Morfologia, ultraestrutura e morfometria da glândula adrenal de paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) de cativeiro

Pós-graduação em Cirurgia Veterinária - FCAV

Ultrassonografia abdominal de cães e gatos hígidos, adultos e filhotes

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Emprego da tomografia computadorizada na detecção de alterações das adrenais em doentes com tuberculose

Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais - FMB

Interleucinas e perfil quimiometabólico músculo-esquelético de ratos com o membro posterior imobilizado e submetidos à estimulação elétrica neuromuscular

Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC

Influência da terapia pré-natal com betametasona sobre o desenvolvimeto da prole, do nascimento à vida adulta reprodutiva, em ratos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Papel do zinco sobe a fertilidade e função testicular de ratos expostos ao tabaco

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comparação das características e medidas ultrassonográficas das glândulas adrenais de cães e gatos filhotes saudáveis

The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the ultrasound characteristics of adrenal glands between healthy puppies and kittens by establishing standards of normality and references. Fifteen healthy crossbred puppies with mean weight of 3 kg and fifteen healthy crossbred kittens with mean weight of 2 kg, aged between five and six months, participated in the study. The animals were submitted to ultrasound exam of adrenal glands for visualization of their internal characteristics. The frequency of visualization of adrenal glands was 100% in kittens. In puppies the frequency was 75% for the right gland and 100% for the left gland. The puppy's adrenal gland, both right and left, were bigger in length (1.08 ± 0.01 cm, 1.11 ± 0.01 cm) and width (0.42 ± 0.02 cm, 0.45 ± 0.01 cm) in relation to kittens' adrenal gland length (0.64 ± 0.01 cm, 0.63 ± 0.01 cm) and width (0.30 ± 0.02 cm, 0.34 ± 0.01 cm). The adrenal gland of puppies and kittens was hypoechogenic to the surrounded fat, delimited by a hyperechogenic line and without distinction of the cortical and medullar region. The ultrasound dimensions of length and width of the adrenal glands, both right and left, were the same in puppies and kittens. The right and left puppies' adrenal glands were longer and wider than the kittens' glands.

Hiperadrenocorticismo atípico em cães

The endocrine diseases, notably Cushing's disease, are of great importance from the morbid pictures that affect the canine species. Due to the imprecision of the standard tests, the HAC can be a diagnosis difficult to confirm. Often, the clinical manifestations and biochemical and hematological findings support the diagnosis of HAC, but endocrine tests are normal or inconclusive. The excessive production of ACTH may, in the adrenals, not only stimulate the increase of glucocorticoids, but also of sex hormones. In recent studies, the concentrations of sex hormones were used as parameters to check the adrenal gland function in animals with suspected Cushing's disease, suggesting that high serum concentrations of 17 hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and other sex steroid hormones would be the cause of the so called atypical hyperadrenocorticism

Hiperadrenocorticismo em cães: revisão

Hyperadrenocorticism is a relatively common endocrinopathy in dogs, which is associated to an excessive production or administration of cortisol. The most affected breeds are Poodles, Teckels, Boxers, Boston Terriers and Beagles. The clinical signs most commonly observed are polyuria, polydipsia, polyfagia, panting, distended abdomen, endocrine alopecia, muscular weakness and lethargy. Laboratorial abnormalities include stress leukogram, increase in alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities, hypercholesterolemia, lipemia, hyperglycemia and hyposthenuria. The preferred essay to evaluate adrenal gland function is the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, whereas the most used treatments include mitotane and trilostane. The objective of this paper is to review hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, because this disease is relatively common in small animal clinics and has many long-term complications.

Salivary cortisol to assess the hypothalamic-pituItary-adrenal axis in healthy children under 3 years old

Objective: To establish reference concentration intervals for salivary cortisol in healthy children, in the morning and in the afternoon, investigating factors that interfere with the concentration measured and the possibility that circadian rhythms are present.Methods: A controlled observational study was carried out with 91 children aged 45 days to 36 months, selected at random and living in Santo Andre, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Inclusion criteria were: healthy, well-nourished, free from fever and corticoid use, subdivided by age group (five subsets) at 6-month intervals. Saliva was collected during home visits in the morning and afternoon. Cortisol was radioimmunoassayed with cortisol 3-oxime-bovine albumin antiserum.Results: the five subsets exhibited higher cortisol concentration during the morning than in the afternoon (p < 0.001), and this difference passed 30% from 1 year of age onwards. Mean concentrations, in nmol/L, were 557.86 (morning) and 346.36 (afternoon). A negative linear correlation was observed between morning concentrations and hours' sleep and frequency of meals (p < 0,05), and in the afternoon with anthropometric measurements (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Reference values for normal salivary cortisol in healthy children were established. At:45 days it was possible to observe circadian rhythms, which reached maturity at 12 months of life. Sleep and food deprivation increased morning cortisol levels.

