Estudo térmico e de materiais na construção de casas populares com blocos confeccionados a partir de um composto a base de cimento, gesso, eps e raspa de pneu

We built an experimental house on an UFRN´s land using blocks made by a composite consisting of cement, plaster, EPS, crushed rubber and sand. Several blocks were made from various compositions and we made preliminary tests of mechanical and thermal resistance, choosing the most appropriate proportion. PET bottles were used inside the block to provide thermal resistance. In this work, a second function was given to the bottles: to serve as a docking between the blocks, because the ends of the cylinders came out of each block on top as well as at the bottom, with the bottom cut, allowing to fit of the extremities of the upper cylinder of a block in the lower holes of the other one, which were formed by the cutting already mentioned. Minimum compression tests were performed according to ABNT standards for walls closing blocks (fence). With that house built, we did studies of thermal performance in order to ascertain conditions of comfort, checking external and internal temperatures in the walls and in the ambient, among other variables, such as wind speed and relative humidity. The resulting blocks provided adequate thermal insulation to the environment, where the walls presented differences up to 11.7 ºC between the outer and inner faces, getting the maximum temperature inside the house around 31 °C, within the so-called thermal comfort zone for warm climates. At the end of the experiments it was evident the effectiveness of that construction in order to provide thermal comfort in the internal environment of the house, as well as we could confirm the viability of building houses from recyclable materials, reducing the constructive costs, becoming a suitable alternative for low- incoming families. Moreover, besides the low cost, the proposal represents an alternative use of various recyclable materials, therefore considered an ecological solution

Estudo da incorporação da cal em composições binárias de solo-cimento para produção de tijolos maciços

The use of binders in the soil for the production of solid bricks is an old construction technique that has been used by several civilizations over time. At the same time, the need for environmental preservation and the tendency of scarcity of natural resources make the construction invest in researching new concepts, methods and materials for building systems for the sustainability of their economic activities. Thus arises the need to obtain building materials with low power consumption, capable of reducing the growing housing shortage of rural and urban population. Currently, research has been conducted on this topic to better understand the cementitious and pozzolanic reactions that occur in the formation of the microstructure of the soil-cement when added to other materials such as, for example, lime, and the relationship between microstructure and formed interfaces with the physical, mechanical and chemical analysis in compounds made from these ternary compositions. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the results of the influence of the incorporation of lime to the soil-cement to form a ternary mixture to produce soil-cement bricks and mortar without structural purposes. From the inclusion of contents of 6 %, 8 %, 10% and 12% lime to the soil, and soil-cement mixes in amounts of 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 % were shaped-bodies of -cylindrical specimens to determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry apparent specific weight. Then they were cured, and subjected to the tests of compressive strength, absorption and durability modified. Compositions obtained the best results in the tests performed on the bodies-of-proof cylindrical served as a parameter for molding of solid bricks, which underwent the same experimental methodology previously cited. The raw materials used, as well as compositions in which the bricks were molded solid, were characterized by physical and chemical tests, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained in the study indicate that the compositions studied, that showed the best results in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and durability ternary composition was soil, 10 % cement and 2 % lime

Estudo sobre as potencialidades de compósitos à base de gesso e fibras de coco seco para aplicação na construção civil

The use of gypsum, one of the oldest building materials for the construction industry in the country has been experiencing a significant and steady growth, due to its low cost and some of its properties that confer comparative advantage over other binder materials. Its use comprises various applications including the coating of walls and the production of internal seals and linings. Moreover, the fibers are being increasingly incorporated into arrays fragile in an attempt to improve the properties of the composite by reducing the number of cracks, the opening of the same and its propagation velocity. Other properties, depending on the function of the component material or construction, among these thermal and acoustic performances, are of great importance in the context of buildings and could be improved, that is, having better performance with this embodiment. Conduct a comparative study of physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustic composite gypsum incorporating dry coconut fiber, in the form of blanket, constituted the main objective of this work. Improving the thermal and acoustic performances of precast gypsum, used for lining and internal vertical fences of buildings, was the purpose of development of these composites. To evaluate the effect of fiber content on the properties of the composites were used to manufacture the composite layer with different thicknesses. The composites were fabricated in the form of plates with dimensions of 500x500x24mm. To facilitate the comparative study of the properties were also made with material gypsum boards only. We then determined the physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustical plaster and composites. The results indicated that the composites were significant gains in relation to thermal performance and also acoustic, in certain frequency range, increasing the thickness of the blanket. Concerning other physical-mechanical properties, the results showed that although the compressive strength was lower than for the composite did not occur after a fracture catastrophic failure. The same trend was observed with regard to resistance to bending, since the composites have not suffered sudden rupture and still continued after the load supporting point of maximum load

