Fatores sócio-demográficos e diagnósticos de enfermagem em pacientes transplantados renais

Analisar a associação estatística entre diagnósticos de enfermagem identifi cados nos pacientes transplantados renais e seus fatores sócio-econômicos. Estudo transversal realizado em um hospital universitário em Fortaleza-CE, no período compreendido entre dezembro de 2004 a abril de 2005. Foram identifi cados 38 diagnósticos de enfermagem. Dez diagnósticos apresentaram freqüências acima do percentil 75: Risco de infecção; percepção sensorial perturbada: visual; Padrão de sono perturbado; Nutrição desequilibrada: mais do que as necessidades corporais; Fadiga; Disfunção sexual; Percepção sensorial perturbada: audição; Dor aguda; Padrões de sexualidade inefi cazes; Risco de nutrição desequilibrada: mais do que as necessidades. O estudo sobre diagnósticos de enfermagem ajudou a expandir o conhecimento da realidade dos pacientes, o que é necessário para o estabelecimento de cuidados de enfermagem ao transplante renal, bem como para abordar os resultados que vierem a ser desenvolvidas com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de vida

Comparação de efeitos dos extratos de Hypericum perforatum (Hipérico) e de Mentha crispa (Hortelã) em diferentes modelos experiemtais

Several clinic evaluations have been possible with radiobiocomplexes labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc). Some natural and synthetic drugs are capable of to interfere on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as on the biodistribution of radiobiocomplexes. Authors have also reported about the toxicity of several natural products. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the Mentha crispa (hortelã) and of the Hypericum perforatum (hipérico) in different experimental models. On the labeling of red blood cells (RBC) and plasma and cellular proteins with 99mTc, both extracts were capable of to decrease the radioactivity percentage on the cellular compartment and on the fixation on plasma and cellular proteins. On the morphometry of the RBC, only the hortelã was capable to alter the shape and the perimeter/area ratio of the RBC. On the biodistribution of the radiobiocomplex sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4), the hortelã increased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the kidney, spleen, liver and thyroid, meanwhile the hipérico decreased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the bone, stomach, lungs and thyroid, and increased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the pancreas. On the bacterial cultures survival, the hipérico was capable of to protect the bacteria against the stannous chloride (SnCl2) effect. The hipérico did not alter the topology of plasmidial DNA and did not protect the plasmidial DNA against the SnCl2 action. Probably, the effects presented by both extracts could be due to chemical compounds of the extracts that could alter the morphology of the RBC and the plasma membrane ions transport, and/or by phytocomplexes that could be formed with different effects dependent on the biological system considered

Biodistribuição de samário -153- EDTMP em ratos TRATADOS com docetaxel

A dor óssea decorrente das metástases é um sintoma comum nos tumores avançados de mama e próstata. Nenhuma opção terapêutica isolada é completamente eficaz, e uma série de modalidades costuma ser empregada, entre eles a terapia com radiofármacos, como o samário153-etilenodiaminatetrametileno fosfonato (EDTMP-153Sm). O docetaxel, um taxano com ação sobre tumores avançados de mama e próstata, tem-se apresentado como uma nova opção de tratamento quimioterápico. Muitos pacientes fazem uso simultâneo de EDTMP-153Sm e docetaxel. Este estudo procurou avaliar a influência do docetaxel na biodisponibilidade de EDTMP-153Sm em ratos Wistar, aleatoriamente alocados em 2 grupos de 6 animais cada. O grupo DS (docetaxel/samário) recebeu docetaxel (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneal em dois ciclos com 11 dias de intervalo. Os ratos do grupo S (samário/controle) não foram tratados com docetaxel. Nove dias após a quimioterapia, todos os animais receberam 0.1ml de EDTMP-153Sm via plexo orbital (25μCi). Após 2 horas, os animais foram mortos, e realizaram-se análises de amostras de cérebro, tireóide, pulmão, coração, estômago, cólon, fígado, rim e fêmures. O percentual de radioatividade por grama (%ATI/g) de tecido de cada biópsia foi determinado em contador gama automático (Wizard-1470, Perkin-Elmer, Finland). No 9º dia após 2º ciclo de docetaxel, os ratos tiveram perda de peso significante, passando de 353.66± 22.8g (controle/pré-tratamento) para 314,50±22,09g (p<0.5). Os %ATI/g nos órgãos dos ratos tratados com EDTMP- 153Sm e docetaxel tiveram redução significante nos fêmures direito e esquerdo, rim, fígado e pulmão, quando comparados aos animais não tratados com docetaxel. Em conclusão, a combinação de docetaxel com EDTMP-153Sm foi associada à menor concentração do radiofármaco em órgãos alvo. Futuras investigações sobre o impacto do docetaxel na biodisponibilidade do EDTMP- 153Sm poderão complementar estes achados. Deve-se ressaltar o caráter multidisciplinar deste estudo, que contou com a participação ativa e com a troca constante de conhecimentos entre profissionais das áreas de Medicina Nuclear, Cirurgia, Oncologia, Biologia e Estatística

Biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio após desvio gástrico em Y de Roux (técnica de capella)

O desvio gástrico em Y de Roux é a técnica cirúrgica mais utilizada no tratamento da obesidade mórbida. Esta operação reduz o volume do estômago e o comprimento do intestino delgado, gerando alterações estruturais e metabólicas que podem influenciar no resultado de exames cintilográficos de pacientes operados. Com o objetivo de avaliar a biodistribuição pós-operatória do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTc) em órgãos de ratos Wistar submetidos à técnica do bypass (desvio) gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR), foram utilizados 12 ratos distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo tratado (n=6), submetido à cirurgia do BGYR e o grupo controle (C; n=6). No 15º dia de pós-operatório foi administrado 0,1 mL via plexo orbital de Na99mTc aos animais dos dois grupos, com atividade radioativa média de 0,66MBq. Após 30 minutos, os ratos foram mortos e retirados fragmentos de tireóide, coração, pulmão, fígado, estômago, rim e fêmur. As amostras foram lavadas com solução salina 0,9%, pesadas e submetidas ao Contador Gama 1470, WizardTM Perkin-Elmer-Finlândia para determinação do percentual de atividade radioativa total por grama (%ATI/g) de cada órgão. Empregou-se o teste t de Student para análise estatística, considerando-se significantes as diferenças das médias quando p<0,05. Redução significante na média de %ATI/g foi observada no fígado, estômago e fêmur dos animais submetidos à cirurgia de BGYR comparada ao grupo controle (p<0,05). Nos demais órgãos não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Em conclusão, a cirurgia BGYR em ratos modificou a biodistribuição do Na99mTc em alguns órgãos, podendo ter implicações clínicas na interpretação de exames cintilográficos. Este estudo xi teve um caráter multidisciplinar com a participação de pesquisadores das áreas de Cirurgia Experimental, Farmácia, Radiobiologia, Medicina Nuclear e Estatística

Efeito do sildenafil na lesão renal por isquemia-reperfusão em ratos

A lesão renal causada pelo processo isquemia-reperfusão ocorre em várias intervenções cirúrgicas, como transplantes de rins, cirurgias vasculares renais e na nefrectomia parcial. Devido ao processo isquêmico, ocorre disfunção do órgão e morte celular. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do sildenafil, em ratos, administrado previamente à isquemia renal e reperfusão, em avaliações cintilográficas e histopatológicas, foram utilizados vinte e quatro ratos Wistar, aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos. Os animais receberam 0,1 ml IV 99mTecnécio-Etilenodicisteína, realizando-se a cintilografia renal inicial e, em seguida, foram submetidos à laparotomia, provocando-se isquemia no rim esquerdo, com oclusão da artéria renal, durante 1 hora, com posterior reperfusão. Os animais do grupo sildenafil receberam previamente 1mg/kg de sildenafil via oral, 60 minutos antes da isquemia. O grupo controle recebeu somente solução salina. Após a isquemia e reperfusão, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi avaliada com 24 horas e a outra metade, com sete dias, com nova cintilografia renal. Após eutanásia, com superdose de anestésico, os rins foram retirados e submetidos a exame histopatológico. Empregou-se avaliação estatística com o teste t de Student e com teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Foi observado no rim esquerdo do grupo controle um déficit funcional nas imagens cintilográficas, após sete dias, comparativamente ao respectivo estudo cintilográfico inicial (p<0,05). Nos rins esquerdos dos animais do grupo controle (24 horas pós-isquemia), ocorreu um maior grau de necrose celular quando comparados ao grupo tratado com o sildenafil (p<0,05). A cintilografia e a histopatologia demonstraram que o sildenafil exerceu ação protetora dos rins, após episódio de isquemia-reperfusão renal normotérmica. Deve ressaltar-se o x caráter interdisciplinar desta tese, que contou com a participação ativa de profissionais das áreas de cirurgia, medicina nuclear, urologia, patologia e estatística

