História da matemática na formação do professor: dificuldades e sugestões

This work is the result of a study that aimed to start scoring difficulties that the math teacher is trying to get a historical formation. Considering that the textbook is the material with which the teacher has more contact, start with reading historical texts present in these books. Choose a theme and choose from that we observed limitations ranging from the search for sources of research in relation to the actual historical content. There are many studies that show the importance of the history of mathematics in teacher education and also in the teaching and learning of mathematics. These works , in particular the work of Feliciano (2008 ) entitled : " The use of history of mathematics in the classroom " , along with the information , experiences and opinions given by Professor Anderson Luís de Azevedo Paulo , in some meetings , point to need for materials for teaching , since they show that recognizes the importance of this knowledge and the ability to use it in the classroom , but several factors have pushed aside , even the texts present in textbooks. From the analysis of some of the work and contributions of Professor Anderson Paulo we pointed out some of the factors that make historical texts being ignored by teachers and among them are characteristics in appearance and content in the text. To assist in the preparation of materials that meet the expectations of the teacher, we present a manual with suggestions and / or features to choose or produce a good text. These suggestions can make the history books more enjoyable and thus approach the teacher of historical knowledge and later encouraged to seek, in fact, a historical formation

Fontes primárias da história do vácuo e da pressão atmosférica na sala de aula: cartas e jornais históricos em articulação com o livro-texto do ensino médio

The use of the History and the Philosophy of Science (HPS) for the teaching of science and scientific subjects has been advocated in recent decades. It has been pointed out that the History of Science could make for a deeper learning of scientific concepts, since it would promote a contact with the problems which that knowledge has set out to solve. Furthermore, historical episodes would serve to put the discussions about the nature of scientific knowledge into context. With a view to explore those potentialities, the literature in the field has sought to identify the challenges and obstacles for the didactic transposition of subjects from the History of Science. Amongst many aspects, the deficiencies in the training of teachers, so that they can work with the insertion of HPS in the classroom have been highlighted. Another aspect that has been mentioned to be a challenge has to do with the didactic transposition of the Primary Sources, that is, of the original texts on the History of Science. The Primary Sources have significant potentialities: making a connection possible between scientists and concepts, showing the difficulties faced during scientific endeavors, perceiving the role of mistakes as obstacles to be surpassed, not as defeat, etc. On the other hand, there has been little exploration of these concepts in an educational context, due to their own peculiarities. The original texts are often hard to understand and their interpretation demands knowledge of the historical and scientific context in which they were written, as well as skills pertaining to the conduction of research in the field of the History of Science. With this scenario in mind, the research towards this Professional MSc degree starts from the challenge of elaborating and discussing proposals which could enable the didactical transposition of the Primary Sources. We have worked specifically with Primary Sources on the History of the Vacuum and of the Atmospheric Pressure, because of the insertion of these subjects in the Brazilian High School curriculum, in connection with the didactical textbooks. "Historic Journals" were made up from clippings of the original historical texts, as was a Didactical Unit, which takes the usual textbooks as a basis and contemplates using the Journals and the entire Primary Sources in High School. At last, we have elaborated and implemented a course designed for the preparation of teachers and for being an opportunity for the discussion of the feasibility of putting these kinds of proposal into practice

Uma história de vida e uma vida de histórias: memória e oralidade no Romanceiro de Dona Militana

