Effects of corn particle size and physical form of the diet on the gastrointestinal structures of broiler chickens

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different particle sizes, expressed as Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) of corn (0.336mm, 0.585mm, 0.856mm and 1.12mm) of mash and pelleted broiler chicken diets on the weight of the gizzard, duodenum and jejunum+ileum; on the pH of the gizzard and small intestine and on the characteristics of the duodenal mucous layer (number and height of villi and crypt depth) in 42-day-old broilers. The physical form and the particle size of the diet had no significant effect on gizzard and intestine pH (p > 0.05). A greater gizzard weight was seen in the birds receiving pelleted diet and particle size of 0.336mm (p < 0.008). However, for the particle sizes of 0.856 and 1.12 mm, a greater weight was found in birds that received mash diet (p < 0.039 and p < 0.006, respectively). Also, gizzard weight was greater with increasing corn GMD independent of the physical form of the diet. In the mash diet, the increase in particle size promoted a quadratic response in the weight of duodenum and jejunum + ileum. The pelleted diet promoted a greater number of villi per transverse duodenum cut (p < 0.007) and greater crypt depth (p < 0.05). As the particle size increased, there was a linear increase of villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum, irrespective of the physical form of the diet.

Desempenho, eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes e estrutura do trato digestório de pintos de corte alimentados na fase pré-inicial com rações de diferentes formas físicas

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da forma física da ração sobre o desempenho, a utilização dos nutrientes das rações e o desenvolvimento do trato disgestório de pintos de corte na primeira semana de vida. Foram utilizados 150 pintos machos Cobb distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos com cinco repetições de dez aves. Os tratamentos consistiram das formas físicas farelada, triturada e peletizada de uma ração pré-inicial comercial. Com exceção da moela, os órgãos do trato digestório e a estrutura morfométrica do intestino não foram influenciados pela forma física da ração. Maior digestibilidade do N foi obtida com a ração peletizada, enquanto a ração triturada possibilitou maior digestibilidade do EE. A energia metabolizável determinada para a ração farelada foi menor que a obtida nas demais formas físicas da ração. As aves alimentadas com ração farelada tiveram menor consumo de ração e ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. Ingeriram ainda menos energia, apresentaram menores retenções de proteína, gordura e energia corporal e utilizaram maior proporção da energia ingerida para produção de calor. As rações pré-iniciais na forma peletizada ou triturada possibilitam maior aproveitamento dos nutrientes da ração pelos pintos e melhor desempenho.

Microbiological assay for cefoxitin sodium in dosage form

A microbiological assay applying the cylinder-plate method is described for determination of the activity of cefoxitin sodium in injectables. Using a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12226 as the test organism, cefoxitin sodium was measured in concentrations ranging from 50.0 to 200.0 mu g/mL. The validation showed that the method was linear (r = 0.9998), precise (RSD 0.81%), and accurate. It was concluded that the microbiological assay is satisfactory for quantitation of cefoxitin sodium in injectables.

Differential antibody isotype expression to the major Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen in juvenile and adult form paracoccidioidomycosis

We investigated the relationship between antibody response to the major Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen, a 43-kDa glycoprotein, and the two paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) clinical presentations, the juvenile and the adult forms. Total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG isotypes, and IgA anti-gp43 antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients' sera. Juvenile PCM patients had higher (P =.003) IgG anti-gp43 levels than adult form patients. IgG1 subclass levels, however, were comparable between the two clinical forms. Patients with the juvenile form had higher (P <.001) IgG4, but lower(P =.03) IgG2 levels than patients with the adult form. The IgG4 isotype, regulated by interleukin 4, was found in all juvenile form patients but in only 12% of the adult form patients. In contrast, high levels of the IgG2 isotype, regulated by interferon-gamma, were found in 41% of the adult PCM patients, mainly those with a more benign disease, but in only 12% of the juvenile patients. IgG3 was either absent or detected at low levels. These results demonstrate, for the first time, specific IgG4 antibodies in the humoral immune response of patients with an endemic deep mycosis and suggest that the switch to the IgG subclasses in PCM is regulated by the patients' T-helper subset (Th-l or Th-2) dominant cytokine profile. A possible role for IgG4 in the immunopathogenesis of the juvenile, more severe form of the disease is discussed. Finally, IgA was found mainly in adult form patients, probably as a result of the chronic mucosal antigenic stimulation characteristic of this form. (C) Elsevier, Paris.

