Fibra de crital fotônico: fundamentação e aplicações

The main purpose of this dissertation, consists of the study and analysis of the PBG (Photonic Band Gap )..tecnology incorporated in optical fiber structures. So, we'l1 present a complete PBG structure theory, and folowing this, we'l1 present also a chapter for convencional optical fiber, due to the need to construct the base theory of them, and latter a more complete work about photonic crystal fiber. Finaly, we'l1 show the results of the signals , dispersion, and obtained curves under the right dimensions according to the required signals, for convencional optical and photonic crystal fiber. Knowing that PBG crystals with low losses act as perfect mirrors for forbidden frequences and knowing that the persence of structures of PBG as substrates, brings some desirable characteristics such as spontaneous emition supression and superficial waves. We' 11 show according to these characteristics its applications in telecomunication. Therefore, the enphasis of this work is to show that the optical fibers are the only practible thing to integrate the enormous quantity of data and video at intemet' s market, developing, manipulating, changing, and multiplexing the optical fibers chanels in an area where we expect that the photonic crystals has an important hole, since the photonic crystals can be projected and made to avoid losses in the bands of certain wavelength which permits the increase in efficiency ofthe optical components projected with crystals. A sequence of this work would be the utilisation of the PBG structures in the new system of optical network without fiber developed by Bell laboratories of the lucent tecnology, last year using light rays for transmiting information through the air. The new system of optical networks without fiber will permit sending the data of 15 cd-rooms in less then one second, what represents 65 times more information than those transmitted through the actual radio frequences

Determinação de Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn e Zn em Tainha (Mugil brasiliensis) nos estuários potiguares

Heavy metals can cause problems of human poisoning by ingestion of contaminated food, and the environment, a negative impact on the aquatic fauna and flora. And for the presence of these metals have been used for aquatic animals biomonitoramento environment. This research was done in order to assess the environmental impact of industrial and domestic sewage dumped in estuaries potiguares, from measures of heavy metals in mullet. The methods used for these determinations are those in the literature for analysis of food and water. Collections were 20 samples of mullet in several municipality of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the estuaries potiguares. Were analyzed the content of humidity, ash and heavy metals. The data were subjected to two methods of exploratory analysis: analysis of the main components (PCA), which provided a multivariate interpretation, showing that the samples are grouped according to similarities in the levels of metals and analysis of hierarchical groupings (HCA), producing similar results. These tests have proved useful for the treatment of the data producing information that would hardly viewed directly in the matrix of data. The analysis of the results shows the high levels of metallic species in samples Mugil brasiliensis collected in Estuaries /Potengi, Piranhas/Açu, Guaraíra / Papeba / Arês and Curimataú

Estudo da mistura comercial dolomita-quartzo, dopada com Hg(I), Cd(II) e Cr(III), para adsorção de H2S

The present work was to carry out a study on the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in arrays synthesized from a commercial clay mineral formed by a mixture of dolomite and quartz. To produce the ion exchange matrix were made using aqueous solutions of salts of cobalt II chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) II cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd (NO3)2.4H2O) I mercuric chloride (HgCl) nitrate and chromium III pentahydrate (Cr (NO3)3.5H2O). The arrays were subjected to hydrogen sulphide gas passage for one hour. To check the amount of gas adsorbed was used gravimetric process. The best result was in the adsorption matrix doped with cadmium and the solution retained for a longer time than the largest amount of H2S was the cobalt matrix. The matrix unmodified exhibited poor adsorption capacity. The characterization of the matrices were used XRD, XRF and IV. Mother with cadmium showed a high capacity in ion exchange, because the percentage of cadmium increased from 0% to 81.38% by replacing atoms of calcium and silicon which increased from 96.54% to 17.56% and 15, 72% to 0.32%, respectively, but also the best performance in adsorption of H2S adsorbing 11.89507 mg per gram of matrix

Determinação de CD, PB, e TL em água produzida por HR-CS GF AAS após extração em ponto nuvem

Produced water is a major problem associated with the crude oil extraction activity. The monitoring of the levels of metals in the waste is constant and requires the use of sensitive analytical techniques. However, the determination of trace elements can often require a pre-concentration step. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid analytical method for the extraction and pre-concentration based on extraction phenomenon cloud point for the determination of Cd, Pb and Tl in produced water samples by spectrometry of high resolution Absorption source continues and atomization graphite furnace. The Box Behnken design was used to obtain the optimal condition of extraction of analytes. The factors were evaluated: concentration of complexing agent (o,o-dietilditilfosfato ammonium, DDTP), the concentration of hydrochloric acid and concentration of surfactant (Triton X -114). The optimal condition obtained through extraction was: 0,6% m v-1 DDTP, HCl 0,3 mol L-1 and 0,2% m v-1 of Triton X - 114 for Pb; 0,7% m v-1 DDTP, HCl 0,8 mol L-1 and 0,2% m v-1 Triton X-114 for Cd. For Tl was evidenced that best extraction condition occurs with no DDTP, the extraction conditions were HCl 1,0 mol L-1 e 1,0% m v-1 de Triton X - 114. The limits of detection for the proposed method were 0,005 µg L-1 , 0,03 µg L-1 and 0,09 µg L-1 to Cd, Pb and Tl, Respectively. Enrichment factors Were greater than 10 times. The method was applied to the water produced in the Potiguar basin, and addition and recovery tests were performed, and values were between 81% and 120%. The precision was expressed with relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 5%

