Atividades anticoagulante e antioxidante de extratos brutos ricos em polissacarídeos sulfatados das macroalgas marinhas marrons Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Dictyota mertensii e Dictyopteris delicatula e de Heterofucanas de Canistrocarpus cervicornis

In the present study, extracts rich-sulfated polysaccharides were obtained from three different species of Dictyotales (a class of brown macroalgae): Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Dictyota mertensii and Dictyopteris delicatula and their anticoagulant and antioxidant activities were evaluated. All extracts showed anticoagulant activity on aPTT assay, but not on PT assay. Extracts also exhibited total antioxidant activity, superoxide radical scavenging capacity and ferric chelating property. The extract from C. cervicornis showed the best results and was choose to have their sulfated polysaccharides fractioned and subsequently analysed. Thus, six fractions (CC-0.3, CC-0.5, CC-0.7, CC-1.0, CC-1.2 and CC-2.0) were obtained by proteolysis followed by sequential acetone precipitation. Agarose gel eletrophoresis stained with blue toluidine, confirmed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides in all fractions. Chemical analyses showed that all fractions presented heterofucans mainly constitued by fucose, galactose, glucuronic acid and sulfate. Any fraction changed the PT. However, all fractions were able to double the aPTT on a dose-dependent manner. CC- 0.3, CC-0.5, CC-0.7 and CC-1.0 needed only 0.100 mg/mL to double the aPTT, result only 1.25 times higher than the Clexane® (0.080 mg/mL), a commercial low molecular heparin. The heterofucans presented appreciable total antioxidant capacity, low capacity on scavenging hydroxyl radical and good efficiency on scavenging superoxide radicals (except CC-1.0). CC-1.2 showed 43.1 % on superoxide radical scavenging. This result was higher than that showed by the same concentration of gallic acid (41.8 %), a known antioxidant. Furthermore, the heterofucans showed excelent activity on ferrous chelating activity (except CC-0.3). CC-0.5, CC-0.7 and CC-1.0 showed the highest activities with 47.0 % of ferrous chelating activity, a result 2.0 times lesser than that exhibited by the same concentration of EDTA. These results clearly indicated the beneficial effects of heterofucans extracted from C. cervicornis as potential anticoagulant and antioxidant agents. However additional steps of purification, structural studies, besides in vivo experiments are needed for these fucans may be used as therapeutic agents

Desenvolvimento e validação de método analítico para determinação de teor de ácido gálico e catequina no fitoterápico sanativo® por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

The herbal medicine Sanativo® is produced by the Pernambucano Laboratory since 1888 with indications of healing and hemostasis. It is composed of a fluid extract about Piptadenia colubrina, Schinus terebinthifolius, Cereus peruvianus and Physalis angulata. Among the plants in their composition, S. terebinthifolius and P. colubrina have in common phenolic compounds which are assigned most of its pharmacological effects. The tannins, gallic acid and catechin were selected as markers for quality control. The aim of this study was the development and validation of analytical method by HPLC/UV/DAD for the separation and simultaneous quantification of gallic acid (GAC) and catechin (CTQ) in Sanativo®. The chromatographic system was to stationary phase, C-18 RP column, 4,6 x 150 mm (5 mm) under a temperature of 35 ° C, detection at 270 and 210 nm. The mobile phase consisted of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid and methanol in the proportions 88:12 (v/v), a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The analytical method presented a retention factor of 0.30 and 1.36, tail factor of 1.8 and 1.63 for gallic acid and catechin, respectively, resolution of 18.2, and theoretical plates above 2000. The method validation parameters met the requirements of Resolution n º 899 of May 29, 2003, ANVISA. The correlation coefficient of linear regression analysis for GAC and CTQ from the standard solution was 0.9958 and 0.9973 and when performed from the Sanativo® 0.9973 and 0.9936, the matrix does not interfere in the range 70 to 110 %. The limits of detection and quantification for GAC and CQT were 3.25 and 0.863, and 9.57 and 2.55 mg/mL, respectively. The markers, GAC and CQT, showed repetibility (coefficient of variation of 0.94 % and 2.36 %) and satisfactory recovery (100.02 ± 1.11 % and 101.32 ± 1.36 %). The method has been characterized selective and robust quantification of GAC and CTQ in the Sanativo® and was considered validated

As estruturas sociais e econômicas do Império Romano do Ocidente e o estabelecimento do reino dos visigodos nas Galliae Aquitania e Narbonensis