Avaliação clínica e microbiológica das condições de saúde oral dos receptores de transplante renal do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Natal RN

Introduction: The chronic immunosuppression promotes the development of changes in the oral cavity of the kidney transplant recipients (KTR), however with the exception of gingival overgrowth, little is known regarding the prevalence of oral lesions in this population. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of clinical and microbiological conditions of the oral cavity of the recipients of kidney transplantation and the associated factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which examined 96 clinical KTR and experimental where collected saliva stimulated them to identify Candida sp. Data collection consisted of evaluation stomatologic, socio-demographic, clinical aspects of transplantation, condition of oral hygiene and dental caries, yonder to questions about knowledge of oral alteration after transplantation. Results: Of the total, 66.7% of KTR had some type of oral manifestation. The most common was saburral tongue, followed by gingival overgrowth, with both oral manifestations related to gender and concomitant use of cyclosporine and nifedipine (p <0.05). Tacrolimus showed a protective effect for gingival overgrowth (OR = 0.13). The oral hygiene was associated with saburral tongue(p = 0.03) and severity of gingival overgrowth (p = 0.0001). Oral candidiasis was diagnosed in 17.7% of patients and Candida albicans was isolated most frequently in the saliva of RTR with a colonization of 58.3%. The average DMF-T increased with age. The method of oral hygiene was most used brush and toothpaste to 61.5%. Changes in the oral cavity was seen in 54.2% of KTR, citing as the main growth and gingival ulcers. Instructions for oral hygiene after transplantation were neglected for 61.5% of RTR. Dry mouth and halitosis were reported in 30.2% and 36.5% respectively. Conclusions: More the half of the KTR had at least one injury of the mouth, the immunosuppressive drugs and oral hygiene are associated with these alterations. Prospective cohort studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between oral manifestations and levels of drug and risk of oral manifestations occur over time. The kidney transplant recipients showed to be aware of oral alterations occurred after transplantation and uninformed about the oral hygiene instructions. With regard to hygiene, the incidence of caries was considered high, conditions of risk were identified and improvements in primary attention should be encouraged and reflected in the monitoring of renal transplant

Influência da esplenectomia na biodistribuição do ácido dimercaptosuccínico-tecnécio-99m (99mTc-DMSA) em ratos Wistar

A esplenectomia é indicada em doenças hematológicas, hiperesplenismo grave, traumas e tem sido causa de importantes alterações metabólicas e imunológicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar se a retirada do baço altera a biodistribuição do radiofármaco DMSA Tc99m em ratos Wistar e se há correlação com possíveis alterações da função renal. Foram usados dois grupos: esplenectomia (n=6) e controle (n=6) animais não operados. Após 15 dias, foi administrado 0,1 ml de DMSA-Tc99m via plexo orbital (0,66 MBq). Trinta minutos depois, foram retiradas amostras do rim, coração, pulmão, tireóide, estômago, bexiga, fêmur, sangue. Após pesadas as amostras, foi determinado o percentual de radioatividade/g (% ATI/g) em cada uma delas, com o Wizard Gama Counter Perkin-Elmer . Dosadas uréia e creatinina sérica, hematócrito, plaquetas e leucócitos. Estatística pelo teste t, com significância 0,05. Foi observada redução significante no %ATI/g no rim e sangue (p<0,05) dos animais esplenectomizados, aumento significante (p<0,05) da uréia (88,8±18,6mg/dL) e creatinina (0,56±0,08), comparado aos controles (51,5±1,6 e 0,37±0,02mg/dL, respectivamente) assim como leucocitose, aumento de plaquetas e redução de hematócrito. Em conclusão, a esplenectomia provocou comprometimento da função renal, repercutindo na alteração da captação de DMSA 99mTc pelo rim de ratos. Uma parceria entre a Unidade de Medicina Nuclear da Liga Norteriograndense Contra o Câncer e o Núcleo de Cirurgia Experimental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande doNorte tornou possível a realização deste trabalho, que contou com a participação de profissionais de diferentes áreas como: Biologia, Biomedicina, Medicina Nuclear, Cirurgia Geral, Bioquímica e Estatística, atestando dessa forma o caráter multidisciplinar do trabalho

Análise da efetividade do transplante renal na qualidade de vida dos receptores no estado do Rio Grande do Norte

