Histopathology findings in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758) with chronic weight loss associated with bile tract obstruction by infestation with Platynosomum (Loos, 1907)

Chronic weight loss in marmosets is often associated with wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS), an important disease that occurs in callitrichid colonies around the world. Even though its etiology is very difficult to determine, particular variables, such as weight loss, diarrhea and alopecia, associated or not with infestation in the pancreatic ducts with Trichospirura leptossoma (Nematoda: Thelazioidea), seem to be linked with the syndrome. This study investigated the histopathology of the lungs, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts and pancreatic ducts of six common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) suffering from severe non-diarrheic weight loss. Three individuals died naturally and the other three were euthanized. Microscopic findings showed the presence of adult flukes (Platynosomum) in the liver. These flukes, which provoke common infection in cats, were also observed inside the gallbladder as well as in the intra and extrahepatic bile ducts in common marmosets. Portal fibrosis was observed in two animals, which developed chronic fibrosing hepatopathy (biliary pattern, grade 3). The disease progresses without diarrhea and without pancreatic lesions or infestation. With the rogression, the animals presented with ascending cholangitis, cholestasis and portal fibrosis, sometimes culminating in secondary biliary cirrhosis. Therefore, this nfirmity, associated with chronic weight loss in common marmosets, could be another tiological factor linked with WMS

Histopathology findings in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758) with chronic weight loss associated with bile tract obstruction by infestation with Platynosomum (Loos, 1907)

Chronic weight loss in marmosets is often associated with wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS), an important disease that occurs in callitrichid colonies around the world. Even though its etiology is very difficult to determine, particular variables, such as weight loss, diarrhea and alopecia, associated or not with infestation in the pancreatic ducts with Trichospirura leptossoma (Nematoda: Thelazioidea), seem to be linked with the syndrome. This study investigated the histopathology of the lungs, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts and pancreatic ducts of six common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) suffering from severe non-diarrheic weight loss. Three individuals died naturally and the other three were euthanized. Microscopic findings showed the presence of adult flukes (Platynosomum) in the liver. These flukes, which provoke common infection in cats, were also observed inside the gallbladder as well as in the intra and extrahepatic bile ducts in common marmosets. Portal fibrosis was observed in two animals, which developed chronic fibrosing hepatopathy (biliary pattern, grade 3). The disease progresses without diarrhea and without pancreatic lesions or infestation. With the rogression, the animals presented with ascending cholangitis, cholestasis and portal fibrosis, sometimes culminating in secondary biliary cirrhosis. Therefore, this nfirmity, associated with chronic weight loss in common marmosets, could be another tiological factor linked with WMS

Efeitos do potencial probiótico Enterococcus faecium 32 e de sua associação com o extrato da alga marinha Caulerpa mexicana no tratamento de colite experimental murina

Ulcerative colitis comprising an inflammatory bowel disease, whose most severe consequence is the development of intestinal neoplasia. The drugs currently used to treat the disease trigger a variety of serious adverse effects and are not effective in many cases. Recent studies demonstrated the effectiveness of natural products for the treatment of inflammatory processes. Seaweed extracts and their purified products have shown protective effects in models of inflammation and the association of traditional therapies with probiotics has significantly improved the clinical symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Therefore, the aims of this study include evaluating the potential effects of the use of probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium 32 (Ef32), the methanolic extract of the green seaweed Caulerpa mexicana (M.E.) and their concomitant administration in a murine model of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Accordingly, C57BL /6 mice were pretreated orally with Ef32 (109 CFU/ml) for seven days. In the seven days following, the colitis was induced by administration of 3% DSS (w/v) diluted in the animals drinking water. During this period, animals were treated daily with Ef32 and the M.E. (2.0 mg/kg) every other day by intravenous route. The development of colitis was monitored by the disease activity index (DAI), which takes into account the loss of body weight, consistency and presence of blood in stools. After euthanasia, the colon was removed, its length measured and tissue samples were destined for histological analysis and culture for cytokine quantification. The levels of cytokines in the culture supernatant of the colon were measured by ELISA. The treatments with the probiotic Ef32 or the M.E. alone or the combination of these two substances provoked significant improvement as to weight loss and DAI, and prevented the shortening of the colon in response to DSS. The isolated treatments triggered a slight improvement in intestinal mucosal tissue damage. However, their combination was able to completely repair the injury triggered by DSS. The association was also able to reduce the levels of all the cytokines analyzed (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A and TNF-α). On the other hand, the treatment with Ef32 did not interfere with the levels of TNF-α, whereas treatment with M.E. did not alter the levels of IL-6. Moreover, the treatment with Ef32 not interferes in TNF-α levels, whereas treatment with M.E. did not alter the levels of IL-6. Therefore, the potential probiotic Ef32 and M.E. and especially when these samples were associated proved promising alternatives in the treatment of ulcerative colitis as demonstrated in an experimental model because of its beneficial effects on morphological and clinical parameters, and by reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines of Th1, Th2 and Th17

Efeitos da perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica sobre a função respiratória