In the year 376 of the Common Era, a tribe of Germanic warriors known as Tervingi , of Gothic extraction, crossed the Hister (Danube) river due south, entering the Roman Empire. They fled the Huns, a nomadic group that came plundering their way from the East. It did not take long for a conflict between the Roman imperial authorities and the refugees to begin. Peace was reached in 382 and, henceforth, the Tervingi would be officially foederati (allies) of the Romans, gaining the right to remain an autonomous tribe inside the borders of the Empire. For the next thirteen years the Tervingi warriors fought beside the Roman imperial armies in every major conflict. Nevertheless, after the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, their relations deteriorated severely. In theory, the Tervingi remained Roman allies; in practice, they begun to extort monies and other assets from the emperors Honorius and Arcadius. The sack of Rome by the Tervingi king Alaric in 410 was both the culmination and the point of inflection of this state of affairs. During the 410s the Tervingi warriors would fought again beside the Roman Imperial armies and be rewarded with a piece of land in the southwestern portion of the Gallic diocese. Dubbed Visigoths , they would remain trusted Roman allies throughout the next decades, consolidating their own kingdom in the process. This dissertation deals not only with the institution of the Visigothic kingdom in the southwestern portion of the Galliae but also with the social and economic conditions that hindered the Roman ability to defend their territory by themselves, hence opening opportunities for foederati like the Tervingi to carve out a piece of it for themselves.

Quintosana e seus derivados conjugados com ácido gálico: avaliação de seu potencial antioxidante e de interferência na formação de cristais de oxalato de cálcio

Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature and its derivative chitosan has been widely studied due to its unique chemical and pharmacological properties. However, studies show that when this molecule is used as food, drug, etc. it tends to accumulate in renal tissue and promotes an increase in calcium excretion. Nevertheless, the effect of chitosan on the formation of calcium oxalate (OxCa) crystals has never been evaluated. The formation of kidney stones (urolithiasis) is the disease that most often affects the kidneys and the urinary system. In addition, this is a disease with high prevalence and recurrence. Many molecules with antioxidant activity have been shown to decrease the potential for in vitro OxCa crystals formation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight chitosan and its derivatives conjugated to gallic acid (AG) as antioxidant and inhibitor of OxCa crystals formation. The physico-chemical analysis confirmed the identity of chitosan. This molecule was subjected to five antioxidant tests and showed an excellent copper chelating activity. However, chitosan did not show other significant antioxidant activity. When chitosan was subjected to in vitro crystal formation tests, it increased the number of OxCa monohydrate crystals, modified the morphology of the crystals, modified the proportions between populations of crystals in solution and increased the zeta potential of these crystals formed. Four molecules of chitosan conjugated with GA were obtained. The physico-chemical analysis confirmed that chitosan and AG were covalently bonded. However, the amount of GA liked to chitosan did not increase even when 10 times more GA was used in experiment. When these derivatives were subjected to antioxidant tests, all chitosan conjugates showed higher antioxidant potential than their precursors. However, they showed different activity between them, which indicating that the position where AG is conjugated is an important factor for chitosan-GA activity. When conjugated chitosans were submitted to in vitro crystal formation tests, a reduction in the crystals number was observed when compared with those formed in the presence of unconjugated chitosan. Chitosan has a strong capacity for inducing OxCa monohydrate crystal formation, as well as modify their morphology and zeta potential. Over all, the process of conjugating AG to chitosan led to an increase in antioxidant potential of this molecule and was also able to decrease its capacity of inducing in vitro crystal formation