This study was developed with the aim of analyzing the effectiveness of renal transplantation on quality of life of kidney recipients in the Rio Grande do Norte State. This is a descriptive study with longitudinal design, panel type with quantitative approach to data analysis. The Quality of Life (QoL) of chronic disease kidney patients before and after kidney transplantation was assessed by the WHOQOL-bref, The population consisted of patients in pre and post-renal transplantation, the sample had 63 patients older than 18 years. The study was conducted after approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, No. CAAE 0008.0.294.000-10. Data collection was performed at a referral center for renal transplantation in Rio Grande do Norte, from May 2010 to May 2013. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables and graphs. For statistical analyzes, Microsoft Excel XP and SPSS 15.0 software were used. The tests used were simple variance (ANOVA), t-test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon test to compare means, and Spearman correlations. P values <0.05 were considered significant. The demographic data showed a predominance of people between 18 and 45 years (68.2%) with a mean age of 39.9 years (SD 12.2), male (63.5%), married (58.7%), with children (51.0%). Regarding the education level was observed that 49.2% of participants had completed primary school, and most did not engage in any work activity (90.4%) during the study period. Hemodialysis was the predominant renal replacement therapy (96.8%) and the average waiting time for execution of transplantation was 1.9 years (SD 1.9). Comparison of QoL before and after transplantation showed significant differences in all areas analyzed, demonstrating that kidney transplantation had a positive impact on QoL in chronic renal patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Sociodemographic factors did not influence the quality of life in this group of patients, indicating that transplantation was the main factor to explain the improvement in quality of life. Thus, the alternative hypothesis of the study was accept, that there is a significant difference in quality of life before and after kidney transplant. It is expected that the results of this study may contribute to the development of strategies to encourage organ donation and kidney transplantation process

Biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio após cirurgia do Switch Duodenal

The biliopancretic diversion with duodenal switch is one of the mixing techniques used in the treatment of morbid obesity. The duodenal switch reduces the stomach capacity and leaves only 50-100 cm of small intestine for nutrition and absorption. The surgery produces hormonal, structural and biochemical changes, which can influence on the result of scintigraphic examinations in operated patients. With the objective of evaluate the postoperative biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in brain, thyroid, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, small intestine, bladder, muscle and bone of Wistar rats. The rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 7 rats each: the duodenal switch group (DS), the control group (C) and the sham group (S). They were operated under anesthesia and aseptic technique. In the tenth postoperative day, 0.1mL of sodium pertechnetate was injected via orbital plexus. After 30 min the animals were killed with overdose of anesthetic and samples of liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, thyroid, lung, heart, kidney, bladder, muscle, bone and brain were harvested, washed with saline and weighed. The detention of radioactivity was made using the automatic Gamma Counter Wizard, PerkinElmer and the percentage of activity per gram of tissue (%ATI/g) was calculated. There was no early or late mortality in either rats groups. The values of percent radioactivity per gram of tissue (%ATI/g), showed no significant difference in liver, stomach, small bowel, duodenum, kidney, heart, bladder, bone and brain, when compared the DS rats with sham and controls rats. A postoperative significant increase in mean %ATI/g levels was observed in spleen, pancreas and muscle in group DS rats, as compared to group S and C rats (p<0.05). In the lung there was an increase and in thyroid a decrease in mean %ATI/g of DS rats, when compared to sham rats (p>0.05). In conclusion, the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch in rats modified the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate in thyroid, lung, pancreas, spleen and muscle. The study had the participation of the departments and laboratories researches, as Nucleus of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Pathology and Service of Nuclear Medicine, certifying the character of a multidisciplinary research

Biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTcO4) em ratos submetidos à ressecção extensa de intestino delgado