Background: Obesity leads to alteration of lung volumes and capacities due to accumulation of fat in the chest wall and abdomen. Few studies have shown that weight loss induced by surgery improves lung function. Our objective was to evaluate the anthropometric development, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle, strength and endurance after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. Methods: We evaluated in pre and post operative period variables of weight, BMI, NC, WHR and spirometric and respiratory pressure. Results: 39 subjects were evaluated, with age mean 35.9 ± 10.9 years, predominantly by women (76.3%). The weight mean decreased from 124.8 ± 17.5 kg to 88.8 ± 14.28 kg in post operative. The mean BMI ranged from 47,9 ± 5,6 Kg/m² to 34,3 ± 4,75 Kg/m². There was a significant increase in FVC from 3,63 ± 0,94 to 4,01±1,03, FEV1 from 3,03 ± 0,72 to 3,39 ± 0,85, FEF 25-75% from 3,41 ± 0,72 to 3,82 ± 0,94, PEF from 6,56 ± 1,47 to 7,81 ± 1,69, ERV from 0,35 ± 0,39 to 0,66 ± 0,38, MVV ranged from 103,43 ± 22,21 to 137,27 ± 29,84, all of them to p<0,01. The MIP and MEP showed no significant difference in pre and post operative. It was noted that for every centimeter reduced in neck circumference, an increase of 0.06 in FVC and 5.98 in MVV is observed. This is also observed in weight and BMI. Conclusion: We conclude that weight loss induced by bariatric surgery in obese provides a significant improvement in lung function and reduction of fat around the neck is more important in the generation of lung volume than the reduction of BMI

Efeito da crioterapia e da laserterapia na resposta ao dano muscular induzido pelo exercício excêntrico: ensaio clínico e randomizado

Exercise-induced muscle damage mainly affects individuals who returned to physical activity after a time without practicing it or had some kind of exhaustive exercise, particularly eccentric exercise. To evaluate the effect of cryotherapy and laser therapy in response to muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise on the biceps muscle. This was a randomized clinical trial consisting of 60 female subjects. All subjects initially underwent an evaluation consisting of perimetry, measurement of pain sensation (via algometry and visual analogue scale), electromyography and dynamometry. Then the subjects performed an exercise protocol on the isokinetic dynamometer consisting of 2 sets of 10 eccentric elbow flexors contraction at 60 °/s. Completed this protocol, an intervention was held according to a previously random group distribution: control group (no intervention), cryotherapy group and laser therapy group. Finally, subjects were re-evaluated immediately and 48 hours after the intervention protocol, except for Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which was also evaluated 24 hours after exercise. The circumference of the limb, the pain sensation (VAS and algometry), the muscle activation amplitude (via Root Mean Square - RMS), median frequency, peak torque normalized per body weight, average peak torque, power and work were analyzed. The median frequency immediately after the intervention protocol on the cryotherapy group was the only variable that showed inter and intra-group differences; the remaining variables showed only intragroup differences. The perimetry values did not change immediately after the protocol on the groups which underwent cryotherapy and laser therapy, however, there was an increase after 48 hours; algometry values decreased in all groups for 48 hours and the VAS values increased 24 and 48 hours also for all groups. Regarding RMS no significant change was observed. For dynamometry, peak torque normalized per body weight and average peak torque had a similar behavior, with a reduction in the post protocol that has remained after 48 hours. For the power and work, a decrease was observed immediately after the protocol with a further reduction after 48 hours. Cryotherapy and laser therapy does not alter the muscle damage response, except for the perimetry values immediately after exercise.

Sinalização endógena do sistema Nociceptina/Orfanina FQ - receptor NOP: envolvimento na modulação da depressão experimental induzida por lipopolissacarídeo