Exact closed-form solutions of the Dirac equation for a class of effective Morse potentials

Exact bounded solutions for a fermion subject to exponential scalar potential in 1 + 1 dimensions are found in closed form. We discuss the existence of zero modes which are related to the ultrarelativistic limit of the Dirac equation and are responsible for the induction of a fractional fermion number on the vacuum.

Exact closed-form solutions of the Dirac equation with a scalar exponential potential

The problem of a fermion subject to a general scalar potential in a two-dimensional world for nonzero eigenenergies is mapped into a Sturm-Liouville problem for the upper component of the Dirac spinor. In the specific circumstance of an exponential potential, we have an effective Morse potential which reveals itself as an essentially relativistic problem. Exact bound solutions are found in closed form for this problem. The behaviour of the upper and lower components of the Dirac spinor is discussed in detail, particularly the existence of zero modes. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.v. All rights reserved.

Uso de produto à base de enzima e levedura na dieta de bovinos: digestibilidade dos nutrientes e desempenho em confinamento

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes níveis de enzima mais levedura na dieta de bovinos sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e o desempenho em confinamento, utilizando-se 18 animais machos, mestiços, de origem leiteira, com peso vivo (PV) médio de 190±10 kg e 12 meses de idade, e 27 animais da raça Guzerá com PV médio de 325 kg e idade média de 27 meses. Os níveis de enzima mais levedura foram zero (controle), 5 g de enzima (E) mais 5 g de levedura (L) e 10 g de E mais 5 g de L por animal por dia. Todos os animais receberam a mesma dieta, constituída de 65% de silagem (50% de milho:50% de sorgo) e 35% de concentrado composto de milho (24,6%), farelo de algodão (7,4%), uréia (1,2%), sal mineralizado (0,54%) e calcário (0,86%). Esta dieta apresentava 12,4% de PB; 10,1 MJEM/kg MS e 41,1% de FDN. A adição de enzima mais levedura não alterou o consumo de MS (3,31% do PV ou 126,6 g/kg PV0,75), e CDA da MS (63,0%), PB (68,2%), EE (83,3%), CHOT (61,3%), FDN (47,2%), FDA (43,8%) e valor de NDT (62,8%). O GMD e o CMS diminuíram de forma quadrática e a CA alimentar piorou linearmente, em função dos dias de confinamento. O fornecimento de enzima mais levedura para bovinos de corte não traz benefícios nutricionais ou de desempenho.

Dysautonomia and ventricular dysfunction in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease

Background: the associations between autonomic function and biventricular function in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease remains to be elucidated.Methods: In 42 asymptornatic patients and 19 healthy volunteers, the autonomic function was assessed by time domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV), analyzed for 24 h; the right ventricular function was assessed by fraction area change, right ventricle shortening, and systolic excursion of the tricuspid valve; and the left ventricular function was assessed by ejection fraction and transmittal flow velocities. Data were expressed as mean SD or medians (including the lower quartile and upper quartile). Groups were compared by Student's t or Mann-Whitney U test. Autonomic and ventricular function were correlated by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient. The level of significance was 5%.Results: Right and left ventricular systolic function indexes were comparable between groups. Transmittal flow velocities were decreased in the Chagas disease group (p < 0.05). The patients presented impaired HRV as indicated by the values of SDNN-day (80 (64-99) ms vs. 98 (78-127) ms; p = 0.045), SDNNI-24 It (54 (43-71) vs. 65 (54-105) ms; p = 0.027), SDNNI-day (49 (42-64) vs. 67 (48-76) ms; p = 0.045), pNN50-day (2.2 (0.7-5)% vs. 10 (3-11)%; p = 0.033); and pNN50-24 It (3 (1-7)% vs. 12 (8-19)%; p = 0.013). There were no correlations between the left ventricular diastolic indices and autonomic dysfunctional indices (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease have both dysautonomia, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. However, the right ventricular function is preserved. Importantly, ventricular diastolic dysfunction and dysautonomia. are independent phenomena. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Effect of Drilling Technique on the Early Integration of Plateau Root Form Endosteal Implants: An Experimental Study in Dogs

