objectives of the present study were: to evaluate the variation in total number of microorganisms in laying hen fecal samples and to identify the pathogenic microorganisms possibly present such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp., Clostridium botulinum, C chauvoei, Campylobacter sp., Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium sp. The experiment was conducted at the School of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences of Jaboticabal, - UNESP. Fecal samples were collected from the aviary. A fully randomized experimental design was used with 7 treatments and 4 replications, for a total of 28 samples. A decrease in total number of microorganisms was detected when treatment T0 (zero days of storage) was compared with treatment T6 (42 days of storage), with oscillations in numbers being observed during this period of time. Pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium noyvi, C perfringens, C sordelli, C septicum and C noyvi type B were detected, as well as non-pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Sistemas de Alimentação com Livre Escolha e Semi Livre Escolha para Poedeiras

This research was carried out to verify the ability of laying hens to select food in order to meet their requirements for protein and energy. Ninety-six Hy-Line White laying hens, 45 weeks old, were allotted to a randomized block design with two blocks (two ranges of body weight), four treatments, and three replicates of four hens in each block. The treatments consisted of four different feeding systems: I-Conventional feeding represented by a complete ration composed of 60% ground corn and 40% protein concentrate; 2-Free-choice feeding with ground corn, protein concentrate and oyster shells fed in feeders with three separate compartments; 3-Semi free-choice feeding with whole corn grain, protein concentrate and oyster shells in the same proportion in one feeder; 4-Free-choice feeding with whole corn grain, protein concentrate and oyster shells fed in feeders with three separate compartments. The results indicated that the hens, in spite of age, adapt to different feeding systems, and that they can select feed to meet their nutrient requirements. The semi free-choice and free-choice feeding systems with whole corn grain resulted in the same performance compared to conventional feeding, but shell quality was not improved by oyster shell supplementation. However, the worst performance was with free-choice feeding with ground corn, which indicated that in the free-choice feeding system the use of whole corn grain is recommended.

Ação de antibióticos e quimioterápicos sobre alguns agentes baxterianos da mastite bovina, isolados da água utilizada no processo de obtenção do leite

Three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 73 coagulase negative Staphylococcus and 28 Escherichia coli strains,isolated from water samples from 10 dairy farms, were tested for ''in vitro'' sensitivity to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. The results showed that all samples isolated presented resistance to at least one active drug tested. The percentage of S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus and E. coli strains that exhibited resistance to the three active drugs were 100.00%, 84.93% and 71.43%, respectively. These results are important mainly due to the role of water as a vehicle for transmission of mastitis bacterial agents during the milking process.

Estudo do valor nutritivo do farelo de guandu [Cajanus cajan (L.) Miilps] var. fava larga na alimentação de frangos de corte. 1. Avaliação do tratamento térmico

The experiment was conducted to evaluate pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) protein in broiler chicks (up to 28 days of age) feeding, as compared to soybean (Glycine mar) protein, In the experiment the effects of temperature and autoclaving on antinutritional factors on pigeon pea meal were studied. Temperatures of 100, 110 e 120 degrees C and times of autoclaving of 10, 20 and 30 minutes were applied using a two-way factorial design, replicated in four times. Underheating and overheating during the process of inactivation of proteases inhibiting were evaluated by ureatic activity and protein solubility analysis, after the grains were dried and ground. After 28 days, the best time of autoclaving was 20 minutes (p<,05) irrespectively of temperature, which lead to a lower feed consuption. There were no histopathological alterations in kidney, liver, pancreas, heart and intestines of the broilers.

Influência do banho de aspersão ante-mortem na contaminação microbiana da carne bovina

To determine the effects of the pre-slaughter showering on some meat quality parameters, the bacterial changes in the Longus colli muscle and the contamination of the meat surface at three different points of the slaughter line were studied. Sixteen Nelore steers were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. Eight animals were submitted to pre-slaughter showering; a control group of eight animals were slaughtered without showering. Aseptic samples were collected for evaluations in the muscle depth, in the anterior portion of Longus colli muscle, just before chilling. The swab method was used for sampling carcass surface right after dressing, before carcasse washing, and at the beginning of chilling. Longus colli muscle samples were used to determine bacteria total count, psychrotrophic count and Enterobacteriaceae count, after 5, 24 and 48 hours from slaughtering, and in carcass surface, bacteria total count and psychrotrophic count. Multivariate methods were used to evaluate bacterial data the use of pre-slaughter showering did not affect the bacteria total counts, in the deep tissue. A significant growth of psychrotrophic bacteria was detected in both treatments. No significant differences (P>.05) were found in bacteria total count and psychrotrophic count between treatments. Also, no differences (P>.05) were detected between counts taken at different momments at the kill floor: skinning, before carcasse washing, and at the cooler, before chilling.

Influência do banho de aspersão ante-mortem na eficiência da sangria e em parâmetros bioquímicos da carne bovina

To determine the effects of the pre-slaughter showering on some meat quality parameters, the biochemical changes in the Longus colli muscle and the bleeding efficiency were studied. Thirty-six Nelore steers were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. Eighteen animals were submitted to pre-slaughter showering; a control group of eighteen animals were slaughtered without showering. Samples were collected for evaluations in the muscle depth, in the anterior portion of longus colli muscle,just before chilling. Bleeding efficiency was evaluated through the ratio of muscle haemoglobin/blood haemoglobin using blood samples taken five seconds after bleeding, and muscle sample taken before chilling. Longus colli muscle samples were also used to determine glycogen, glucose, pH and acidity, 5, 24 and 48 hours after slaughtering. Multivariate methods were used to evaluate biochemical data and the bleeding efficiency data analysis followed the randomized block design. Haemoglobin retained in the muscle and bleeding efficiency were not affected (P > .05) by pre-slaughter showering. The pre-slaughter showering did not affect (P > .05) the glycolysis. There was a significant effect of time in glycogen, glucose, pH and acidity, in the first 24 hours.