During the last decades, it has been established that there is a relationship between major depression and activation of immune system. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the natural ligand of a Gi-protein coupled receptor named NOP, both compose the peptidergic system wich is involved in the regulation of mood states and inflammatory responses. Considering these actions, the present thesis aimed to investigate the consequences of blocking NOP signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness and depressive-like behaviors in mice. Systemic administration of LPS doses, that do not cause sepsis in mice, induce changes in their behaviors related with activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 1β (IL-1 β). At the time points of 2 to 6 h and 24 h after intraperitoneal injection, mice treated with LPS displayed, respectively, sickness and depressive-like behaviors. In the present work the administration of LPS 0.8 mg/kg (ip) significantly induced sickness signs in Swiss and CD-1 mice, such as weight loss, transient reduction in rectal temperature and decrease of food and water intake. Moreover at 24 h after LPS injection these same mice strains displayed significantly increased immobility time on the tail suspension test (TST) when compared with control mice, this alteration was not related with possible locomotion impairments as verified on the open field test. Treatment with Nortriptyline 30 mg/kg (ip, 60 min prior the TST) reduced the immobility time of control and LPS-treated mice and was used as standard antidepressant. The NOP receptor antagonist SB-612111 (10 mg/kg, ip), 30 min prior LPS, did not modify LPS-induced sickness signs and depressive-like behavior. However, when injected 24 h after LPS treatment, SB-612111 (ip, 30 min prior the TST) as well as the peptidergic NOP receptor antagonist UFP-101 (10 nmol/2μL, icv, 5 min prior the TST) significantly reversed the toxin effects. The protocol of LPS-induced depressive-like states was also tested in NOP receptor knockout mice (NOP(-/-)) and their respective wild types (NOP(+/+)). LPS evoked transient rectal temperature reduction in NOP(-/-) mice and loss of body weight, food and water intake reduction in both NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice. The consumption of water was significantly different due to the genotype. LPS injection induced transient changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines. At 6 h after LPS injection, serum levels of TNF-α were significantly increased in NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice, as the IL-6 levels were significantly increased just in NOP(+/+) serum. At 24 h after LPS treatment the pro-inflammatory cytokines had returned to the baseline levels in both genotypes. LPS treatment elicited depressive-like effects in NOP(+/+) but not in NOP(-/-) mice. The data obtained during the execution of this doctoral thesis reveal that pharmacological and genetic blockade of NOP signaling does not affect LPS evoked sickness signs while reversing depressive-like behavior. In conclusion, these results highlight the involvement of the peptidergic system N/OFQ - NOP receptor in the modulation of behaviors related to mood and activation of the immune system.

Efeito anti-inflamatório e antioxidante do extrato hidroalcóolico de Turnera subulata na colite ulcerativa induzida por ácido acético em ratos

Inflammatory bowel diseases is composed by a set of chronic and inflammatory disorders, among them is ulcerative colitis (UC). UC treatment is based on anti-inflammatory administration; however, this group of drugs clearly leads to development of undesirable side effects, what stimulate the search for new therapies alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcholic Turnera subulata extract on acetic acid-induced acute UC in rats. UC was induced by 1 mL injection of 4% acetic acid via rectal in Wistar mouse. 42 animals were distributed among 6 experimental groups: Control, UC, Sulfasalazine 500 mg/Kg/day (SSZ), T. subulata 50mg/Kg/day (TS 50), T. subulata 100mg/Kg/day (TS 100), T. subulata 200mg/Kg/day (TS 200). Throughout the experiment, body weight, food and water ingestion was daily evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and a colon fragment was observed by macroscopic analysis. Colon fragments were also collected for microscopic analysis and oxidative stress evaluation. The means from each group was compared by ANOVA test with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05) using GraphPad Prism Software. As results, we can clearly observe that SSZ group had the greater body weight decrease among the groups throughout the experiments, 14.78%, as well as, the lowest food intake, 6.23 g of food/day. The animals treated with T. subulata extracts showed no important body weight loss when compared to control. UC group showed the highest tissue damage macroscope score, 6.5, while TS 50 showed the lowest tissue damage score: 1. Microscope evaluation showed the presence of edema, haemorraghia and ulceration in all group of animals, except for Control. Nevertheless, TS 50 showed the lowest inflammatory damage among all groups. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that T. subulata treatment modulate catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, we also observed a decrease in protein and lipid peroxidation in response to extract administration. Taken together, these results shows that T. subulata extract exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on experimental UC.

Efeito anti-inflamatório e antioxidante do extrato hidroalcóolico de Turnera subulata na colite ulcerativa induzida por ácido acético em ratos

Inflammatory bowel diseases is composed by a set of chronic and inflammatory disorders, among them is ulcerative colitis (UC). UC treatment is based on anti-inflammatory administration; however, this group of drugs clearly leads to development of undesirable side effects, what stimulate the search for new therapies alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcholic Turnera subulata extract on acetic acid-induced acute UC in rats. UC was induced by 1 mL injection of 4% acetic acid via rectal in Wistar mouse. 42 animals were distributed among 6 experimental groups: Control, UC, Sulfasalazine 500 mg/Kg/day (SSZ), T. subulata 50mg/Kg/day (TS 50), T. subulata 100mg/Kg/day (TS 100), T. subulata 200mg/Kg/day (TS 200). Throughout the experiment, body weight, food and water ingestion was daily evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and a colon fragment was observed by macroscopic analysis. Colon fragments were also collected for microscopic analysis and oxidative stress evaluation. The means from each group was compared by ANOVA test with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05) using GraphPad Prism Software. As results, we can clearly observe that SSZ group had the greater body weight decrease among the groups throughout the experiments, 14.78%, as well as, the lowest food intake, 6.23 g of food/day. The animals treated with T. subulata extracts showed no important body weight loss when compared to control. UC group showed the highest tissue damage macroscope score, 6.5, while TS 50 showed the lowest tissue damage score: 1. Microscope evaluation showed the presence of edema, haemorraghia and ulceration in all group of animals, except for Control. Nevertheless, TS 50 showed the lowest inflammatory damage among all groups. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that T. subulata treatment modulate catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, we also observed a decrease in protein and lipid peroxidation in response to extract administration. Taken together, these results shows that T. subulata extract exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on experimental UC.