Prospecção de genes associados ao processo de floração em tomateiro.

Flowering is a process marked by switch of shoot apical meristem to floral meristem, and it involves a complex regulation by endogenous and environmental factors. Analyses of key flowering genes have been carried out primarily in Arabidopsis thaliana and have provided a foundation for understanding the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms controlling different aspects of floral development. Several homologous have been found in other species, but for crops species such as tomatoes this process is not well known. The aim of this work was to use the genetic natural variation associated to the flowering process and use molecular tools such as subtractive libraries and real time PCR in order to identify and analyze the expression from genes that may be associated to flowering in these two species: L. esculentum cv Micro-Tom and L. pimpinellifolium. Our results showed there were identified many genes related to vegetative and possibly to the flowering process. There were also identified many sequences that were unknown. We ve chosen three genes to analyze the expression by real time PCR. The histone H2A gene gave an expression higher in L. pimpinellifolium, due to this the expression of this gene may be associated to flowering in this specie. It was also analyzed the expression of an unknown gene that might be a key factor of the transition to flowering, also in L. pimpinellifolium. For the elongation factor 1-α expression, the expression results were not informative, so this gene may have a constitutive expression in vegetative and flowering state. The results observed allowed us to identify possible genes that may be related to the flowering process. For further results it will be necessary a better characterization of them.

Os efeitos das queimadas na Amazônia em nível celular e molecular

The Amazon holds over half of the planet's remaining tropical forests and comprises the largest biodiversity in the world, accounting for approximately 60 % of the Brazilian territory. However, deforestation fires in the region causes serious problems to exposed human. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical compounds as well as the cellular and molecular effects after exposure to organic material extracted from particulate matter less than 10 µm (PM10) in the Amazon region. As for the chemical composition, n-alkanes analysis showed a prevalence of anthropogenic influence during the fires in the region. In addition, there was a predominance of monosaccharides from biomass burning markers. Also, the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and their derivatives have also been identified in samples collected in the Amazon. By using the PAH concentrations was possible to calculate the BaP-equivalent and it was found that the dibenz(a) anthracene contributes with 83% to potential carcinogenic risk. As for the potential mutagenic risk, the benzo (a) pyrene is the HPA that has a major contribution in this analysis. It may be noted that the retene was the most abundant PAH. This compound was genotoxic and cause death by necrosis in the human lung cells. In biological tests, the data showed that organic PM10 is capable of causing genetic damage in both plant cells and in human lung cells. This damage cause an arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle exposed, increasing the expression of p53 and p21. Additionally, the PM10 caused cell death by apoptosis, increasing the foci of histone - H2AX. Given these results, it is important to emphasize the reduction and better control of biomass burning in the Amazon region thus improving the quality of health of the population being exposed. As clearly stated recently by the World Health Organization, the reduction of air pollution could save millions of lives annually.

Aproveitamento sustentável do bagaço de cana de açúcar para obtenção do acetato de celulose

The sustainable use of waste resulting from the agribusiness is currently the focus of research, especially the sugar cane bagasse (BCA), being the lignocellulosic waste produced in greater volume in the Brazilian agribusiness, where the residual biomass has been applied in production energy and bioproducts. In this paper, pulp was produced in high purity from the (BCA) by pulping soda / anthraquinone and subsequent conversion to cellulose acetate. Commercial cellulose Avicel was used for comparison. The obtained cellulose acetate was homogeneous acetylation reaction by modifying the variables, the reaction time in hours (8, 12, 16, 20 and 24) and temperature in ° C (25 and 50). FTIR spectra showed characteristic bands identical to cellulosic materials, demonstrating the efficiency of separation by pulping. The characterization of cellulose acetate was obtained and by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG / DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and determining the degree of substitution (DS ) for the cellulose acetate to confirm the acetylation. The optimal reaction time for obtaining diacetates and triacetates, at both temperatures were 20 and 24 h. Cellulose acetate produced BCA presented GS between 2.57 and 2.7 at 25 ° C and 50 ° C GS obtained were 2.66 and 2.84, indicating the actual conversion of cellulose BCA of di- and triacetates. Comparative mode, commercial cellulose Avicel GS showed 2.78 and 2.76 at 25 ° C and 2.77 to 2.75 at 50 ° C. Data were collected in time of 20 h and 24 h, respectively. The best result was for the synthesis of cellulose acetate obtained from the BCA GS 2.84 to 50 ° C and 24 hours, being classified as cellulose triacetate, which showed superior result to that produced with the commercial ethyl cellulose Avicel, demonstrating converting potential of cellulose derived from a lignocellulosic residue (BCA), low cost, prospects of commercial use of cellulose acetate

Mapeamento cromossômico de DNAs repetitivos com fins biotecnológicos em peixes marinhos e interesse comercial - Rachycentridae e Lutjanidae

The Rachycentron canadum species, commonly known as beijupirá or cobia is the only representative of Rachycentridae family which has been increasingly used in marine fish farming, in intensive cultivation. As advantageous features it has easy adaptation, prolific behavior, early growth in captivity and high commercial value. Additionally, specie of Lutjanidae family (Lutjanus synagris, Lutjanus jocu, Lutjanus analis, Lutjanus alexandrei and Ocyurus chrysurus) represents an important fisheries resource in all areas of its occurrence. In Brazil, the commercial exploitation of Lutjanidae which begun in the 60's and 80's, already has showed a decline in catch volumes. This fact suggests that the snappers must have a conservative management. Despite the economic potential, little is known about the genetic and cytogenetic characteristics of these species, especially with respect to repetitive DNA analysis, which represents the major part of the eukaryotes genome, playing important evolutionary roles in the fish genome. Cytogenetic data is increasingly being used in population studies and biotechnological purposes in fishes. The cytogenetical analyzes were performed using classical methods such as Giemsa staining, C-banding and Ag-NORs, fluorochromes base-specific staining (DAPI and MM) and physical mapping of repetitive sequences among which, telomeric sequences, transposons (Tol2), retrotransposons (Rex1 and Rex3), repetitive DNA (microsatellites and Cot-1) and transcriptionally active regions of the 18S and 5S ribosomal genes and histone (H3 and H2BA) by in situ hybridization with fluorescent probes (FISH). The chromosomal patterns obtained contributed to the organization of repetitive sequences in the genome of the species, as well as karyotypical differentiation. Unusual patterns of histone sequences expansion depict the first occurrence in marine fishes. The obtained data provided subsides to the genetic knowledge of the important fisheries resource represented by the species here analyzed, seeking the marine pisciculture improvement.