Síntese e caracterização de catalisadores de LaNiO3 não suportados e suportados em Al2O3 e ZrO2 para a reforma a vapor do metano

Ionic oxides with ABO3 structure, where A represents a rare earth element or an alkaline metal and B is a transition metal from group VIII of the periodic table are potential catalysts for oxidation and good candidates for steam reforming reaction. Different methods have been considered for the synthesis of the oxide materials with perovskite structure to produce a high homogeneous material with low amount of impurities and low calcination temperatures. In the current work, oxides with the LaNiO3 formula had been synthesized using the method of the polymeric precursors. The thermal treatment of the materials took place at 300 ºC for 2h. The material supported in alumina and/or zirconia was calcined at 800 ºC temperature for 4h. The samples had been characterized by the following techniques: thermogravimetry; infrared spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; specific surface area; distribution of particle size; scanning electron microscopy and thermo-programmed reduction. The steam reforming reaction was carried out in a pilot plant using reducing atmosphere in the reactor with a mixture of 10% H2-Argon, a mass about 5g of catalyst, flowing at 50 mL.min-1. The temperature range used was 50 - 1000 oC with a heating rate of 10 oC.min-1. A thermal conductivity detector was used to analyze the gas after the water trapping, in order to permit to quantify the consumption of hydrogen for the lanthanum nickelates (LaNiO3). The results showed that lanthanum nickelate were more efficient when supported in alumina than when supported in zirconia. It was observed that the methane conversion was approximately 100% and the selectivity to hydrogen was about 70%. In all cases were verified low selectivity to CO and CO2

Injeção de vapor e solvente como um método de recuperação avançada em reservatório avançada em reservatórios de óleo pesado

Currently a resource more and more used by the petroleum industry to increase the efficiency of steam flood mechanism is the addition of solvents. The process can be understood as a combination of a thermal method (steam injection) with a miscible method (solvent injection), promoting, thus, the reduction of interfacial tensions and oil viscosity. The use of solvent alone tends to be limited because of its high cost. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a zone of low viscosity between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method, a numerical study of the process was done contemplating the effects of some operational parameters (distance between wells, injection steam rate, kind of solvent and injected solvent volume)on the accumulated production of oil, recovery factor and oil-steam rate. Semisynthetic models were used in this study but reservoir data can be extrapolated for practical applications situations on Potiguar Basin. Simulations were performed in STARS (CMG, 2007.11). It was found that injected solvent volumes increased oil recovery and oil rates. Further the majority of the injected solvent was produced and can be recycled

Estudo do processo de drenagem gravitacional do óleo assistido com injeção de vapor e solvente

Como os recursos de hidrocarbonetos convencionais estão se esgotando, a crescente demanda mundial por energia impulsiona a indústria do petróleo para desenvolver mais reservatórios não convencionais. Os recursos mundiais de betume e óleo pesado são estimados em 5,6 trilhões de barris, dos quais 80% estão localizados na Venezuela, Canadá e EUA. Um dos métodos para explorar estes hidrocarbonetos é o processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido com injeção de vapor e solvente (ES-SAGD Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage). Neste processo são utilizados dois poços horizontais paralelos e situados verticalmente um acima do outro, um produtor na base do reservatório e um injetor de vapor e solvente no topo do reservatório. Este processo é composto por um método térmico (injeção de vapor) e um método miscível (injeção de solvente) com a finalidade de causar a redução das tensões interfaciais e da viscosidade do óleo ou betume. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a sensibilidade de alguns parâmetros operacionais, tais como: tipo de solvente injetado, qualidade do vapor, distância vertical entre os poços, porcentagem de solvente injetado e vazão de injeção de vapor sobre o fator de recuperação para 5, 10 e 15 anos. Os estudos foram realizados através de simulações concretizadas no módulo STARS (Steam Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), versão 2010.10, onde as interações entre os parâmetros operacionais, estudados em um modelo homogêneo com características de reservatórios semelhantes aos encontrados no Nordeste Brasileiro, foram observadas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram que os melhores fatores de recuperação ocorreram para níveis máximos do percentual de solvente injetado e da distância vertical entre os poços. Observou-se também que o processo será rentável dependendo do tipo e do valor do solvente injetado