Efeito do tipo de dieta e do sistema de alimentação na fase inicial sobre o desempenho de leitões

In this experiment, 96 piglets (Large White x Landrace) were fed simple (SD) or semi-complex (SCD) diets during the initial phase (SP), using a controlled (C) or ad libitum (AL) schedules during the first 14 days of the SP and ad libitum for the rest of SP. By the end of SP one male and one female from each pen were transferred to growing finishing pens where they were fed ad libitum diets specific to each phase. The experimental design consisted of randomized complete blocks with six replicates by treatment. Higher average daily feed intakes (ADFI) were observed during the first 14 days of the SP by pigs fed SCD. Pigs fed AL showed higher ADFI and average daily gains (ADG). No treatment differences were observed between the treatments in feed conversion (FC) or in incidence and severity of diarrhea. Considering SP as a whole, there was no effect of treatments on the variables studied. Treatments used in SF did not affect ADFI and ADG during the growing-finishing phases (GFP), although pigs fed SD showed better FC. The ADG was nor affected by treatments when the total period (SP+GFP) was considered. It can be concluded that a similar performance was obtained when SD or SCD were feci during the initial phase. independently of the feeding system.

Não-preferência para alimentação de traça-das-crucíferas por genótipos de couve-flor

The feeding nonpreference of Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae was tested in regard to the cauliflower genotypes Barcelona, Verona, Piracicaba Precoce, Sharon, Silver Streak (hybrids) and Teresopolis Gigante (cultivar). Choice and no-choice tests were carried out at the laboratories of the Departamento de Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, to study attractiveness and dry mass consumption by 1st-instar (just hatched) and 4th-instar larvae for 24 hours. No significant difference was found for attractiveness in choice and no-choice tests, for both 1st-and 4th-instar larvae. The consumption of dry mass in both tests, with 1st-and 4th-instar larvae, showed a significant difference between genotypes only for 1st-instar larvae, the hybrid Silver Streak being the most consumed (3.72 mg) by P. xylostella larvae. The cauliflower genotypes tested presented no variation in attractiveness for 1st-instar (just hatched) and 4th-instar larvae and did not present nonpreference feeding resistance for P. xylostella larvae.

Farelo de trigo e complexo enzimático na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas na fase de produção

The study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the wheat bran (WB) with or without supplementation of an enzymatic complex (EC) on the performance of semi-heavy hens in the egg-production phase. A total of 288 Lohmann Brown pullets were used, distributed to a completely randomized design in 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, composed by four WB levels (0, 3, 6 and 9%) in the ration and enzymatic complex supplementation (0 or 100g/100 kg diet), with eight treatments and six replicates of six birds. The enzymatic complex contained the enzymes beta-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase and alpha-glucanase. Feed intake, final body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg mass feed conversion or egg dozen feed conversion was not affected by WB inclusion in the diets. Egg shell specific gravity deteriorated as WB levels increase in the diets. None of the characteristics was affected by the enzymatic complex supplementation, except for egg weight, that improved from 62.74 to 64.28 g. Then, the use up to 9.0% of wheat bran in the ration is recommended for semi-heavily chickens in the production phase. The supplementation of alpha-galactosidase, galactomannanase, xylanase and alpha-glucanase improve egg weight.

Uso de la inmunohistoquímica como herramienta epidemiológica para el diagnóstico de rabia bovina a partir de casos no conclusivos

Objective. Identify the rabies virus in cases of nervous disease archived in the laboratory with diagnosis of nonspecific encephalitis. Materials and methods. Twelve samples of bovine brain suspected of rabies, were processed by indirect immunoperoxidase technique using polyclonal antibodies against the viral agent. Results. Was demonstrated the presence of viral antigens in three cases in the form of small aggregates in the cytoplasm of neurons, with a pattern of round or oval and a variable number of viral inclusion bodies. We discussed the importance of the results in Colombia, the usefulness of the technique in the difficult conditions for sending samples to the laboratory, plus the possible relationship of the negative cases with bovine herpesvirus 5. Conclusions. The use of immunohistochemical technique to demonstrate rabies virus antigens in formalin fixed bovines tissues can help in the construction of an epidemiological map of rabies disease in Colombia and may reduce the high under-diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system of cattle, reported in some regions.

Análise fenotípica e molecular da produção de biofilmes por estirpes de staphylococcus aureus isoladas de casos de mastite subclínica bovina

Biofilm formation is considered an advantage for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates, facilitating bacterial persistence in the udder. It requires attachment to mammary epithelium, proliferation and accumulation of cells in multilayers and enclosing in a polymeric matrix known as exopolysaccharide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis for formation of biofilms. A total of 94 Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from milk samples of cows suffering from subclinical mastitis in dairy herds on two properties in the state of São Paulo were evaluated. These strains were characterized by in vitro biofilm formation, and by the presence of icaA and icaD genes which are responsible for intercellular adhesion. The results revealed that 98.9% of the isolates produced biofilm in vitro by adherence in sterile 96-well "U" bottom polystyrene tissue culture plates; 95.7% of the isolates possessed the icaA and icaD genes. These bacterial isolates biofilm producers may impair eradication of chronic mastitis, rendering antibiotherapy less effective. The detection of biofilm forming ability in mastitis isolates may provide useful information for more adequate therapeutic regimen and for preventive actions in the control of those bacterial isolates in bovine herds.