Gestão ambiental e competitividade no setor da construção civil :um estudo sobre a aceitabilidade de práticas ambientais no mercado imobiliário

This work investigates the importance of Eco-Materiais applied in the civil construction and the necessity of knowledge of the real estate market, showing the importance of application of recycled products where inserted inside of a bigger scope of the sustainable development which has the subjects as the ambient management. In the theoretical referencial boarded the recycled and perfectly ecological products that demonstrate the applicability of this type of products in the sector of the civil construction, beyond the economic and social placesThe main popouse of the real estate sector is to show the awareness and demonstration in the negotiation of property constructed with these products, therefore, already it is practised by the market of the civil construction where much time sao commercialized by real estate and the its correctors lacking in same knowledge that is more deepened on these materials, having this evidence been made with statistical application of questionnaire and analyzed with base. We finish showing the statistical results with application of 142 questionnaires in a universe of 145 real estate from Natal/RN. With this, we may say that today exists a very strong concern with the environmental laws and the generated ambient impact in the civil construction and that the real estate sector has a feeling that the necessity of if inserting in this process, therefore, the real estate market in our State is in expansion and sensible to the necessity of changes, since the Natal/RN meets in the script of the tourism the International demanding of the professional that a globalized knowledge works with property, so the necessity of understanding the environmental laws and understanding application of the echo-materias used in the construction will give a better quality of life and at the same time to protect the nature

Obtenção e caracterização de farinha de frutas e vegetais através do uso de um sistema de secagem solar de baixo custo

In this work a solar drying system for food dehydration was developed. It is a direct exposition drying apparatus that uses solar energy to heat the circulating air. First, the construction and assembly of this apparatus was described, in which was used scrap wraps of used tires for thermal insulation, allowing the reuse of solid waste, being an ecologically correct recycling option. After, the results obtained in experiments for cashew drying showed the thermal and economical feasibility of the proposed solar drying system, focusing on the process of flour production and in its chemical characterization. It was also demonstrated the social importance of this production for socially excluded people, since the value added to this fruit, in relation to its in nature form, may represent an option for job and income generation. The main features of the proposed dryer are its low cost and its easy fabrication and assembly process. After cashew drying, the obtained product was processed into flour by using a knife mill and it was added crushed rapadura to reduce the rancid taste caused by tannin

Incorporação do lodo de tanque séptico como matéria-prima de uma mistura asfáltica

In Natal/RN, 68% of the population uses some kind of individual system for their domestic sewers treatment, being that the most used it is septic tank, followed by sumidouro. Every treatment system of sewers, usually used, generates a by-product denominated sludge. That residue presents some components, in its constitution, undesirable under the environmental and sanitary point of view. In such case, to assure that the system treatment has satisfactory results, it is necessary to do the adjusted disposition of the sludge sewage. Several countries are looking for technical alternatives for the use and disposition of residues. Under technical and environmental conditions appropriate, these materials can be used, decreasing the consumption of the natural resources and the treatment need, storage or elimination of the wastes, what decrease the risks created. Some of the alternatives of recycling of the sludge sewage are: the application in the agriculture, in the production of energy and as raw material in the civil construction. This study evaluated asphalt mixtures behavior that partially substituted conventional aggregates by septic tank sludge. The septic tank sludge gave origin to two raw materials called raw sludge and sludge ash. The raw sludge was put as a small aggregate and the sludge ash as filler. In the first experiment it was made a comparison between the mixture with conventional aggregates and the mixtures that replaced sand by raw sludge in the proportions from 5% to 40%. In the second experiment, it was made comparison between mixtures with 1%, 2% and 3% of sludge ash and cement. The stages developed along the study were: physical characterization of the conventional materials; physical, chemistry, thermal, mineralogical characterizations and analysis of environmental risk of the raw sludge; physical characterization and analysis of environmental risk of the sludge ash; analysis of the mixtures performance through its volumetric and mechanical characteristics; forecast of the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence. For the grain size composition used and with the percentage asphalt adopted, the mixtures with up to 7,5% of raw sludge in his composition attend to the National Department of Transports Infrastructure (DNIT) specifications. However, in agreement with the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence, the mixtures with addition of raw sludge don't present satisfactory acting. In such case, they could be used in arid and semi-arid areas. The raw sludge application in mixtures increased their voids volume and their stability. However, it damaged mixtures adhesiveness. Mixtures with sludge ash and with cement presented similar behavior. However, mixtures with sludge ash presented a better performance than mixtures with cement as for their stability and their tensile strength ratio. The mixture with 1% of sludge ash is better. The wastes studied don't represent environmental risk

