Effects of hypertension on maternal adaptations to pregnancy: experimental study on spontaneously hypertensive rats

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Transverse skeletal base adaptations with Bionator therapy: A pilot implant study

The purpose of this randomized, controlled trial was to evaluate transverse skeletal base adaptations to Bionator therapy. The sample included 25 patients (15 male, 10 female) aged 6.9 to 11.2 years with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. The patients were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 11) or treatment (n = 14) group and followed longitudinally for approximately 12 months. Treatment consisted of a Bionator only, constructed to remain approximately 2 mm from the buccal dentition. Transverse maxillary and mandibular changes were evaluated cephalometrically according to 4 bilateral maxillary and 2 bilateral mandibular implants. Untreated Class II controls exhibited significant increases between posterior maxillary implants but no significant changes between the anterior maxillary or mandibular implants. There were no significant width differences between the control and treated groups before treatment. Posterior maxillary implant widths increased significantly (P < .05) in both groups, but the treated group showed significantly greater width increases than the control group. The treated group also showed greater increases between mandibular implants, but the differences were not statistically significant. These results suggest that transverse skeletal base adaptations occur as a result of Bionator therapy.

Protein malnutrition does not impair glucose metabolism adaptations to exercise-training

Malnutrition is a common health problem in developing countries and is associated with alterations in glucose metabolism. In the present study we examine the effects of chronic aerobic exercise on some aspects of glucose metabolism in protein-deficient rats. Two groups of adult rats (90 days old) were used: Normal protein group (17%P)- kept on a normal protein diet during intra-uterine and postnatal life and Low protein group (6%P)- kept on a low protein diet during intrauterine and post natal life. After weaning (21 days old), half of the 17%P and 6%P rats were assigned to a Sedentary (Sed) or an Exercise-trained (Exerc = swimming, 1 hr/day, 5 days/week, supporting an overload of 5% of body weight) subgroup. The area under blood glucose concentration curve (Delta G) after an oral glucose load was higher in 17%P Sed rats (20%) than in other rats and lower in 6%P Exerc (11%) in relation to 6% Sed rats. The post-glucose increase in blood insulin (Delta I) was also higher in 17%P Sed (9%) than in other rats. on the other hand, the glucose disappearance rate after exogenous subcutaneous insulin administration (Kitt) was lower in 17%P Sed rats (66%) than in other rats. Glucose uptake by soleus muscle was higher in Exerc rats (30%) than in Sed rats. Soleus muscle glycogen synthesis was reduced in 6%P Sed rats (41%) compared to 17%P Sed rats but was restored in 6%P Exerc rats. Glycogen concentration was elevated in Exerc (32%) rats in comparison to Sed rats. The present results indicate that glucose-induced insulin release is reduced in rats fed low protein diet. This defect is counteracted by an increase in the sensitivity of the target tissues to insulin and glucose homeostasis is maintained. This adaptation allows protein deficient rats to preserve the ability to appropriately adapt to aerobic physical exercise training. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V.

EFFECTS OF INTRAUTERINE AND POSTNATAL PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION ON METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE IN YOUNG-RATS

The effect of intrauterine and postnatal protein-calorie malnutrition on the biochemical ability to perform exercise was investigated in young male rats. Malnourished rats were obtained by feeding dams a low-protein (6%) casein-based diet prepared in the laboratory during pregnancy and lactation. Control rats received an isocaloric diet containing 25% protein. The low-protein diet contained additional starch and glucose. At 45 days of age, malnourished rats showed lower body weight, serum protein, albumin and glucose levels, hematocrit values and heart glycogen content but higher circulating free fatty acids and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen than control rats. In response to exercise (50 min of swimming), control rats displayed lower heart, gastrocnemius and liver glycogen levels whereas malnourished rats showed low glycogen levels only in the gastrocnemius muscle. Both control and malnourished rats showed high serum glucose and free fatty acid levels after exercise. In conclusion, protein-calorie malnutrition improved muscle glycogen storage but this substrate was broken down to a greater extent in response to exercise. Malnourished rats were able to perform exercise maintaining high blood glucose levels, as observed in control rats, perhaps as a consequence of the elevated availability of circulating free fatty acids.

The bizarre male of Spalangia dozieri (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): adaptations for male phoresy or the result of sexual selection?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Functional and Structural Adaptations in the Pancreatic alpha-Cell and Changes in Glucagon Signaling During Protein Malnutrition

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Metabolic adaptations induced by long-term fasting in quails

After up to 21 days without food, adult male quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) lost about 45% of the initial body weight (100-150 g). As in naturally fast-adapted and larger birds, three phases were identified during prolonged fasting in quails. Phase I lasted 2-3 days and was characterized by a rapid decrease in the rate of body weight loss and high fat mobilization. Phase II was longer and characterized by a slow and steady decline in the rates of body weight loss and of nitrogen excretion. The third (critical) period was marked by an abrupt increase in the rates of body weight loss and of nitrogen excretion. Despite their small size, the duration of phase II in quails was relatively long, a clear advantage for the study of the relationships between the several metabolic events that occur during this crucial adaptative period. Also, the beginning of phase III could be precisely determined. Changes in blood glucose, plasma FFA and triacylglycerols levels, as well as in liver and carcass lipid content were similar to those found in other species of birds. Therefore, quails seem to be a suitable model to investigate the biochemical mechanisms involved in the metabolic adjustments to prolonged food deprivation in non fasting-adapted birds. © 1995.