Imunidade inata da glândula mamária bovina: resposta à infecção

A imunidade na glândula mamária pode ser classificada, assim como em outros sistemas, em inata ou inespecífica e adaptativa ou específica. A imunidade inata é a defesa predominante durante os estágios iniciais da infecção. As respostas inespecíficas estão presentes no local da infecção ou são ativadas rapidamente por numerosos estímulos e não aumentam pela exposição repetida ao mesmo agente etiológico. O primeiro obstáculo enfrentado por um patógeno para adentrar o úbere é composto pela barreira formada pelo esfíncter do teto e pelo tampão de queratina formado pelo epitélio queratinizado. Uma vez que o microrganismo tenha atravessado o canal do teto e alcançado a cisterna mamária, passam a atuar diversos fatores solúveis e celulares. Dentre os fatores solúveis, estão presentes: lactoperoxidase, sistema complemento, citocinas, lactoferrina, lisozima e NAGase. As defesas celulares inespecíficas na glândula mamária são representadas pelos neutrófilos, pelos macrófagos e pelas células natural killer. Na medida em que esses mecanismos funcionam adequadamente, a maioria dos patógenos será rapidamente eliminada antes que o sistema imune específico seja ativado, sem resultar em alterações na quantidade ou qualidade do leite produzido. Uma melhor compreensão sobre os mecanismos de defesa da glândula mamária e suas alterações durante os períodos críticos da infecção é imprescindível para o desenvolvimento de métodos mais eficazes de profilaxia e controle da mastite, a principal doença dos ruminantes leiteiros. O presente estudo revisou os principais aspectos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da imunidade inata na glândula mamária bovina.

The sympathetic adrenomedullary system, but not the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, participates in aorta adaptive response to stress: nitric oxide involvement

Stress induced a decrease in the reactivity of the aorta to noradrenaline (NA), as a consequence of an endothelial nitric oxide (NO) system hyperactivity. The main characteristic of the stress response is activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic adrenomedullary (SA) system. The participation of the HPA axis and SA system in the decreased reactivity to NA in the aorta of rats exposed to 4-h immobilization was investigated. Concentration-response relationships for NA were obtained in the aorta, with and without endothelium, isolated from normal and stressed rats, following these procedures: (1) in the absence and presence of L-NAME; (2) after adrenalectomy (ADX) or not, in the absence or presence of L-NAME; (3) ADX rats treated or not with corticosterone; (4) ADX associated with stress; and (5) treated or not with reserpine. The reactivity of aorta without endothelium was unaffected by the procedures. The reactivity of aorta with endothelium was decreased by either stress or ADX. This effect was reversed by both L-NAME and corticosterone. ADX did not potentiate the decrease in the aorta reactivity induced by stress. Reserpine did not change the reactivity of aorta with endothelium from normal rats, but prevented the decrease in reactivity induced by stress. It is concluded that the HPA axis participates in endothelium-dependent modulation of aorta reactivity in normal conditions and that thr SA system participates in hyperactivity of the endothelial NO-system induced by stress, which is responsible for the decreased aorta reactivity to NA. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Cytokine production in lungs and adrenal glands of high and low antibody producing mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Mice genetically selected for high (H) and low (L) antibody production (HIV-A and L-IV-A) were used in an experimental model of paracoccidioidomycosis. In a previous work, it was observed that male HIV-A animals were more susceptible to the infection due to adrenal gland damage. Male HIV-A and LIV-A animals were intravenously inoculated with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (strain 18) and sacrificed 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after inoculation. At each time interval, lungs and adrenals were removed to estimate recoverability of the fungus, as well as to determine Th1 (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine profiles. While viable fungi recoverability from the lungs of HIV-A mice was higher after 4 and 8 weeks, there was less fungal recovery from the adrenals of LIV-A animals after the 2nd week, with total fungal elimination after the 8th week. With regard to Th2 cytokines, there was an inhibition in IL-4 production in the organs from infected animals, the extent of which varied according to the organ and the time period after initiation of infection. IL-10 production was found to be lower in both organs. Determination of Th1 cytokines revealed that IFN-gamma production increased in both organs, mainly in the adrenal of LIV-A after 8 and 10 weeks, when these animals showed a total fungal elimination. A significant difference was observed between HIV-A and LIV-A concerning TNF-alpha production in both organs and at all recovery times, in that LIV-A produced a higher level of this cytokine, mainly in the adrenal. These results may explain the high susceptibility of HIV-A to P. brasiliensis infection, is due, at least in part, to adrenal involvement. The higher production of Th1 cytokines by LIV-A in comparison to HIV-A mice may account for LIV-A resistance to P. brasiliensis infection. Our data reveal the importance of this experimental model in the study of the adrenal involvement in paracoccidioidomycosis, since this gland may be highly compromised in the patients, leading to the development of Addison's Disease.