Caracterização mecânica, térmica e acústica de um compósito que utiliza rejeitos de mármore, granito e EPS para a fabricação de blocos para a construção civil

The use of composite materials for the construction industry has been the subject of numerous scientific papers in Brazil and in the world. One of the factors that motivate this quest is the housing deficit that countries especially the third world face. In Brazil this deficit reaches more than 6.5 million homes, around 12% of all US households . This paper presents a composite that was obtained from waste generated in processes for the production of granite and marble slabs, cement, gypsum, sand, crushed EPS and water. These wastes cause great damage to the environment and are thrown into landfi lls in bulk. The novelty of the work is in the combined study thermal, mechanical and acoustic composite obtained in real situation of rooms that are part of an experimental housing. Many blocks were made from cement compositions, plaster, foam, sand, marb le and / or granite, preliminary tests of mechanical and thermal resistance were made by choosing the most appropriate proportion. Will be given the manufacturing processes and assembly units 500 units 10 x 80 x 28 cm produced for the construction of an ex perimental home. We studied what kind of block and residue, marble or granite, made it more feasible for the intended purpose. The mechanical strength of the produced blocks were above 3.0 MPa. The thermal resistance of the blocks was confirmed by the maxi mum temperature difference between the inner and outer walls of rooms built around 8.0 ° C. The sound absorption for optimal room was around 31%. Demonstrated the feasibility of using the blocks manufactured with composite material proposed for construction.

Estudo da incorporação da cal em composições binárias de solo-cimento para produção de tijolos maciços

The use of binders in the soil for the production of solid bricks is an old construction technique that has been used by several civilizations over time. At the same time, the need for environmental preservation and the tendency of scarcity of natural resources make the construction invest in researching new concepts, methods and materials for building systems for the sustainability of their economic activities. Thus arises the need to obtain building materials with low power consumption, capable of reducing the growing housing shortage of rural and urban population. Currently, research has been conducted on this topic to better understand the cementitious and pozzolanic reactions that occur in the formation of the microstructure of the soil-cement when added to other materials such as, for example, lime, and the relationship between microstructure and formed interfaces with the physical, mechanical and chemical analysis in compounds made from these ternary compositions. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the results of the influence of the incorporation of lime to the soil-cement to form a ternary mixture to produce soil-cement bricks and mortar without structural purposes. From the inclusion of contents of 6 %, 8 %, 10% and 12% lime to the soil, and soil-cement mixes in amounts of 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 % were shaped-bodies of -cylindrical specimens to determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry apparent specific weight. Then they were cured, and subjected to the tests of compressive strength, absorption and durability modified. Compositions obtained the best results in the tests performed on the bodies-of-proof cylindrical served as a parameter for molding of solid bricks, which underwent the same experimental methodology previously cited. The raw materials used, as well as compositions in which the bricks were molded solid, were characterized by physical and chemical tests, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained in the study indicate that the compositions studied, that showed the best results in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and durability ternary composition was soil, 10 % cement and 2 % lime

Estudo sobre as potencialidades de compósitos à base de gesso e fibras de coco seco para aplicação na construção civil

The use of gypsum, one of the oldest building materials for the construction industry in the country has been experiencing a significant and steady growth, due to its low cost and some of its properties that confer comparative advantage over other binder materials. Its use comprises various applications including the coating of walls and the production of internal seals and linings. Moreover, the fibers are being increasingly incorporated into arrays fragile in an attempt to improve the properties of the composite by reducing the number of cracks, the opening of the same and its propagation velocity. Other properties, depending on the function of the component material or construction, among these thermal and acoustic performances, are of great importance in the context of buildings and could be improved, that is, having better performance with this embodiment. Conduct a comparative study of physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustic composite gypsum incorporating dry coconut fiber, in the form of blanket, constituted the main objective of this work. Improving the thermal and acoustic performances of precast gypsum, used for lining and internal vertical fences of buildings, was the purpose of development of these composites. To evaluate the effect of fiber content on the properties of the composites were used to manufacture the composite layer with different thicknesses. The composites were fabricated in the form of plates with dimensions of 500x500x24mm. To facilitate the comparative study of the properties were also made with material gypsum boards only. We then determined the physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustical plaster and composites. The results indicated that the composites were significant gains in relation to thermal performance and also acoustic, in certain frequency range, increasing the thickness of the blanket. Concerning other physical-mechanical properties, the results showed that although the compressive strength was lower than for the composite did not occur after a fracture catastrophic failure. The same trend was observed with regard to resistance to bending, since the composites have not suffered sudden rupture and still continued after the load supporting point of maximum load

