Relações internacionais: o comércio exterior do Brasil e Rio Grande do Norte no período de 1999 a 2008

The period post-war promoted several changes in relations economic, political and social world. Since then, a new division international of labor has delineated, with the great growth of Asian countries. In the field of international relations, the world still appears to transition is not completed because the old institutions were not replaced by new ones and the power of the United States as a major capitalist country remains unshaken, even with the emergence and strengthening of new economic global blocs. With globalization, Brazil emerges with more intensity in the face of new issues global, although its share in transactions trade global hasn‟t changed accordingly. In this sense, the objective of this dissertation is to examine, in a descriptive and critical the development of international relations and trade of Brazil and Rio Grande do Norte with the main blocs in the world from 1999 to 2008. As a secondary objective: to identify the assumptions theoretical that underpinned the decisions governments of the FHC and Lula, in particular, the interference of these terms in international relations and foreign trade. Adopted as the procedure methodological the literature review of the subject, as well as collection and processing of the data of foreign trade. During the Cardoso government has undergone the substantial growth in imports, as part of the economic policy of anti-inflationary, generating large deficits trade. From the first to the second term, with the inflection of exchange rate policy the country has resumed surpluses trade. The choice of government of the autonomy participation increased the relative share of the traditional blocks in total foreign trade and reduced the share of MERCOSUL. In the Lula government, there is the maintenance of some elements of the economic policy of the previous government and the partial shift in the conduct of foreign policy, with the option of autonomy through diversification, raising its stake on the blocks and other emerging countries in total foreign trade Brazilian and reducing the contribution of the traditional blocks such as NAFTA and the European Union. A trend observed in the previous government and deepened in the Lula government was the growth in commodity exports and the decline of manufactured products, confirming the model of conservative insertion of Brazilian exports. The Rio Grande do Norte followed the trend Brazilian in the growth of foreign trade, including in participating conservative, given that the products exported by the state are basically coming from horticulture irrigated and agribusiness. However, in the aspect of destination export, the state followed trajectory distinct from that in the Lula government, with the deepening of trade relations with traditional blocks, especially with the European Union and NAFTA

Filhos da independência: etnografando os estudantes bissau-guineenses do PEC-G em Fortaleza-CE e Natal-RN

Notre travail propose de comprendre l`immigration africaine contemporaine du Brésil à travers l'univers des étudiants guinéens participant au Programme Étudiants « Convênio de Graduação » (PEC-G) dans les villes de Fortaleza dans l'Etat Ceará et Natal dans l'Etat de Rio Grande do Norte, en étudiant leurs stratégies de convivialité et d'adaptation. Les étudiants étrangers sélectionnés dans ce programme font leur licence gratuitement dans les Instituts d'Enseignement Supérieur (IES). Pour accéder à ce programme ils doivent répondre à certains critères : montrer qu'ils sont en mesure de payer leurs frais au Brésil, avoir le bac ou un diplôme équivalent et maîtriser la langue portugaise lorsqu'ils sont originaires d'un pays n'appartenant pas à la Communauté de Pays de Langue Portugaise (CPLP). Les étudiants qui participent à des programmes de développement socio-économique contractés entre le Brésil et leurs pays d'origine sont prioritaires. Ces accords les contraignent à rentrer dans leurs pays d'origine et de travailler dans le domaine dans lequel ils ont été diplômés une fois les études terminées. Les étudiants, qui arrivent au Brésil porteurs de leurs identités ethniques guinéennes, entrent en contact avec la société brésilienne et acquièrent ainsi une « identité hybride ». C'est dans ce contexte que ce travail analyse le quotidien des étudiants africaines au Brésil avec un regard porté sur les étudiants de Guinée-Bissau à Fortaleza et à Natal comprendre l'expérience des étudiants qui vivent en terre étrangère. Ainsi, le lieu (Brésil) prend toute sa valeur par rapport au distant (Guinée) autrefois lié par l'histoire coloniale et aujourd'hui lié par des relations internationales ou diplomatiques. Finalement, la construction d'une « nouvelle » identité ethnique, d'une culture guinéenne au Brésil s'opère dans une célébration mobile c'est-à-dire successivement formée et transformée en relation avec les formes à travers lesquelles l'individu est représenté ou interpelé dans les systèmes culturels dans lesquels il est impliqué.