Efeito da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido com vapor e solvente

Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection

Análise paramétrica da injeção de vapor e solvente em reservatórios de óleo pesado

A significant fraction of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world is formed by heavy oils. From the thermal methods used to recovery these resources, Steamflooding has been one of the main economically viable alternatives. In Brazil, this technology is widely used by Petrobras in Northeast fields. Latent heat carried by steam heats the oil in the reservoir, reducing its viscosity and facilitating the production. In the last years, an alternative more and more used by the oil industry to increase the efficiency of this mechanism has been the addition of solvents. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a low viscosity zone between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method and investigate its applicability in reservoirs with properties similar to those found in Potiguar Basin, a numerical study was done to analyze the influence of some operational parameters (steam injection rate, injected solvent volume and solvent type) on oil recovery. Simulations were performed in STARS ("Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator"), a CMG ("Computer Modelling Group") program, version 2009.10. It was found that solvents addition to the injected steam not only anticipated the heated oil bank arrival to the producer well, but also increased the oil recovery. Lower cold water equivalent volumes were required to achieve the same oil recoveries from the models that injected only steam. Furthermore, much of the injected solvent was produced with the oil from the reservoir

Desenvolvimento de um destilador solar para tratamento de águas de produção de petróleo com vistas a sua utilização na agricultura e geração de vapor

The production of petroleum is frequently accomplished with great volumes of water, that it is carried of the underground with the oil. It is a challenge of the present century the development of technologies that allow the use of waste water for purposes that consume great amounts of water and don't demand as rigid as the one of the drinking water requirements. The solar distillation has been configuring as an alternative of clean technology for desalination of brine and saline. Besides causing the minimum possible damage to the environment, it takes advantage of an abundant and free energy source: the solar energy. That study aims to develop a Solar Distillator for treatment of the produced water of the oil wells, to obtain an efluent to use in agriculture and vapor generation. The methodology for collection, conservation and analysis of the physical-chemical parameters obeyed the norms in APHA (1995). The sampling was of the composed type. Experiments were accomplished in the solar distillation pilot and simulation in thermostatic bathing. The operation was in batch system and for periods of 4, 6 and 12 h. The developed Distillator is of the type simple effect of two waters. It was still tested two inclination angles for covering; 20º and 45º. The Distillator presented minimum of 2,85 L/m2d revenues and maximum of 7,14 L/m2d. The removals of salts were great than 98%. The removal of TOC in the simulation was great than 90%. In agreement with the data of energy and mass balance, it was verified that the developed solar Distillator presented compatible revenues with those found in literature for similar types. It can be inferred that the obtained distilled water assists to the requirements CONAMA in almost all the points and could be used for irrigation of cultures such as cotton and mamona. As the distilled water has characteristics of fresh water it can be used in the generation of vapor

Síntese e caracterização de catalisadores de LaNiO3 não suportados e suportados em Al2O3 e ZrO2 para a reforma a vapor do metano

Ionic oxides with ABO3 structure, where A represents a rare earth element or an alkaline metal and B is a transition metal from group VIII of the periodic table are potential catalysts for oxidation and good candidates for steam reforming reaction. Different methods have been considered for the synthesis of the oxide materials with perovskite structure to produce a high homogeneous material with low amount of impurities and low calcination temperatures. In the current work, oxides with the LaNiO3 formula had been synthesized using the method of the polymeric precursors. The thermal treatment of the materials took place at 300 ºC for 2h. The material supported in alumina and/or zirconia was calcined at 800 ºC temperature for 4h. The samples had been characterized by the following techniques: thermogravimetry; infrared spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; specific surface area; distribution of particle size; scanning electron microscopy and thermo-programmed reduction. The steam reforming reaction was carried out in a pilot plant using reducing atmosphere in the reactor with a mixture of 10% H2-Argon, a mass about 5g of catalyst, flowing at 50 mL.min-1. The temperature range used was 50 - 1000 oC with a heating rate of 10 oC.min-1. A thermal conductivity detector was used to analyze the gas after the water trapping, in order to permit to quantify the consumption of hydrogen for the lanthanum nickelates (LaNiO3). The results showed that lanthanum nickelate were more efficient when supported in alumina than when supported in zirconia. It was observed that the methane conversion was approximately 100% and the selectivity to hydrogen was about 70%. In all cases were verified low selectivity to CO and CO2