Extração, caracterização e avaliação bioativa do extrato de Arrabidaea chica

The use of plants for medicinal purposes is ancient, with widespread application in medicinal drugs. Although plants are promising sources for the discovery of new molecules of pharmacological interest, estimates show that only 17% of them have been studied for their possible use in medicine. Thus, biodiversity of Brazilian flora represents an immense potential for economic use by the pharmaceutical industry. The plant Arrabidaea chica, popularly known as “pariri”, is common in the Amazon region, and it is assigned several medicinal properties. The leaves of this plant are rich in anthocyanins, which are phenolic compounds with high antioxidant power. Antioxidant compounds play a vital role in the prevention of neurological and cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes, among others. Within the anthocyanins found in Arrabidaea chica, stands out Carajurin (6,7-dihydroxy-5,4’- dimethoxy-flavilium), which is the major pigment encountered in this plant. The present work aimed to study on supercritical extraction and conventional extraction (solid-liquid extraction) in leaves of Arrabidaea chica, evaluating the efficiency of the extractive processes, antioxidant activity and quantification of Carajurin contained in the extracts. Supercritical extraction used CO2 as solvent with addition of co-solvent (ethanol/water mixture) and were conducted by the dynamic method in a fixed bed extractor. The trials followed a 24-1 fractional factorial design, the dependent variables were: process yield, concentration of Carajurin and antioxidant activity; and independent variables were: pressure, temperature, concentration of co-solvent (v/v) and concentration of water in the co-solvent mixture (v/v). Yields (mass of dry extract/mass of raw material used) obtained from supercritical extraction ranged from 15.1% to 32%, and the best result was obtained at 250 bar and 40 °C, co-solvent concentration equal to 30% and concentration of water in the co-solvent mixture equal to 50%. Through statistical analysis, it was found that the concentration of co-solvent revealed significant effect on the yield. Yields obtained from conventional extractions were of 8.1% (water) and 5.5% (ethanol). Through HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) analysis, Carajurin was quantified in all the extracts and concentration values (Carajurin mass/mass of dry extract) ranged between 1% and 2.21% for supercritical extraction. For conventional extraction, Carajurin was not detected in the aqueous extract, while the ethanol extract showed Carajurin content of 7.04%, and therefore, more selective in Carajurin than the supercritical extraction. Evaluation of antioxidant power (radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl – DPPH – sequestration method) of the supercritical extracts resulted in EC50 values (effective concentration which neutralizes 50% of free radicals) ranged from 38.34 to 86.13 μg/mL, while conventional extraction resulted in EC50 values of 167.34 (water) and 42.58 (ethanol) μg/mL. As for the quantification of total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteau analysis) of the supercritical extracts resulted in values ranged from 48.93 and 88.62 mg GAE/g extract (GAE = Gallic Acid Equivalents), while solid-liquid extraction resulted in values of 37.63 (water) and 80.54 (ethanol) mg GAE/g extract. The good antioxidant activity cannot be attributed solely to the presence of Carajurin, but also the existence of other compounds and antioxidants in Arrabidaea chica. By optimizing the experimental design, it was possible to identify the experiment that presented the best result considering the four dependent variables together. This experiment was performed under the following conditions: pressure of 200 bar, temperature of 40 °C, co-solvent concentration equal to 30% and concentration of water in the co-solvent mixture equal to 30%. It is concluded that, within the studied range, it is possible to purchase the optimum result using milder operating conditions, which implies lower costs and greater ease of operation.

Para um cinema da crueldade em Antonin Artaud

Antonin Artaud (1896-1948) est un poète, acteur, dramaturge et écrivain français né à Marseille, mais dont la vie artistique se développe principalement à Paris. Artaud est l'auteur de la notion bien connue de Théâtre de cruauté, qui inspire encore aujourd'hui de nombreux groupes de théâtre dans différents coins du monde. Il a écrit sur le théâtre, la poésie, l'art, la philosophie, entre autres. De 1924-1935 est également dédié au cinéma, à la fois dans son théorique et pratique. Une étape un peu inconnu et peu exploré dans sa vie. Elle a joué dans 22 films avec certains des réalisateurs les plus importants dans le monde, et a laissé huit scénarios, dont un seul a été realizé, et huit écrits théoriques sur le cinéma. Cette thèse cherche à examiner précisément cette période insuffisamment étudié dans sa carrière, à partir de trois questions initiales: Artaud développé un sens de la cruauté au-delà du théâtre? Nous pouvons penser à la culture de la cruauté envers les films, en d‘autres termes, un cinéma de la cruauté ? Nous pouvons penser sur le sujet contemporain de cette culture? La réponse à ces trois questions est oui. L'idée de la pensée de la cruauté au cinéma est intervenue concomitamment à leurs expériences et élaborations de ce qu'il a appelé Théâtre de la cruauté. Les deux réflexions sont donnés concomitamment et de manière récursive. Plus que cela, toutes ses productions artistiques, dont la poésie et la peinture, ont été traversés par la notion de cruauté. Nous concluons que leurs élaborations sur un cinéma de la cruauté a eté interrompu au moment même que le développement technique a souligné la possibilité de sa réalisation. De plus, à l'enquête de son travail, nous pouvons voir que presque toute sa pensée a été préparé sous les images, de sorte que nous pouvons même parler d'une pensée cinématographique d‘Antonin Artaud. En conséquence, nous ne concevons pas sa théorie au septième art comme secondaire à leurs intérêts, comme le rapporte la plupart de ses commentateurs, mais absolument essentiel dans le développement de ses écrits, qui jusqu'à maintenant accumulé plus de deux mille pages. En outre, Artaud ne pense pas l'art pour l'art, mais seulement comme un dialogue fructueux et intensif avec l'homme et la culture. L‘art était l'instrument privilégié de proposer un diagnostic et une nouvelle façon de voir la société contemporaine. À travers le film il a imaginé la possibilité d'une reprise de forces éthico-esthétique-politiques perdus sous les décombres de la civilisation occidentale. L'établissement d'une nouvelle relation avec l'image, le sujet de la (post-) modernité pourrait sauver une puissance esthétique du corps et de la pensée que, réinterprété, agiraient envers eux-mêmes et le monde à réinventer.

