Comparação entre modelos equivalentes de aerogeradores síncronos utilizando o programa ATP

At present, the electricity generation through wind energy has an importance growing in the world, with the existence of very large plans for future wind power installation worldwide. Thus, the increasing the electricity generation through wind power requires, more and more, analysis of studies of interaction between wind parks and electric power systems. This paper has as purposes to implement equivalent models for synchronous wind generators to represent a wind park in ATP program and to check behavior of the models through simulations. Simulations with applications of faults were achieved to evaluate the behavior of voltages of system for each equivalent model, through comparisons between the results of models proposed, to verify if the differences obtained allows the adoption of the simplest model

Estabilizador de sistema de potência para máquinas síncronas de polos salientes utilizando a transformada Wavelet

The power system stabilizers are used to suppress low-frequency electromechanical oscillations and improve the synchronous generator stability limits. This master thesis proposes a wavelet-based power system stabilizer, composed of a new methodology for extraction and compensation of electromechanical oscillations in electrical power systems based on the scaling coefficient energy of the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform in order to reduce the effects of delay and attenuation of conventional power system stabilizers. Moreover, the wavelet coefficient energy is used for electric oscillation detection and triggering the power system stabilizer only in fault situations. The performance of the proposed power system stabilizer was assessed with experimental results and comparison with the conventional power system stabilizer. Furthermore, the effects of the mother wavelet were also evaluated in this work

Teoria de carteiras e a alocação de parques eólicos offshore

The consumption of energy on the planet is currently based on fossil fuels. They are responsible for adverse effects on the environment. Renewables propose solutions for this scenario, but must face issues related to the capacity of the power supply. Wind energy offshore emerging as a promising alternative. The speed and stability are greater winds over oceans, but the variability of these may cause inconvenience to the generation of electric power fluctuations. To reduce this, a combination of wind farms geographically distributed was proposed. The greater the distance between them, the lower the correlation between the wind velocity, increasing the likelihood that together achieve more stable power system with less fluctuations in power generation. The efficient use of production capacity of the wind park however, depends on their distribution in marine environments. The objective of this research was to analyze the optimal allocation of wind farms offshore on the east coast of the U.S. by Modern Portfolio Theory. The Modern Portfolio Theory was used so that the process of building portfolios of wind energy offshore contemplate the particularity of intermittency of wind, through calculations of return and risk of the production of wind farms. The research was conducted with 25.934 observations of energy produced by wind farms 11 hypothetical offshore, from the installation of 01 simulated ocean turbine with a capacity of 5 MW. The data show hourly time resolution and covers the period between January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2002. Through the Matlab R software, six were calculated minimum variance portfolios, each for a period of time distinct. Given the inequality of the variability of wind over time, set up four strategies rebalancing to evaluate the performance of the related portfolios, which enabled us to identify the most beneficial to the stability of the wind energy production offshore. The results showed that the production of wind energy for 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 should be considered by the portfolio weights calculated for the same periods, respectively. Energy data for 2002 should use the weights derived from the portfolio calculated in the previous time period. Finally, the production of wind energy in the period 1998-2002 should also be weighted by 1/11. It follows therefore that the portfolios found failed to show reduced levels of variability when compared to the individual production of wind farms hypothetical offshore

Classificação de distúrbios na rede elétrica usando redes neurais e wavelets

Post dispatch analysis of signals obtained from digital disturbances registers provide important information to identify and classify disturbances in systems, looking for a more efficient management of the supply. In order to enhance the task of identifying and classifying the disturbances - providing an automatic assessment - techniques of digital signal processing can be helpful. The Wavelet Transform has become a very efficient tool for the analysis of voltage or current signals, obtained immediately after disturbance s occurrences in the network. This work presents a methodology based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform to implement this process. It uses a comparison between distribution curves of signals energy, with and without disturbance. This is done for different resolution levels of its decomposition in order to obtain descriptors that permit its classification, using artificial neural networks

Desenvolvimento de Modelos no Programa DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM para o Estudo de Estabilidade Transitória em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência com Aerogerador

This work presents a description of models development at DigSILENT PowerFactoryT M program for the transient stability study in power systems with wind turbine. The main goal is to make available means to use a dynamic simulation program in power systems, widely published, and utilize it as a tool that helps in programs results evaluations used for this intent. The process of simulations and analyses results starts after the models setting description phase. The results obtained by the DigSILENT PowerFactoryT M and ATP, program chosen to the validation also international recognized, are compared during this phase. The main tools and guide lines of PowerFactoryT M program use are presented here, directing these elements to the solution of the approached problem. For the simulation it is used a real system which it will be connected a wind farm. Two different technologies of wind turbines were implemented: doublyfed induction generator with frequency converter, connecting the rotor to the stator and to the grid, and synchronous wind generator with frequency converter, interconnecting the generator to the grid. Besides presenting the basic conceptions of dynamic simulation, it is described the implemented control strategies and models of turbine and converters. The stability of the wind turbine interconnected to grid is analyzed in many operational conditions, resultant of diverse kinds of disturbances