Este estudio trata de establecer relaciones sobre la importancia del fenómeno sociocultural que emerge de Doña Militana para la cultura potiguar. Para tanto tomamos sus recuerdos de los romances como parte de un contexto social, relacionados con el tiempo y el espacio, que afecten a la vida material y moral de su grupo social. Resaltamos, por lo tanto, el fenómeno de la memoria individual en su relación con la memoria colectiva. Proponemos, en este sentido, suponer que el mantenimiento y permanencia de estos romances en la memoria de la romancera revelan una dinámica de su grupo social para la formación de su identidad. En este sentido, nos servimos como referencial teórico de los estudios de Maurice Halbwachs, en lo que respecta a los debates sobre la memoria colectiva, en paralelo a los estudios de Paul Zunthor cuando se trata de las funciones de la oralidad para la formación de la identidad. Para llevar a cabo los trabajos es de fundamental importancia, por supuesto, el relato de vida de la propia Doña Militana en confronto con los simbolismo culturales contenidos en los romances, con el objetivo que flagremos las (co)incidencias que demarquen la identidad de sus vínculos de identidad con el universo cultural en que está insertado. Como resultado, se tomó como objeto de análisis desde la deposición presentadas en las entrevistas, hasta los romances en sus aspectos poéticos, lingüísticos y mitológicos, incluyendo los significados que el desempeño de la romancera muestra. Objetivamos, por lo tanto, una comprensión dialógica de la relación entre la memoria individual (el caso de Doña Militana) con la memoria colectiva, sobre la base de un hipotético concepto que subyace a la aparente singularidad de este fenómeno - un hecho aislado en cierta medida - una razón intrínseca y compleja que se revela como la punta de un iceberg, al que convergen motivos históricos inconscientes de un patrimonio cultural

A letra escarlate como romance histórico: uma história de fragilidade humana e tristeza

The objective of this paper is to analyze the work of the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 - 1864), The Scarlet Letter (1850), in the light of the contributions of Literature and History of the American people in the context of New England. Accordingly, we highlight aspects that justify the inclusion of the work as a historical novel, especially based on the reading of The Historical Novel (1936-37) written by Georg Lukács. The diversity of voices and social interrelationships that come out of the main characters of the plot of the novel, as well as their contextual buildings, constituted as important traces to understanding the novel as being of historical value. During our study, we found out that it is in the plots of the novels that the characters reflect, at the same time, the specific conditions of their singularities, the general trends of the historical process and the social conditions from which they arise. We also could see that it is in their singularities that lie special tendencies of human beings. Our references to this study came from scholars as Howard (1964), Bakhtin (1998), Eagleton (2006), Todorov (2009), Zabel (1947), Sellers (1985), Cunlife (1986), Candido (1993) and Schwarz (1981)

Iracema: a alegoria da mãe genti(o)l

A abordagem da visão da literatura nacional dentro do contexto cultural brasileiro da segunda metade do século XIX e do posicionamento crítico de José de Alencar fez, de sua produção romanesca, especialmente a indianista, representada aqui por sua obra Iracema, um símbolo do conjunto de intenções nacionalistas que invadiu a alma e o coração de todo o povo, no que diz respeito ao sentimento de brasilidade , condizente com a estética romântica da qual faz parte seu autor. Seu posicionamento, quer seja crítico ou artístico, faz de Alencar o maior polemista em defesa da liberdade cultural e literária do Brasil, enquanto alguém bem consciente de sua função social, e por que não dizer, crítica, identificando a metalinguagem como um diferencial fomentador de uma teorização de poética na defesa de sua ficção, abrindo caminho, assim, para a pesquisa da poética explícita na sua produção artística. A referida análise buscará, a partir de uma análise estrutural das partes formais que o compõem esteticamente, como também de uma compreensão temática dos ditos e interditos utilizados pelo narrador alencariano na composição de seu discurso, identificar Iracema enquanto um romance que disputa o título de obra fundacional do Brasil. Para isso se faz necessário empreender uma abordagem do como e do quanto os elementos da Natureza, num romance romântico que tem a Natureza enquanto uma de suas temáticas mais significativas, podem constituir e interferir na percepção e construção de um personagem, que é todo Natureza, e no meio natural em que ele vive; até mesmo ser, por causa disso, o elemento mais representativo dessa nação que se deseja criar, trazendo para o cenário cultural brasileiro do século XIX uma versão de instituição baseada no revigoramento da memória da cultura selvagem. Faz-se lícito também animar forças da natureza e da terra-paisagem que poderiam ser tidas, apenas, como exóticas, mas que na obra em questão funcionam como protagonistas, mesmo fantasmas, de um pacto social e político que, mesmo quando rompe, recusa-se em deixar romper, mergulhando no espaço romanesco da magnitude das águas ou na frieza tumular da terra. Tomar-se-á, também, como ponto de estudo, a análise da fusão da experiência histórica com a experiência ficcional, observando o imbricamento de um discurso no outro, como também as fronteiras que se estabelecem a partir dessa tentativa; tomando o erotismo e a alegoria como pontos de convergência na obra em questão. Por meio da verificação de uma relação que se constrói a partir da solidão, da memória e do esquecimento em que acabam por mergulhar todos os seus personagens, que são, por vezes, tragados em algum dilúvio bíblico da purificação, dentro de um projeto audacioso de invenção de uma nação, que se quer de identidade cultural, e também política, mas que termina condenado ao silêncio, não gozando de liberdade em relação ao espaço a que pertence e, no entanto representa, só cabendo a eles regressarem para dentro da terra-mãe, ou se submeterem a um ritual de profunda aculturação, verificar-se-á, através desse discurso historicamente construído, o ideário de uma nação que se almejava projetar. O conflito de Iracema, personagem protagonista de sua obra homônima, a negação e a perda de si mesma, de tudo aquilo que poderia representar a sua identidade social e cultural, e, conseqüentemente, a morte e a vida dessa mãe genti(o)l, simbolizam a vida e a arte de um povo que, passando pelos embates da colonização, através de seus artistas rebeldes e românticos da Independência, que ilustraram, em grande síntese, a visão através da qual o homem do Novo Mundo foi vislumbrado, rabiscou a imagem da americanidade pelo discurso da História