Massive resection of the small intestine results in short bowel syndrome with anti-absorptive effect and repercussions on the metabolism. Morphologic and functional evaluation may be necessary in order to control wrapped organs. Scintigraphy an examination with little invading and no biologic damage can be used. The purpose were to assess the biodistribution of sodium pertecnetate in organs of rats subjected to massive resection of the small intestine, the intestinal adaptation of the remnant intestinal mucosa and weight curve evaluation in the postoperative period. Twenty-one Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 7). The operated group named short bowel (SB) after anesthetized was subjected to massive resection of the small intestine; the control group (C), and sham group (SHAM). On the 30th postoperative day, 0.l mL of sodium pertechnetate was injected into the venous orbital plexus. After 30 minutes, the rats were killed with an overdose of anesthetic, and fragments of the liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, thyroid, lung, heart, kidney, bladder, muscle, femur and brain were harvested. The percentage of radioactivity per gram of tissue (%ATI/g) was determined using Gama Counter WizardTM 1470, PerkinElmer to all samples. Biopsies of 3 cm remaining jejunum were removed to histological analyses. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test for multiple comparisons were used, considering p<0.05 as significant. The study had the participation of some departments and laboratories, as Nucleus of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Pathology and Service of Nuclear Medicine, certifying the character of a multidisciplinary research. The results were no significant differences in %ATI/g of the sodium pertechnetate in the organs of the groups studied (p>0.05). An increase in the weight of the SB rats was observed after the second postoperative week. The jejunal mucosal thickness of the SB rats was significantly greater than that of C and sham rats (p<0.05. The biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate was not affected by massive intestinal resection in rats. An adaptive response by the intestinal mucosa probably contributed to the reversion of weight loss and the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate was not affected by the surgery

Identificação dos princípios ativos presentes no extrato etanólico de cereus jamacaru e avaliação em ratos dos possíveis efeitos tóxicos e/ou comportamentais da exposição prolongada

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Caracterização genética e in situ de Gossypium barbadense na região norte do Brasil

Brazil has been considered one of the diversity centers of Gossypium barbadense species. It is believed that a relatively big erosion genetic process occurs with the species, due to economic, cultural and agricultural problems. A local diagnostic about species situation is the first step for reducing the diversity loss and establishing conservation strategies in situ. This research aimed the identification of the presence of Gossypium populations, characterization, determination of the main risks and collection of the accesses to store in germoplam banks, in Para and Amapa States. Expeditions were conducted in November 2004. An interview was carried out with the plant proprietor for characterizing in situ of G. barbadense species and of the environment where the plants were inserted. On hundred seventy nine plants in 22 municipal districts were collected in Para State and 117 plants in nine municipal districts in Amapa State. The majority of plants belong to G. barbadense species (98% in Amapa and 94% in Para). Plants occur in back yards, beside roads and spontaneously. That ones from back yards were more abundant (97% in Amapa and 95% in Para) and maintained as medicinal plants as the principal reason. Plants in natural environments in both states evaluated were not found, therefore, the creation of reserves and the application of others conventional methods of maintenance in situ are not applicable. The plant proprietors do not use to store or process seeds. Seed storage was reported as a practice by only 1% of the plant proprietors from Para and 11% from Amapa. The most plants collected were from two to three years of age (58% in Amapa and 93% in Para). As conclusions G. barbadense is the species most spread in the two studied states and are found in back yards. In Amapa State the botanical variety barbadense or Quebradinho is predominant, whereas in Para State the predominant variety is brasiliense or Rim-de-boi. Adequate conservation of thestudied species must be carried out in germoplasm collections maintained ex situ

Estudo da resposta Th17 no transplante renal alogênico: contribuição do eixo quimiotático CCR6/CCL20 e dos polimorfismos gênicos em IL17A e IL17RA

Kidney transplantation is the best treatment for patients who have lost kidney function. Renal transplant patients require accurate immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection. In this process T helper cells of the immune system perform key role in the immune response to the graft, and recently the Th17 cells has been investigated by production of IL-17 potent proinflammatory cytokine whose role in the rejection has also been described. Increased of Th17 cell expression has an important association with the development of rejection in renal microenvironment, however the likely mechanism is not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the Th17 response from the influence of the chemotactic axis CCR6/CCL20 and genetic variants in IL-17 and IL-17RA. We conducted a case-control study involving 148 patients transplanted at the University Hospital Onofre Lopes/UFRN in which assessed by immunohistochemistry protein expression of IL-17 and chemokines CCR6/CCL20 and by PCR-RFLP genetic variants in IL17A and IL17RA. Our results showed no influence of genetic polymorphisms on the outcome of the graft or the protein expression of IL-17. In renal graft microenvironment found several sources producing IL-17: tubular epithelial cells, glomerular cells, neutrophils and cell interstitial infiltration, in turn the expression of chemotactic axis CCR6/CCL20 was restricted to the tubular epithelium cells. There was a slight positive linear correlation between the presence of IL-17 and expression of chemotactic axis CCR6/CCL20 in the microenvironment of renal graft. Therefore, we believe that, combined with our results, further studies with increased "n" sample and greater control over the variables involved in obtaining the renal specimen, can determine more clearly the influence of chemotactic axis CCR6 / CCL20 and polymorphisms in cytokines related to Th17 profile on the control of this cell subtype response in rejection processes to renal allograft.

Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos in vitro e in vivo do extrato hidroetanólico dos frutos de Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) em camundongos Swiss

The therapeutic use of medicinal plants has contributed since antiquity in a beneficial way for health. However, many species lacks of scientific evidence which provide basis for their use in therapeutic practice. In this context is the Genipa americana L. species (Rubiaceae), popularly known as jenipapo and used to treat syfilis, ulcer and hemorrhagic disturbs. It's also used against bruising, as tonic and as aphrodisiac. Due this species lacks toxicological studies, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity in vivo (acute and sub-chronic toxicity) and in vitro (cytotoxicity) of the hydroethanolic extract from G. americana fruits. The hydroethanolic extract of G. americana fruits was prepared by maceration. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. The cytotoxicity study of the extract (0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg / 100 ul) were performed against normal cells (3T3) and tumor (786-0, HepG2 and B16), analyzed by the MTT assay. To evaluate the acute (single dose of 2000 mg / Kg) and subchronic (100, 500 and 1000 mg / kg for 30 days) toxicity Swiss mice of both sexes were used. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and organs were collected for analysis. Data between groups were compared by t test or ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test with 5% significance level. The phytochemical study of the extracts mainly indicated the presence of iridoids. Results for cytotoxicity tests showed up to 70% inhibition of B16 cell line at a dose of 1000 mg / 100 ul, and up to 29% inhibition of 786-0 at a dose of 10 ug / 100 ul. The extract did not cause death in 3T3 and HepG2 cells. During the in vivo assays, there were no animal deaths. Analysis of blood samples revealed that the animals submitted to the evaluation of acute toxicity had changes in AST and ALT, and that the animals evaluated for subchronic toxicity showed changes in the relative wet weight of the kidney and plasma urea concentration. No differences were observed between groups on histopathological evaluation of the collected organs. Despite the changes found in the in vivo toxicity tests, using the criteria described by the OECD Guidelines, it is suggested that the hydroethanolic extract of the fruits of the G. americana is classified as low toxicity. The cytotoxicity of the extract suggests that they have potential against melanoma cell lines (B16).

Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos in vitro e in vivo do extrato hidroetanólico dos frutos de Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) em camundongos Swiss

The therapeutic use of medicinal plants has contributed since antiquity in a beneficial way for health. However, many species lacks of scientific evidence which provide basis for their use in therapeutic practice. In this context is the Genipa americana L. species (Rubiaceae), popularly known as jenipapo and used to treat syfilis, ulcer and hemorrhagic disturbs. It's also used against bruising, as tonic and as aphrodisiac. Due this species lacks toxicological studies, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity in vivo (acute and sub-chronic toxicity) and in vitro (cytotoxicity) of the hydroethanolic extract from G. americana fruits. The hydroethanolic extract of G. americana fruits was prepared by maceration. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. The cytotoxicity study of the extract (0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg / 100 ul) were performed against normal cells (3T3) and tumor (786-0, HepG2 and B16), analyzed by the MTT assay. To evaluate the acute (single dose of 2000 mg / Kg) and subchronic (100, 500 and 1000 mg / kg for 30 days) toxicity Swiss mice of both sexes were used. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and organs were collected for analysis. Data between groups were compared by t test or ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test with 5% significance level. The phytochemical study of the extracts mainly indicated the presence of iridoids. Results for cytotoxicity tests showed up to 70% inhibition of B16 cell line at a dose of 1000 mg / 100 ul, and up to 29% inhibition of 786-0 at a dose of 10 ug / 100 ul. The extract did not cause death in 3T3 and HepG2 cells. During the in vivo assays, there were no animal deaths. Analysis of blood samples revealed that the animals submitted to the evaluation of acute toxicity had changes in AST and ALT, and that the animals evaluated for subchronic toxicity showed changes in the relative wet weight of the kidney and plasma urea concentration. No differences were observed between groups on histopathological evaluation of the collected organs. Despite the changes found in the in vivo toxicity tests, using the criteria described by the OECD Guidelines, it is suggested that the hydroethanolic extract of the fruits of the G. americana is classified as low toxicity. The cytotoxicity of the extract suggests that they have potential against melanoma cell lines (B16).