Os direitos humanos e a jurisdição constitucional brasileira no estado democrático de direito: a legitimidade contramajoritária no contexto do constitucionalismo pluralista

Os Direitos Humanos, compreendidos como o conjunto de direitos indispensáveis à efetivação da dignidade humana, encontram-se, atualmente, no centro das discussões e relações jurídicas internacionais e nacionais. Seu amplo reconhecimento em nível mundial e a universalização de seus preceitos centrais alçaram o Direito Internacional a um nível de evolução e de relacionamento com o Direito Constitucional que se mostram impassíveis de serem ignorados pelas jurisdições nacionais. Encontrando-se tais direitos na base do constitucionalismo moderno, o que os mantém em estreito relacionamento com o pluralismo e a democracia, faz-se imperioso recordar-se que as noções jurídicas que os animam serviram de base histórica e genética ao reconhecimento e à positivação, em nível constitucional, dos assim chamados direitos fundamentais. Em sintonia com a especial deferência que se tem ofertado aos direitos humanos na sociedade contemporânea global, nossa Constituição positivou entre os princípios regentes de suas relações internacionais ordem expressa de prevalente respeito aos tratados internacionais estabelecedores desses direitos, além de ter possibilitado a recepção desses pactos em nosso ordenamento jurídico, inclusive a título de preceitos constitucionais, conforme Emenda Constitucional n. 45/2004. Esse tratamento especial, além do processo democrático que conduziu o Brasil a uma progressiva aceitação dos tratados, pactos e convenções humanitários, torna possível a conclusão de que os Direitos Humanos apresentam elementos de diferencial carga legitimadora, podendo contribuir, significativamente para, a legitimação democrática de nossa Jurisdição Constitucional. Também é possível perceber-se que, ocorrente em esferas de poder e de legitimação diversos, em particular a nível internacional, a importância conferida aos Direitos Humanos não resta esvaziada pela ampla proteção constitucional conferida aos direitos fundamentais. Particularmente questionada em sua perspectiva democrática, mormente ante o cumprimento da nominada regra contramajoritária e em face da crescente ampliação de seu poder político, nossa Jurisdição Constitucional não pode mais permanecer alheia aos condicionantes determinados pelas amplas imbricações que se desenvolveram no estreitamento de relações entre o Direito Constitucional e o Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. Também a crise dogmática ditada pelo distanciamento havido entre o direito posto e a realidade nacional tem implicado em inegável desgaste público da atividade jurisdicional, principalmente da jurisdição voltada à proteção constitucional. O papel da Jurisdição Constitucional atual há, portanto, de ser cumprido em sintonia com as normas internacionais de Direitos Humanos, principalmente em respeito às normas constitucionais pátrias que ordenam a prevalência desses direitos nas relações internacionais. Nesse sentido, pode e necessita nossa Jurisdição Constitucional valer-se do particular potencial legitimador das normas definidoras de Direitos Humanos, reconhecendo e efetivando tais normas e adequando-se às tendências modernas que a elas conferem especial proteção, num processo dialético de inolvidável natureza democrática

A Constituição Federal de 1988 e a integração regional : o desafio da harmonização tributária