Essa marca de suor numa canção: o processo de redução estrutural na poesia de Zila Mamede

Die Beziehung zwischen Literatur und Gesellschaft wurden, im Laufe der Jahrhunderte, aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven analysiert. Die Wissenschaftler analysieren manchmal die Aspekten der sozialen Realität, sie betonen manchmal die Natur der literarischen Werk. Wir glauben, dass Antonio Candido einen Gleichgewichtszustand erreicht, als er das Konzept der strukturellen Reduktion oder Formalisierung entwickelt. Nämlich, der Prozess, bei dem die menschliche und soziale Leben zu einem Bestandteil der literarischen Struktur wird. Der Autor tritt eine Einbahnstraße und er kann Daten aus der sozialen Ordnung aufholen, ohne dabei die Materialität des Textes den Augen verlieren. Und das sind die theoretische Annahmen, die die Entwicklung dieser Arbeit leiten. Wir wollen zu zeigen, dass die Struktur der mamediana Lyrik aufdeckt, signifikante Daten der Gesellschaft, in der der Autore eingefügt wurde enthüllt. Folglich, wir analysieren soziale Thema, das sein Werk durchzieht. Zuerst, wir untersuchen, wie Zila Mamede den Alltag der Gesellschaft vertreten. Von der strukturellen Organisation der Gedichte, wir erkennen, das die Episode aus kleiner Städte ein Akt des Widerstands gegen die fragmentierte Profil der kapitalistischen Gesellschaf sind. Das ist, warum sie doch eng mit der Idee der Tradition erscheinen. Die dichotome Beziehung zwischen den regionalen Daten und der Element der Modernisierung etabliert, sie wird durch die Organisation des Raumes verstärkt. Während die Stadt bei konkrete gesellschaftliche Ordnung Spitzenbeträge verweist, hat die Landschaft eine harmonische und warme Form. Allgemeinen, die moderne Stadt von Zila Mamede geformt, ist eine Abbild der Industriegesellschaft. Die Bilder die Landschaft sind ein Gegenmittel gegen die Feindseligkeiten Merkmale der neuen urbanen Zustand. So, die Landschaft hat die Funktion von Umstrukturierung der Persönlichkeit des Einzelnen durch die Erfahrung der großen Städte betroffen verdinglichenden. Der Konflikt, der durch das lyrische mamediana läuft, sind Reflexionen des Prozesses der Modernisierung der Stadt Natal, ihres eigenen Landes die politische Instabilität, sie durch verschiedene staatliche Programme ging, während Der Autor seine literarische Tätigkeit verfolgt