Estudo da adição de argila expandida na formulação de concretos leves

Lightweight concrete has been the subject of several studies towards the development of new building materials. Emphasis has been given on the particle size effect and nature of aggregates used as raw materials. The present study includes an analysis of the materials that make this kind of concrete, analyzes of mechanical properties such as compressive and tensile strength, in addition to assessments of the interface concrete aggregate/matrix interface, porosity and absorption profile of chloride ions in lightweight concrete based on expanded clay. The experiments were carried out by molding cylindrical samples 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. The dosage experiments were performed without additives or with the addition of minerals: (T1) 1: 2.01: 1.10: 0.78 (T2) 1: 2.00: 1.32 : 0.62 - (T3) 1 :1.93 :1.54: 0.47 (cement : sand : expanded clay 0500 : expanded clay 1506).The water to cement ratio was set to 0.43. Expanded clay minerals with different average particle sizes were used, i.e., 9.5 mm/0500 and 19 mm/1506. The larger aggregate was coated by a glassy layer, yielding lower water absorption characteristics to the concrete. The results showed that the use of light expanded clay aggregates is a technically interesting solution to the production of lightweight concrete for construction applications

Estudo do comportamento plástico, mecânico, microestrutural e térmico do concreto produzido com resíduo de porcelanato

Population growth experienced in major cities, allied to society s need of infra-structure, especially ones related to habitational demands, increases the consumption of construction materials. As a consequence, consumption of natural resources itself. Thus, due to this process, concrete is one of the most produced materials in civil construction. This is also due to the great diversity of its application, easiness in its execution and adequate mechanical performance, as well as low production costs. Following the same tendencies in construction development, the ceramic industry has intensified the production of porcelain ceramic tiles and floors. These are achieved by a fine finishing and receive polishing at the end of the fabrication process. This work researched the use of porcelain residues in polishing for the production of concrete. All of which; due to economical and environmental issues. This process aims to prove adequate destiny for this type of residue, due to environmental issues, incorporating it to the concrete itself; all of which provides economy in consumption of the materials that constitute concrete. Thus, the main characteristics of concrete were investigated through the inclusion of different concentration of the porcelain residue as additional trait element. The residue rates incorporated to the trait varied from 10% to 50% in relation to the cement mass, in the traits with plastic additives and without plastic additives. It is observed that the inclusion of porcelain residue produced a meaningful alteration in the consistency of fresh concrete. This residue has a fine granulometry and it considerably absorbed the water used in the concrete spreading, influencing the way this material is dealt with. Thus, the value of cement striking decreases with the increase of residues present in trait. The maximal incorporation of the residue was of 50%, massively, for the same factor water/initial cement. The use of residues in concrete results in an 40% increase in the compression resistance. It is also proportional to residue concentration of porcelain in the trait. The microstructure was also favored once porosity and concrete absorption decreases with the use of this residue. The parameters demonstrate the quality and durability of the concrete produced with this residue. The use of porcelain residue in concrete composition has not produced meaningful thermal behavior changes. Thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity have been maintained basically constant

Estudo do resíduo fosfogesso na formulação de uma pasta para revestimento interno de edifícios

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Aperfeiçoamento no projeto de um protótipo de misturador-decantador à inversão de fases visando aplicação na indústria do petróleo

