Avaliação da correlação entre os parâmetros, carbono orgânico total e elementos tóxicos, em solo de um posto de serviço e revenda de combustíveis

Today a major responsibility for the contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water are establishments known as gas stations of fuel which has attracted increasing attention from both the general population as the state agencies of environmental control due to leaks in storage tanks and mainly to disruption of pipe corrosion of tanks and pumping. Other services, like oil changes and car wash are also causes for concern in this type of establishment. These leaks can cause or waste produced, and the contamination of aquifers, serious health problems and public safety, since most of these stations located in urban areas. Based on this, the work was to evaluate soil contamination of a particular service station and fuel sales in the city of Natal, through the quantification of heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn of total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter using different techniques such as optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source (ICP OES), Total Organic Carbon analyzer and gravimetric analysis respectively. And also to characterize the soil through particle size analysis. Samples were taken in 21 georeferenced points and collected in the same period. The soils sampled in sampling stations P3, P5, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18 and P20 showed the smallest size fractions ranging from fine sand to medium sand. The other study sites ranged from fine sand to medium sand, except the point P8 showed that only the type size medium sand and P19, indicating a particle size of the coarse type. The small correlation of organic matter with the elements studied in this work suggests that these are not of anthropogenic origin but geochemical support

Dedução de Funções de Alívio para Priorização de Variantes de Chaveamento Adequadas à Eliminação de Sobrecargas

Eventually, violations of voltage limits at buses or admissible loadings of transmission lines and/or power transformers may occur by the power system operation. If violations are detected in the supervision process, corrective measures may be carried out in order to eliminate them or to reduce their intensity. Loading restriction is an extreme solution and should only be adopted as the last control action. Previous researches have shown that it is possible to control constraints in electrical systems by changing the network topology, using the technique named Corrective Switching, which requires no additional costs. In previous works, the proposed calculations for verifying the ability of a switching variant in eliminating an overload in a specific branch were based on network reduction or heuristic analysis. The purpose of this work is to develop analytical derivation of linear equations to estimate current changes in a specific branch (due to switching measures) by means of few calculations. For bus-bar coupling, derivations will be based on short-circuit theory and Relief Function methodology. For bus-bar splitting, a Relief Function will be derived based on a technique of equivalent circuit. Although systems of linear equations are used to substantiate deductions, its formal solution for each variant, in real time does not become necessary. A priority list of promising variants is then assigned for final check by an exact load flow calculation and a transient analysis using ATP Alternative Transient Program. At last, results obtained by simulation in networks with different features will be presented

Uso de funções de alívio para estimar o efeito de chaveamentos corretivos na eliminação de congestionamentos em sistemas de potência

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Planejamento experimental aplicada a um novo separador líquido-líquido utilizado no tratamento de águas residuais contaminadas com petróleo

The present work had as objective to apply an experimental planning aiming at to improve the efficiency of separation of a new type of mixer-settler applied to treat waste water contaminated with oil. An unity in scale of laboratory, was installed in the Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering of UFRN. It was constructed in partnership with Petrobras S.A. This called device Misturador-Decantador a Inversão de Fases (MDIF) , possess features of conventional mixer-settler and spray column type. The equipment is composed of three main parts: mixing chamber; chamber of decantation and chamber of separation. The efficiency of separation is evaluated analyzing the oil concentrations in water in the feed and the output of the device. For the analysis one used the gravimetric method of oil and greases analysis (TOG). The system in study is a water of formation emulsified with oil. The used extractant is a mixture of Turpentine spirit hydro-carbons, supplied for Petrobras. It was applied, for otimization of the efficiency of separation of the equipment, an experimental planning of the composite central type, having as factorial portion fractionary factorial planning 2 5-2, with the magnifying of the type star and five replications in the central point. In this work, the following independents variables were studied: contents of oil in the feed of the device; volumetric ratio (O/A); total flowrate ; agitation in the mixing chamber and height of the organic bed. Minimum and maximum limits for the studied variables had been fixed according previous works. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, revealed statistically significant and useful results for predictions ends. The variance analysis also presented the distribution of the error as a normal distribution and was observed that as the dispersions do not depend on the levels of the factors, the independence assumption can be verified. The variation around the average is explained by 98.98%, or either, equal to the maximum value, being the smoothing of the model in relation to the experimental points of 0,98981. The results present a strong interaction between the variable oil contents in the feed and agitation in the mixing chamber, having great and positive influence in the separation efficiency. Another variable that presented a great positive influence was the height of the organic bed. The best results of separation efficiency had been obtained for high flowrates when associates the high oil concentrations and high agitation. The results of the present work had shown excellent agreement with the results carried out through previous works with the mixer-settler of phase inversion