Injeção de vapor e solvente como um método de recuperação avançada em reservatório avançada em reservatórios de óleo pesado

Currently a resource more and more used by the petroleum industry to increase the efficiency of steam flood mechanism is the addition of solvents. The process can be understood as a combination of a thermal method (steam injection) with a miscible method (solvent injection), promoting, thus, the reduction of interfacial tensions and oil viscosity. The use of solvent alone tends to be limited because of its high cost. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a zone of low viscosity between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method, a numerical study of the process was done contemplating the effects of some operational parameters (distance between wells, injection steam rate, kind of solvent and injected solvent volume)on the accumulated production of oil, recovery factor and oil-steam rate. Semisynthetic models were used in this study but reservoir data can be extrapolated for practical applications situations on Potiguar Basin. Simulations were performed in STARS (CMG, 2007.11). It was found that injected solvent volumes increased oil recovery and oil rates. Further the majority of the injected solvent was produced and can be recycled

Estudo do processo de drenagem gravitacional do óleo assistido com injeção de vapor e solvente

Como os recursos de hidrocarbonetos convencionais estão se esgotando, a crescente demanda mundial por energia impulsiona a indústria do petróleo para desenvolver mais reservatórios não convencionais. Os recursos mundiais de betume e óleo pesado são estimados em 5,6 trilhões de barris, dos quais 80% estão localizados na Venezuela, Canadá e EUA. Um dos métodos para explorar estes hidrocarbonetos é o processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido com injeção de vapor e solvente (ES-SAGD Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage). Neste processo são utilizados dois poços horizontais paralelos e situados verticalmente um acima do outro, um produtor na base do reservatório e um injetor de vapor e solvente no topo do reservatório. Este processo é composto por um método térmico (injeção de vapor) e um método miscível (injeção de solvente) com a finalidade de causar a redução das tensões interfaciais e da viscosidade do óleo ou betume. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a sensibilidade de alguns parâmetros operacionais, tais como: tipo de solvente injetado, qualidade do vapor, distância vertical entre os poços, porcentagem de solvente injetado e vazão de injeção de vapor sobre o fator de recuperação para 5, 10 e 15 anos. Os estudos foram realizados através de simulações concretizadas no módulo STARS (Steam Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), versão 2010.10, onde as interações entre os parâmetros operacionais, estudados em um modelo homogêneo com características de reservatórios semelhantes aos encontrados no Nordeste Brasileiro, foram observadas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram que os melhores fatores de recuperação ocorreram para níveis máximos do percentual de solvente injetado e da distância vertical entre os poços. Observou-se também que o processo será rentável dependendo do tipo e do valor do solvente injetado

Efeito da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido com vapor e solvente

Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection

Análise paramétrica da injeção de vapor e solvente em reservatórios de óleo pesado

A significant fraction of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world is formed by heavy oils. From the thermal methods used to recovery these resources, Steamflooding has been one of the main economically viable alternatives. In Brazil, this technology is widely used by Petrobras in Northeast fields. Latent heat carried by steam heats the oil in the reservoir, reducing its viscosity and facilitating the production. In the last years, an alternative more and more used by the oil industry to increase the efficiency of this mechanism has been the addition of solvents. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a low viscosity zone between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method and investigate its applicability in reservoirs with properties similar to those found in Potiguar Basin, a numerical study was done to analyze the influence of some operational parameters (steam injection rate, injected solvent volume and solvent type) on oil recovery. Simulations were performed in STARS ("Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator"), a CMG ("Computer Modelling Group") program, version 2009.10. It was found that solvents addition to the injected steam not only anticipated the heated oil bank arrival to the producer well, but also increased the oil recovery. Lower cold water equivalent volumes were required to achieve the same oil recoveries from the models that injected only steam. Furthermore, much of the injected solvent was produced with the oil from the reservoir