Desenvolvimento de modelos no programa digSILENT powerfactoryTM para o estudo de estabilidade transitória em sistemas elétricos de potência com aerogerador

This work presents a description of models development at DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM program for the transient stability study in power systems with wind turbine. The main goal is to make available means to use a dynamic simulation program in power systems, widely published, and utilize it as a tool that helps in programs results evaluations used for this intent. The process of simulations and analyses results starts after the models setting description phase. The results obtained by the DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM and ATP, program chosen to the validation also international recognized, are compared during this phase. The main tools and guide lines of PowerFactoryTM program use are presented here, directing these elements to the solution of the approached problem. For the simulation it is used a real system which it will be connected a wind farm. Two different technologies of wind turbines were implemented: doubly-fed induction generator with frequency converter, connecting the rotor to the stator and to the grid, and synchronous wind generator with frequency converter, interconnecting the generator to the grid. Besides presenting the basic conceptions of dynamic simulation, it is described the implemented control strategies and models of turbine and converters. The stability of the wind turbine interconnected to grid is analyzed in many operational conditions, resultant of diverse kinds of disturbances

Regulador automático de tensão robusto utilizando técnicas de controle adaptativo

The stability of synchronous generators connected to power grid has been the object of study and research for years. The interest in this matter is justified by the fact that much of the electricity produced worldwide is obtained with the use of synchronous generators. In this respect, studies have been proposed using conventional and unconventional control techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and adaptive controllers to increase the stabilitymargin of the systemduring sudden failures and transient disturbances. Thismaster thesis presents a robust unconventional control strategy for maintaining the stability of power systems and regulation of output voltage of synchronous generators connected to the grid. The proposed control strategy comprises the integration of a sliding surface with a linear controller. This control structure is designed to prevent the power system losing synchronism after a sudden failure and regulation of the terminal voltage of the generator after the fault. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy was experimentally tested in a salient pole synchronous generator of 5 kVA in a laboratory structure

Metodologia para análise da dependabilidade de Smart Grids

Smart Grids are a new trend of electric power distribution, the future of current systems. These networks are continually being introduced in order to improve the reliability of systems, providing alternatives to energy supply and cost savings. Faced with increasing electric power grids complexity, the energy demand and the introduction of alternative sources to energy generation, all components of system require a fully integration in order to achieve high reliability and availability levels (dependability). The systematization of a Smart Grid from the Fault Tree formalism enable the quantitative evaluation of dependability of a specific scenario. In this work, a methodology for dependability evaluation of Smart Grids is proposed. A study of case is described in order to validate the proposal. With the use of this methodology, it is possible to estimate during the early design phase the reliability, availability of Smart Grid beyond to identify the critical points from the failure and repair distributions of components.

Teoria de carteiras e a alocação de parques eólicos offshore

The consumption of energy on the planet is currently based on fossil fuels. They are responsible for adverse effects on the environment. Renewables propose solutions for this scenario, but must face issues related to the capacity of the power supply. Wind energy offshore emerging as a promising alternative. The speed and stability are greater winds over oceans, but the variability of these may cause inconvenience to the generation of electric power fluctuations. To reduce this, a combination of wind farms geographically distributed was proposed. The greater the distance between them, the lower the correlation between the wind velocity, increasing the likelihood that together achieve more stable power system with less fluctuations in power generation. The efficient use of production capacity of the wind park however, depends on their distribution in marine environments. The objective of this research was to analyze the optimal allocation of wind farms offshore on the east coast of the U.S. by Modern Portfolio Theory. The Modern Portfolio Theory was used so that the process of building portfolios of wind energy offshore contemplate the particularity of intermittency of wind, through calculations of return and risk of the production of wind farms. The research was conducted with 25.934 observations of energy produced by wind farms 11 hypothetical offshore, from the installation of 01 simulated ocean turbine with a capacity of 5 MW. The data show hourly time resolution and covers the period between January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2002. Through the Matlab R software, six were calculated minimum variance portfolios, each for a period of time distinct. Given the inequality of the variability of wind over time, set up four strategies rebalancing to evaluate the performance of the related portfolios, which enabled us to identify the most beneficial to the stability of the wind energy production offshore. The results showed that the production of wind energy for 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 should be considered by the portfolio weights calculated for the same periods, respectively. Energy data for 2002 should use the weights derived from the portfolio calculated in the previous time period. Finally, the production of wind energy in the period 1998-2002 should also be weighted by 1/11. It follows therefore that the portfolios found failed to show reduced levels of variability when compared to the individual production of wind farms hypothetical offshore