Purpose: This study tested the hypothesis that early integration of plateau root form endosseous implants is significantly affected by surgical drilling technique.Materials and Methods: Sixty-four implants were bilaterally placed in the diaphysial radius of 8 beagles and remained 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. Half the implants had an alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface and the other half a surface coated with calcium phosphate. Half the implants with the 2 surface types were drilled at 50 rpm without saline irrigation and the other half were drilled at 900 rpm under abundant irrigation. After euthanasia, the implants in bone were nondecalcified and referred for histologic analysis. Bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and the distance from the tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone were measured. Statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variance at a 95% level of significance considering implant surface, time in vivo, and drilling speed as independent variables and bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and distance from the tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone as dependent variables.Results: The results showed that both techniques led to implant integration and intimate contact between bone and the 2 implant surfaces. A significant increase in bone-to-implant contact and bone area fraction occupancy was observed as time elapsed at 2 and 4 weeks and for the calcium phosphate-coated implant surface compared with the alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface.Conclusions: Because the surgical drilling technique did not affect the early integration of plateau root form implants, the hypothesis was refuted. (C) 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 69: 2158-2163, 2011

Assessment of the Ability to Relate Anterior Tooth Form and Arrangement to Gender

Purpose: This study evaluated the assumption that there are morphological differences between the natural anterior dentition of men and women. The goal of the study was to determine the gender of patients based on the appearance of the anterior teeth in photographs. Materials and Methods: Laymen and observers from different specialties were asked to determine the gender of individuals based on the shape and arrangement of anterior teeth. Forty anterior dentition photographs of dental students of both genders (20 women, 20 men) between 18 and 26 years old were selected, coded, and randomly arranged in an album. The albums were delivered to five groups of observers: general practitioners (recently graduated dentists), prosthodontists, orthodontists, restorative dentists (specialists in cosmetic and restorative dentistry), and laymen (control group). The observers evaluated the photographs twice at 1-week intervals. Results: The average correctly identified values in women and men were 57.6% and 58.8%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between observers and between each group of professionals and the laymen group (p > 0.05). An intraobserver agreement was not observed between the evaluations (kappa =-0.01). Conclusion: The results of this limited study indicated that it was not possible to differentiate gender by viewing photographs of anterior teeth.

The Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) Natural Genetic Variation Rg1 and the DELLA Mutant Procera Control the Competence Necessary to Form Adventitious Roots and Shoots

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparative cytogenetic studies of Bufo ictericus, B. paracnemis (Amphibia, Anura) and an intermediate form in sympatry

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Production, purification and characterization of a minor form of xylanase from Aspergillus versicolor

A strain of Aspergillus versicolor produces a xylanolytic complex containing two components, the minor component being designated xylanase II. The highest production of xylanase II was observed in cultures grown for 5 days in 1% wheat bran as carbon source, at pH 6.5. Xylanase II was purified 28-fold by DEAE-Sephadex and HPLC GF-5 10 gel filtration. Xylanase II was a monomeric glycoprotein, exhibiting a molecular mass of 32 kDa with 14.1% of carbohydrate content. Optimal pH and temperature values for the enzyme activity were about 6.0-7.0 and 55 degreesC, respectively. Xylanase II thermoinactivation at 50degreesC showed a biphasic curve. The ions Hg2+, Cu2+ and the detergent SDS were strong inhibitors, while Mn2+ ions and dithiothreitol were stimulators of the enzyme activity. The enzyme was specific for xylans, showing higher specific activity on birchwood xylan. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K-m) for birchwood xylan was estimated to be 2.3 mg ml(-1) while maximal velocity (V-max) was 233.1 mumol mg(-1) min(-1) of protein. The hydrolysis of oat spell xylan released only xylooligosaccharides. Published by Elsevier Ltd.