As an effect of the growing interdependence in international relations, regional integration was conceived to face globalization, with a remarkable influence in politics and law, since the first steps of the European experience. In Latin America, regional integration ideas have blossomed in the 60 s. Among its experiences, MERCOSUL is the one with the most advanced objectives. However, MERCOSUL has not managed to achieve the objectives planned nor moved forward the integration process. Differently of what happened in Europe, in MERCOSUL the common market projected is concluded. It faced many disappointments throughout its brief history. As it matters to law, those were caused by the absence of supranationality, a mechanism that would allow MERCOSUL s decisions to be directly binding in the States with no need of bureaucratic proceedings to incorporate them to national legal systems. Among Latin American States, Brazil is probably the most resistant to integration process, due to Federal Constitution 1988 rigidity and legal professionals conservadorism towards opening legal system to international law. In Brazil hermeneutical standards are always based on national sovereignty and international law is referred as less important. The problems become more visible relating to taxation, a subject that plays an enormous role in integration process for its economic impact, demanding the execution of tax harmonization policies compatible to the integration levels aspired. However, because of the large number of tax rules in the Federal Constitution, structural changes initiatives face difficulties in order to be implemented. Actually, after two Constitutional Reforms on taxation, Brazil has not yet succeeded on promoting the necessary adaptations to regional integration. The research has confirmed the hypothesis that supranationality has indispensably to be adopted if Brazil really desires to move forward the integration process. But it has also been demonstrated that there are hermeneutical paths suitable to the constitutional profile which allow the adoption of supranationality, through the revision of the sovereignty traditional concept

O direito penal do inimigo na atualidade: Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty – MLAT, em matéria penal, celebrado entre a República Federativa do Brasil e os Estados Unidos da América bem como seus reflexos na jurisdição brasileira

In view of the climate of instability and deep social inequalities, it has been evident in the Brazilian reality, a new way to punish systematic already developed and consolidated in other countries, in which, among other things, the criminality is anticipated only by danger that the individual sports. It appears, therefore, that the theory developed by Günter Jakobs, nominated Criminal Law of the Enemy, became subtly inserted in the Brazilian reality as well as in international relations signed. In this sense, the Brazilian State, in order to carry out the international legal cooperation in the criminal field, signed a mutual assistance agreement with the government of the United States of America. Forward the conclusion of Mutual legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT), the signatory countries voiced a desire to cooperate in order to facilitate the implementation of tasks of the authorities responsible for law enforcement in both countries, comprising research, investigation, prosecution and prevention of crime, said internalized adjustment in the Brazilian legal system by means of Decree No. 3810 of 02 May 2001. Alongside these considerations, the present study aims to analyze the Criminal law of the Enemy today, seeking to find evidence of that theory in the MLAT, international legal cooperation instrument signed between the government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the government of the United States of America. Moreover, it has the objective to describe its effects on the Brazilian jurisdiction, especially as concerns the relativity and the suppression of human rights. Once done the introit, analysis will be carried out in the first chapter, on the definition and main features of the theory of Criminal Enemy of the law, it is imperative to approach the humanistic aspect that preceded the theory as well as the dealings given to some controversial issues surrounding it, such as the anticipation of the enemy's punishment and the disproportionality of the penalties imposed. In the second chapter will present the conceptual assumptions, historical evolution and the positives aspects, as well as the barriers and the pursuit of effectiveness of international legal cooperation. In the chapter, bedroom effective analysis of specific modality of cooperation will be held, the Mutual legal Assistance Treaty - MLAT in criminal matters, signed between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the United States of America, in which the general aspects will be addressed and the MLAT reflections on the Brazilian jurisdiction, which includes analysis about the relativity or suppression of human rights, future trends and creating stricter laws, followed by the presentation of the seized conclusion on the subject, in which, among other approaches, will be voiced understanding about the unconstitutionality certain service requests that, from these, there is the bad use of the agreed instrument.