Para um cinema da crueldade em Antonin Artaud

Antonin Artaud (1896-1948) est un poète, acteur, dramaturge et écrivain français né à Marseille, mais dont la vie artistique se développe principalement à Paris. Artaud est l'auteur de la notion bien connue de Théâtre de cruauté, qui inspire encore aujourd'hui de nombreux groupes de théâtre dans différents coins du monde. Il a écrit sur le théâtre, la poésie, l'art, la philosophie, entre autres. De 1924-1935 est également dédié au cinéma, à la fois dans son théorique et pratique. Une étape un peu inconnu et peu exploré dans sa vie. Elle a joué dans 22 films avec certains des réalisateurs les plus importants dans le monde, et a laissé huit scénarios, dont un seul a été realizé, et huit écrits théoriques sur le cinéma. Cette thèse cherche à examiner précisément cette période insuffisamment étudié dans sa carrière, à partir de trois questions initiales: Artaud développé un sens de la cruauté au-delà du théâtre? Nous pouvons penser à la culture de la cruauté envers les films, en d‘autres termes, un cinéma de la cruauté ? Nous pouvons penser sur le sujet contemporain de cette culture? La réponse à ces trois questions est oui. L'idée de la pensée de la cruauté au cinéma est intervenue concomitamment à leurs expériences et élaborations de ce qu'il a appelé Théâtre de la cruauté. Les deux réflexions sont donnés concomitamment et de manière récursive. Plus que cela, toutes ses productions artistiques, dont la poésie et la peinture, ont été traversés par la notion de cruauté. Nous concluons que leurs élaborations sur un cinéma de la cruauté a eté interrompu au moment même que le développement technique a souligné la possibilité de sa réalisation. De plus, à l'enquête de son travail, nous pouvons voir que presque toute sa pensée a été préparé sous les images, de sorte que nous pouvons même parler d'une pensée cinématographique d‘Antonin Artaud. En conséquence, nous ne concevons pas sa théorie au septième art comme secondaire à leurs intérêts, comme le rapporte la plupart de ses commentateurs, mais absolument essentiel dans le développement de ses écrits, qui jusqu'à maintenant accumulé plus de deux mille pages. En outre, Artaud ne pense pas l'art pour l'art, mais seulement comme un dialogue fructueux et intensif avec l'homme et la culture. L‘art était l'instrument privilégié de proposer un diagnostic et une nouvelle façon de voir la société contemporaine. À travers le film il a imaginé la possibilité d'une reprise de forces éthico-esthétique-politiques perdus sous les décombres de la civilisation occidentale. L'établissement d'une nouvelle relation avec l'image, le sujet de la (post-) modernité pourrait sauver une puissance esthétique du corps et de la pensée que, réinterprété, agiraient envers eux-mêmes et le monde à réinventer.

Atividades anticoagulante e antioxidante de extratos brutos ricos em polissacarídeos sulfatados das macroalgas marinhas marrons Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Dictyota mertensii e Dictyopteris delicatula e de Heterofucanas de Canistrocarpus cervicornis

In the present study, extracts rich-sulfated polysaccharides were obtained from three different species of Dictyotales (a class of brown macroalgae): Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Dictyota mertensii and Dictyopteris delicatula and their anticoagulant and antioxidant activities were evaluated. All extracts showed anticoagulant activity on aPTT assay, but not on PT assay. Extracts also exhibited total antioxidant activity, superoxide radical scavenging capacity and ferric chelating property. The extract from C. cervicornis showed the best results and was choose to have their sulfated polysaccharides fractioned and subsequently analysed. Thus, six fractions (CC-0.3, CC-0.5, CC-0.7, CC-1.0, CC-1.2 and CC-2.0) were obtained by proteolysis followed by sequential acetone precipitation. Agarose gel eletrophoresis stained with blue toluidine, confirmed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides in all fractions. Chemical analyses showed that all fractions presented heterofucans mainly constitued by fucose, galactose, glucuronic acid and sulfate. Any fraction changed the PT. However, all fractions were able to double the aPTT on a dose-dependent manner. CC- 0.3, CC-0.5, CC-0.7 and CC-1.0 needed only 0.100 mg/mL to double the aPTT, result only 1.25 times higher than the Clexane® (0.080 mg/mL), a commercial low molecular heparin. The heterofucans presented appreciable total antioxidant capacity, low capacity on scavenging hydroxyl radical and good efficiency on scavenging superoxide radicals (except CC-1.0). CC-1.2 showed 43.1 % on superoxide radical scavenging. This result was higher than that showed by the same concentration of gallic acid (41.8 %), a known antioxidant. Furthermore, the heterofucans showed excelent activity on ferrous chelating activity (except CC-0.3). CC-0.5, CC-0.7 and CC-1.0 showed the highest activities with 47.0 % of ferrous chelating activity, a result 2.0 times lesser than that exhibited by the same concentration of EDTA. These results clearly indicated the beneficial effects of heterofucans extracted from C. cervicornis as potential anticoagulant and antioxidant agents. However additional steps of purification, structural studies, besides in vivo experiments are needed for these fucans may be used as therapeutic agents