Desenvolvimento de metodologia de extração e pré-concentração utilizando sistema microemulsionado para determinação de Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb e Tl em águas naturais e produzidas por HR-CS AAS

The determination and monitoring of metallic contaminants in water is a task that must be continuous, leading to the importance of the development, modification and optimization of analytical methodologies capab le of determining the various metal contaminants in natural environments, because, in many cases, the ava ilable instrumentation does not provide enough sensibility for the determination of trace values . In this study, a method of extraction and pre- concentration using a microemulsion system with in the Winsor II equilibrium was tested and optimized for the determination of Co, Cd, P b, Tl, Cu and Ni through the technique of high- resolution atomic absorption spectrometry using a continuum source (HR-CS AAS). The optimization of the temperature program for the graphite furnace (HR-CS AAS GF) was performed through the pyrolysis and atomization curves for the analytes Cd, Pb, Co and Tl with and without the use of different chemical modifiers. Cu and Ni we re analyzed by flame atomization (HR-CS F AAS) after pre-concentr ation, having the sample introduction system optimized for the realization of discrete sampling. Salinity and pH levels were also analyzed as influencing factors in the efficiency of the extraction. As final numbers, 6 g L -1 of Na (as NaCl) and 1% of HNO 3 (v/v) were defined. For the determination of the optimum extraction point, a centroid-simplex statistical plan was a pplied, having chosen as the optimum points of extraction for all of the analytes, the follo wing proportions: 70% aqueous phase, 10% oil phase and 20% co-surfactant/surfactant (C/S = 4). After extraction, the metals were determined and the merit figures obtained for the proposed method were: LOD 0,09, 0,01, 0,06, 0,05, 0,6 and 1,5 μg L -1 for Pb, Cd, Tl, Co, Cu and Ni, re spectively. Line ar ranges of ,1- 2,0 μg L -1 for Pb, 0,01-2,0 μg L -1 for Cd, 1,0 - 20 μg L -1 for Tl, 0,1-5,0 μg L -1 for Co, 2-200 μg L -1 and for Cu e Ni 5-200 μg L -1 were obtained. The enrichment factors obtained ranged between 6 and 19. Recovery testing with the certified sample show ed recovery values (n = 3, certified values) after extraction of 105 and 101, 100 and 104% for Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni respectively. Samples of sweet waters of lake Jiqui, saline water from Potengi river and water produced from the oil industry (PETROBRAS) were spiked and the recovery (n = 3) for the analytes were between 80 and 112% confirming th at the proposed method can be used in the extraction. The proposed method enabled the sepa ration of metals from complex matrices, and with good pre-concentration factor, consistent with the MPV (allowed limits) compared to CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 which regulat es the quality of fresh surface water, brackish and saline water in Brazil.

Does a mandibular RDP and new maxillary CD improve masticatory efficiency and quality of life in patients with a mandibular Kennedy class I arch?

Objectives To evaluate the change in masticatory efficiency and quality of life of patients treated with mandibular Kennedy class I removable partial dentures (RPDs) and maxillary complete dentures at the Department of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Materials and methods A total of 33 Kennedy class I patients were rehabilitated with maxillary complete dentures, and mandibular RPDs were selected for this non-randomized prospective intervention study. The patients had a mean age of 59.1 years. Masticatory efficiency was evaluated by colorimetric assay using fuchsin capsules. The measurements were conducted at baseline and 2 and 6 months after prosthesis insertion. Quality of life was evaluated using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) at baseline and 6 months after denture insertion. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was applied. Masticatory efficiency was evaluated by repeated measures ANOVA. Oral health-related quality of life was compared using the paired t test. Results There was no statistically significant difference in masticatory efficiency after denture insertion (p = 0.101). Significant differences were found (p = 0.010) for oral health-related quality of life. A significant improvement in psychological discomfort (p < 0.01) and psychological disability (p < 0.01) was observed. Mean difference value (95 % confidence interval) was 6.8 (3.8 to 9.7) points, reflecting a low impact of oral health on quality of life, considering the 0–56 range of variation of the OHIP-14 and a Cohen’s d of 1.13. Conclusion According to the results of the present study, rehabilitation with Kennedy class I RPDs and complete dentures did not influence masticatory efficiency but improved oral health-related quality of life. Clinical relevance The association between the patient’s quality of life and the masticatory efficiency is important for treatment predictability.