Filhos da independência: etnografando os estudantes Bissau-guineenses do PEC-G em Fortaleza-CE e Natal-RN

Notre travail propose de comprendre l`immigration africaine contemporaine du Brésil à travers l'univers des étudiants guinéens participant au Programme Étudiants « Convênio de Graduação » (PEC-G) dans les villes de Fortaleza dans l'Etat Ceará et Natal dans l'Etat de Rio Grande do Norte, en étudiant leurs stratégies de convivialité et d'adaptation. Les étudiants étrangers sélectionnés dans ce programme font leur licence gratuitement dans les Instituts d'Enseignement Supérieur (IES). Pour accéder à ce programme ils doivent répondre à certains critères : montrer qu'ils sont en mesure de payer leurs frais au Brésil, avoir le bac ou un diplôme équivalent et maîtriser la langue portugaise lorsqu'ils sont originaires d'un pays n'appartenant pas à la Communauté de Pays de Langue Portugaise (CPLP). Les étudiants qui participent à des programmes de développement socio-économique contractés entre le Brésil et leurs pays d'origine sont prioritaires. Ces accords les contraignent à rentrer dans leurs pays d'origine et de travailler dans le domaine dans lequel ils ont été diplômés une fois les études terminées. Les étudiants, qui arrivent au Brésil porteurs de leurs identités ethniques guinéennes, entrent en contact avec la société brésilienne et acquièrent ainsi une « identité hybride ». C'est dans ce contexte que ce travail analyse le quotidien des étudiants africaines au Brésil avec un regard porté sur les étudiants de Guinée-Bissau à Fortaleza et à Natal comprendre l'expérience des étudiants qui vivent en terre étrangère. Ainsi, le lieu (Brésil) prend toute sa valeur par rapport au distant (Guinée) autrefois lié par l'histoire coloniale et aujourd'hui lié par des relations internationales ou diplomatiques. Finalement, la construction d'une « nouvelle » identité ethnique, d'une culture guinéenne au Brésil s'opère dans une célébration mobile c'est-à-dire successivement formée et transformée en relation avec les formes à travers lesquelles l'individu est représenté ou interpelé dans les systèmes culturels dans lesquels il est impliqué.

Acordos internacionais sobre a produção compartilhada de recursos naturais: a unitização interestatal na área do petróleo e gás sob o enfoque constitucional brasileiro

The apportionment of natural resources between sovereign States is a subject that relates many aspects of International law, as long as Constitutional Law, at the execution and application phases of international treaties that regulates the exploration of common goods. In this sense, because of their natural characteristics that creates an environment of constant migration and fixation in transboundary regions, terrestrial or maritime, the petroleum and the natural gas bound a complex juridical apparatus that can control the sovereign rights involved. This research is aim at accomplishing a study concerning the international agreements that enable the non-unilateral action, specifically the unitization treaties between sovereign States, as a manner to resolve situations related to the individualization of oil and/or gas reservoirs that go across their national borders. These agreements will be analyzed considering the international public law sources theory, bearing in mind yet the already existed experiences in this sense, not disregarding the way that this fact could affect Brazil. It will begin with an historical incursion over the unitization institute, covering its main characteristics and its formation and execution procedures, and finally it will address the Brazilian legal system and the comparative law threats the institute. The clauses of these relevant agreements will be analyzed in details, concerning its particularities and its contents. Because these agreements are international obligatory rules of law, it is indispensable that they are considered under the auspices of the international law system, focusing their nature and the subjects of international law and establishing them as sources of the international law, analyzing them, then, as international rules and the applicable law to these juridical relations, the conventional established, the consolidated international custom and the applicable International Law principles, appearing the State s responsibility as an important subject for the verification of the acts lawful practiced by States. The analysis of the apportionment of these natural resources ends with the individualization of possible exploitable marine oil fields located between the exclusive economic zone and the continental platform ends and the region administrated by the International Seabed Authority. At last, the Brazilian constitutional system appears as the mechanism of integration, application and execution of the international unitization agreements in Brazil, detaching the format and the proceedings that the international treaties take to acquire validity at the national legal system, passing through the treaties interpretation and the applicable constitutional principles, coming to its application in Brazil, considering the existing constitutional peculiarities and the role played by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and bio-fuel ANP