In the oil industry the mixture oil/water occurs in the operations of production, transportation and refining, as well as during the use of its derivatives. The amount of water produced associated with the oil varies and can reach values of 90% in volume in the case of mature phase of the production fields. The present work deals with the development of new design of the Mixer Settler based on Phase Inversion (MDIF) in a laboratory scale. We envisage this application in industrial scale so the phases of project, construction and operation are considered. The modifications most significant, in comparison with the original prototype, include the materials of construction and the substitution of the equipment used in the mixing stage of the process. It was tested the viability of substitution of the original system of mechanical mixing by a static mixer. A statistical treatment by means of an experimental design of composed central type was used in order to evaluate the behavior of the main variables of the separation process as function of the efficiency of separation for the new device. This procedure is useful to delimit an optimal region of operation with the equipment. The variables of process considered on the experimental design were: oil concentration in the feeding water (mg/L); Total volumetric flow rate (L/h); Ratio organic/water on volumetric basis (O/A). The separation efficiency is calculated by comparison of the content of oil and greases in the inlet and outlet of the equipment. For determination of TOG (Total Oil and Grease), the method used was based in the absorption of radiation in the infra-red region. The equipment used for these determinations was InfraCal® TOG/TPH Model HATR-T2 of the Wilks Enterprise, Incorporation. It´s important to stand out that this method of measure has being used by PETROBRAS S.A. Results of global efficiency of separation oil/water varied from 75.3 to 97.7% for contaminated waters containing up to 1664,1 mg/L of oil. By means of tests carried out with a real sample of contaminated water supplied by PETROBRAS we have got an effluent specified in terms of the legal standards required for discharging. Thus, the new design of equipment constitutes a real alternative for the conventional systems of treatment of produced water in the oil industry

Assinaturas antropogênicas de elementos maiores e traços em poeira urbana na cidade do Natal-RN

Although there are many studies on urban dust contamination by heavy metals in developed countries, little attention has been paid to this type of study in developing countries, including Brazil. Therefore, a series of investigations were performed to provide signatures of heavy metals in urban dust and assess the potential sources in the city of Natal - RN-Brazil. The fraction of these sediments was studied to pass through a sieve of 63 micrometers. For the study analyzed two groups of samples, one collected in September 2009 at the end of the rainy season (9 samples) and one collected in January 2010 in the dry season (21 samples). So in all, thirty sediment samples were collected from the street. Then, in Fluorescence Spectrometry X-rays were determined major elements SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3, MgO, P2O5, Fe2O3, MnO, TiO2 and CaO, and trace Rb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr and Pb by an ICPOES was determined Zn, V, Na, K, Ni, Mn, Mg, P, Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ba, Ca and Al from leaching HCl 0.5 mol L-1 . The results of the concentrations of elements show that the greater presence of these occurs in the dry season, except for Si which is higher in the rainy season. Analyses by geoaccumulation Index (IGEO) Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), analysis correlation and Hierarchical Cluster, confirm that Zn, Cu and Pb is anthropogenic character. Zinc may be derived from various sources related to motor vehicles or the road signs and street grids. The elements Na, K, Mg and Ca may be related to droplets suspended in air containing cations and anions present in seawater (salty), common in Christmas throughout the year, brought by winds SE-NW. The elements Na, Mg, Ca and K are the most abundant in seawater and were analyzed in this study. This indicates that the source of these additional elements detected by analyzing the contamination factor may be the very sea. Moreover, Ni, Fe, Cr and Ba can be either as a source of anthropogenic geogênica. The source of Ca is different, because it comes in lime and paint (painting guides of buildings and streets) in construction materials, but may also be present in sediments in the fragments of shells or carbonate bioclasts common in the coastal area

Estudo da adição de argila expandida na formulação de concretos leves

Lightweight concrete has been the subject of several studies towards the development of new building materials. Emphasis has been given on the particle size effect and nature of aggregates used as raw materials. The present study includes an analysis of the materials that make this kind of concrete, analyzes of mechanical properties such as compressive and tensile strength, in addition to assessments of the interface concrete aggregate/matrix interface, porosity and absorption profile of chloride ions in lightweight concrete based on expanded clay. The experiments were carried out by molding cylindrical samples 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. The dosage experiments were performed without additives or with the addition of minerals: (T1) 1: 2.01: 1.10: 0.78 (T2) 1: 2.00: 1.32 : 0.62 - (T3) 1 :1.93 :1.54: 0.47 (cement : sand : expanded clay 0500 : expanded clay 1506).The water to cement ratio was set to 0.43. Expanded clay minerals with different average particle sizes were used, i.e., 9.5 mm/0500 and 19 mm/1506. The larger aggregate was coated by a glassy layer, yielding lower water absorption characteristics to the concrete. The results showed that the use of light expanded clay aggregates is a technically interesting solution to the production of lightweight concrete for construction applications