Saberes ambientais e estações do ano

La enseñanza de las estaciones es fundamental para la comprensión de muchos ciclos naturales de la Tierra y, por consiguiente, debe integrar una educación en astronomía comprometidos con una educación ambiental más amplio. Sin embargo, la literatura en la educación científica ha puesto de manifiesto durante mucho tiempo la existencia de asociaciones erróneas de las estaciones astronómicas con características contradictorias de los ambientes que experimentamos en nuestro país. Los estudios de los autores de la historia de la astronomía y la astronomía cultural sugieren que la corrección de este error requiere la sistematización de los conocimientos sobre el comportamiento anual del medio ambiente local y, al mismo tiempo, la comprensión de los diferentes puntos de vista en el que las estaciones estaban y se cree por diferentes culturas, en particular, pero sin limitarse, a la perspectiva que utiliza como referencia el movimiento anual del Sol como base para la división del año en cuatro estaciones. Agregado a la reflexión sobre el enfoque humanista a la enseñanza de la astronomía, estos estudios sirvieron de base para la realización de investigaciones con los pescadores de la playa de Ponta Negra, durante los meses de mayo, junio y julio de 2012 y mayo-agosto en 2013; con el fin de conocer sus percepciones sobre el ambiente de la playa e investigar las posibles referencias que tienen del cielo durante el año. Más allá de la contextualización y reflexiones desarrolladas en la tesis, se presentan como un producto de la investigación el material educativo que consiste en el video "Las estaciones del mar de Ponta Negra" para ser utilizado como apoyo en talleres o cursos para estudiantes universitarios y profesores, que implica el tema de las estaciones . El material se utiliza la percepción de los pescadores en la playa dirigidas a contribuir así al diálogo entre la ciencia y el conocimiento cotidiano, y para reducir la brecha del conocimiento sistematizado sobre las características y los cambios anuales en el entorno de Natal / RN, en particular en el contexto de la enseñanza de las Ciencias. Al mismo tiempo, se espera favorecer la mirada del los profesores y futuros profesores para el medio ambiente local y la variedad que las diferentes culturas perciben los ciclos anuales y sus entornos

Efeitos da eliminação de neurônios infragranulares sobre a especificação de neurônios supragranulares do córtex cerebral

The cerebral cortex of mammals is histologically organized into different layers of excitatory neurons that have distinct patterns of connections with cortical or subcortical targets. During development, these cortical layers are established through an intricate combination of neuronal specification and migration in a radial pattern known as "insideout": deep-layer neurons are generated prior to upper-layer neurons. In the last few decades, several genes encoding transcription factors involved in the sequential specification of neurons destined to different cortical layers have been identified. However, the influence of early-generated neurons in the specification of subsequent neuronal cohorts remains unclear. To investigate this possible influence, we induced the selective death of cortical neurons from layer V and VI before the generation of layer II, III and IV neurons. Thus, we can evaluate the effects of ablation of early born neurons on the phenotype of late born neurons. Our data shows that one-day after ablation, layer VI neurons expressing the transcription factor TBR1 are newly generated while virtually no neuron expressing TBR1 was generated in the same age in control animals. This suggests that progenitors involved in the generation of neurons destined for superficial layers suffer interference from the selective death of neurons in deep layers, changing their specification. We also observed that while TBR1-positive neurons are located exclusively in deep cortical layers of control animals, many TBR1-positive neurons are misplaced in superficial layers of ablated animals, suggesting that the migration of cortical neurons could be controlled independently of neuronal phenotypes. Furthermore, we observed an increase in layer V neurons expressing CTIP2 and neurons expressing SATB2 and that these cells have changed their distributions. As a conclusion, our data indicate the existence of a mechanism of control exercised by the early-generated neurons in the cerebral cortex on the fate of the progenitors involved in the generation of the following cortical neurons. This mechanism could help to control the number of neurons in different layers and contribute to the establishment of different cortical areas