Acute and short-term insulin-induced molecular adaptations of GLUT2 gene expression in the renal cortex of diabetic rats

Increased GLUT2 gene expression in the renal proximal tubule of diabetic rats is an adaptive condition, which may be important in the diabetic nephropathy development. We investigated the effects of insulin treatment upon the renal GLUT2 overexpression of diabetic rats. Acute treatment, surprisingly, induced a rapid further increase in GLUT2 mRNA content. Twelve hours after insulin injection, GLUT2 mRNA was twice the value of saline-injected rats (P < 0.001), when GLUT2 protein remained unchanged. In response to short-term treatment, both GLUT2 mRNA and protein were increased in 1-day treated rats (P < 0.05 versus saline-injected), decreasing after that, and reaching, within 6 days, values close to those of non-diabetic rats. Concluding, insulin treatment induced: initially, an additional upregulation of GLUT2 gene expression, involving posttranscriptional modulation; thereafter, downregulation of GLUT2 expression, which returns to non-diabetic levels. The former may be related to increased insulin concentration, the latter may be due to glycemic control. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Monitoring chronic physical stress using biomarkers, performance protocols and mathematical functions to identify physiological adaptations in rats

This study was undertaken to characterize the effects of monotonous training at lactate minimum (LM) intensity on aerobic and anaerobic performances; glycogen concentrationsin the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius muscle and the liver; and creatine kinase (CK), free fatty acids and glucose concentrations in rats. The rats were separated into trained (n =10), baseline (n = 10) and sedentary (n=10) groups. The trained group was submitted to the following: 60 min/day, 6 day/week and intensity equivalent to LM during the 12-week training period. The training volume was reduced after four weeks according to a sigmoid function. The total CK (U/L) increased in the trained group after 12 weeks (742.0±158.5) in comparison with the baseline (319.6±40.2) and the sedentary (261.6+42.2) groups. Free fatty acids and glycogen stores (liver, soleus muscle and gastrocnemius muscle) increased after 12 weeks of monotonous training but aerobic and anaerobic performances were unchanged in relation to the sedentary group. The monotonous training at LM increased the level of energy substrates, unchanged aerobic performance, reduced anaerobic capacity and increased the serum CK concentration; however, the rats did not achieve the predicted training volume.

Morphological adaptations to arboreal habitats and heart position in species of the neotropical whipsnakes genus Chironius

The evolution of arboreality in snakes is accompanied by modifications that are remarkably similar across species. Gravity is one of the most important selective agents, and arboreal snakes present adaptations to circumvent the gradient of pressure, including modifications on heart position (HP) and body slenderness (BS). However, the degree to which different life-history traits influence the cardiovascular system of snakes remains unclear. Here, we used an ecological and a phylogenetic approach to explore the relationship between habitat, HP, BS, and heart size (HS) in five species of the neotropical whipsnakes genus Chironius that occupy terrestrial, semiarboreal, and arboreal habits. Our ecological comparison indicated that the arboreal species have the most posterior-positioned heart, the most slender body, and the smallest HS, whereas the terrestrial representative of the group exhibited the most anterior heart, the less flattened body, and the largest HS. After removing the phylogenetic effect, we found no difference in HP and BS between terrestrial and arboreal species. Habitat only differed when contrasting with HS. Body slenderness and HS were correlated with HP. Our results suggest that different restrictions, such as anatomical constraints, behavior, and phylogenetic inertia, may be important for the studied species. © 2013 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Physiological adaptations during endurance training below anaerobic threshold in rats

To assess the effects of continuous exercise training at intensities corresponding to 80 and 90 % of the lactate minimum test (LM), we evaluated antioxidant activity, hormone concentration, biochemical analyses and aerobic and anaerobic performance, as well as glycogen stores, during 12 weeks of swimming training in rats. One-hundred rats were separated into three groups: control (CG, n = 40), exercise at 80 (EG80, n = 30) and 90 % (EG90, n = 30) of LM. The training lasted 12 weeks, with sessions of 60 min/day, 6 days/week. The intensity was based at 80 and 90 % of the LM. The volume did not differ between training groups (Ẋ of EG80 = 52 ± 4 min; Ẋ of EG90 = 56 ± 2 min). The glycogen concentration (mg/100 mg) in the gastrocnemius increased after the training in EG80 (0.788 ± 0.118) and EG90 (0.795 ± 0.157) in comparison to the control (0.390 ± 0.132). The glycogen stores in the soleus enhanced after the training in EG90 (0.677 ± 0.230) in comparison to the control (0.343 ± 0.142). The aerobic performance increased by 43 and 34 % for EG80 and EG90, respectively, in relation to baseline. The antioxidant enzymes remain unchanged during the training. Creatine kinase (U/L) increased after 8 weeks in both groups (EG80 = 427.2 ± 97.4; EG90 = 641.1 ± 90.2) in relation to the control (246.9 ± 66.8), and corticosterone (ng/mL) increased after 12 weeks in EG90 (539 ± 54) in comparison to the control (362 ± 44). The continuous exercise at 80 and 90 % of the LM has a marked aerobic impact on endurance performance without significantly biomarkers changes compared to control. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.