Expressão imuno-histoquímica de IL-17, TGF-β1 e FOXP3 em ganulomas periapicais, cistos radiculares e cistos radiculares residuais

Periapical lesions are chronic inflammatory conditions of periradicular tissues considered direct consequences of infectious diseases resulting from pulp necrosis and subsequent progression to periapical region. The participation of the immune response and bone resorption in the formation of these lesions has been investigated, so that different cell types and cytokines have been identified as contributors to this process. In this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of IL-17, TGF-β1 and FoxP3 in periapical granulomas (PGs), radicular cysts (RCs) and residual radicular cysts (RRCs), seeking a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis these periapicopatias. To this end, we selected 20 cases of GPs, 20 CRs and 10 RRCs to undergo morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry for biomarkers above, the latter being performed quantitatively using scores and average percentages of immunostaining for the analysis of IL-17 and TGF- β1, while for the FoxP3 were counted only the positive lymphocytes. The results showed statistically significant differences between TGF-β1 and FoxP3 imunoexpressions, in relation to the periapical lesions studied (p = 0.002, p <0.001, respectively) but not between IL-17 and these (p = 0.355). Furthermore, the analysis of lymphocytes FoxP3-positive revealed significant statistical differences in that refers to the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate (p = 0.003) and also regarding thickness of the epithelial lining (p = 0.009). Finally, it was observed in the case of PGs, strong positive correlation between the amount of FoxP3- positive lymphocytes and the immunohistochemical expression of TGF-β1 (r = 0.755, p<0.001), as well as moderate positive correlation between IL-17 and TGF-β1 imunoexpressions (r = 0.503, p = 0.024). Thus, we can conclude that interactions between Th17 and Treg cells seem to be established at the site of injury, suggesting the involvement of both pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions

A eliminação do mosquito do dengue em ambientes residenciais: uma questão de cuidado ambiental?

Dengue is currently considered one of the most relevant public health problems worldwide. Studies indicate the surroundings of the houses as the preferred sites for the proliferation of Aedes aegypti. The residential areas are privileged environments for human development and contribute to the formation of the individual s identity and for the establishment of affective, social and cultural bonds. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible links between psychological indicators of pro-environmentalism and conservation status of residential backyards. Data collection was performed in 147 homes and methodological strategy involved the use of interview, the Scale of Ecocentric and Anthropocentric Environmentalism, Scale of Consideration of Future Consequences and a tool for environmental evaluation. It was found that the participants expressed as environmental practices the garbage recycling, besides they had the knowledge of how the transmission of dengue occurs. These residents showed ecofriendly motivated commitment: pro-environmentalist ecocentric and anthropocentric. In evaluating the backyard it was verified that the conservation conditions, in almost half of the homes, appeared as carelessness on the part of residents and those conditions are conducive to the proliferation of Aedes aegypti. The pro-environmentalists and guidance for the future identified by the scales were not associated with the conservation status of the backyards. However, it was found that the trends of reduction and stability of infestation levels are associated with self-reported environmental care. These results can contribute to the discussion and design of new mosquito control actions and practices of education and health information among the population