Caracterização magnética e estrutural de filmes depositados por gaiola catódica

Iron nitrite films, with hundred of nanometers thick, were deposited using the Cathodic cage plasma nitriding method, with a N2/H2 plasma, over a common glass substract. The structure, surface morphology and magnetic properties were investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD shows the formation of γ FeN phase and a combination of ζFe2N + ɛFe3N phases. The film s saturation magnetization and coercivity depends on morphology, composition, grain size and treatment temperature. Temperature raising from 250 ºC to 350 ºC were followed by an increase in saturation magnetization and film s surface coercivity on the parallel direction in relative proportion. This fact can be attributed to the grain sizes and to the different phases formed, since iron rich fases, like the ɛFe3N phase, emerges more frequently on more elevated treatment s temperature. Using this new and reasonably low cost method, it was possible to deposit films with both good adhesion and good magnetic properties, with wide application in magnetic devices

A História entre Tempos e Contratempos: Fontes Ibiapina e a obscura invenção do Piauí

Dans ce texte, nous prenons avec probleme le départment bresilien de Piauí comme espacialité de la Région « Nordeste », suivant les instants de son insertion politique et discursif dans l'identité régionale, qui s'est donnée entre la fin des années 1950 et débuts des années 1970. Pour ceci, nous proposons une analyse de discours identitaires de Piauí comme la littérature et le folklore produits alors, cherchant à rapporter telles discours avec les pratiques et intérêts politiques qui ont concouru pour la « nordestinization » de Piauí. Parmi ces discours et dans dialogue avec eux, nous prenons centralement l'oeuvre du juge et ecrivain João Nonon de Moura Fontes Ibiapina, emisseur de signes qui apparaît en ce moment. Notre objectif est discuter les images élaborées sur Piauí et son inclusion dans les stéréotypes cristallisés de Nordeste, comme la pauvreté et la nécessité, la vie dans le champs et la prédominance d'une « culture populaire » régionale. Dans une période d'importantes mutations dans la société brésilienne, dans la production culturelle, dans heurtes régionalistes Nordeste et dans les formes de penser et pratiquer les espaces, les intellectuels de Piauí que nous étudions ont essayé de recouvrir de mots et de sens la noirceur et l'incommode silence concernant le Piauí dans la Nation bresilienne, quand le déparment s'intégrait, au moyen de la Région, au Brésil urbain et industrialisé

A invenção da Terra da Luz: história, literatura e paisagem (1875-1914)

Ce travail est un étude de cas qui analyse la construction litéraire du paysage du « Sertão» du Ceará entre la fin du siècle XIX et le début du siècle XX. Pour cela, quelques oeuvre simbole de la production litéraire du Ceará ont été sélectionnés, comme les textes qui suivent: O sertanejo (1875), de José Martiniano de Alencar; Os retirantes (1879), de José Carlos do Patrocínio; A fome (1890), de Rodolfo Marcos Teófilo; Luzia-Homem (1903), de Domingos Olímpio Braga Cavalcanti; Terra de sol: natureza e costumes do Norte (1912), de Gustavo Dodt Barroso et finalement, Aves de arribação (1914), de Antônio Sales. Ces oeuvres non seulement prend la nature comme personage, elles représentent aussi trois moments de la production litéraire du Ceará : romantique, réaliste et naturaliste. A invenção da Terra da Luz se rapporte à l idée d une littérature qui fait remarquer le paysage diurne du Sertão du Ceará, élaborée par ces hommes des lettres dans ses discours formidables, beaux et des matériaux qui viennent de ses rapports avec le monde naturel. Pour réaliser une tel entreprise, les idées de Edmund Burke et Gaston Bachelard se sont constitués en référence de cet étude. Et cette réflexion sur la description, la rêverie et l imagination marchent côte-à-côte au discours de ces littéreurs qui ont construits un espace simbolique spécifique : le sertão du Ceará. Comme ça, quelques thèmes deviennent canonique à la forme de penser, représenter et imaginer l espace du sertão du Ceará. De cette manière, le paysage est beaucoup plus que la contemplation, une fois qu elle est liée aussi à la rêverie poétique, à la mémoire et l imagination. C est de là l invention du paysage, car ces littéreurs n ont pas l accès au paysage purement naturel parce que ses perceptions et sensibilitées sur le monde du sertão ont été historiquement, c est-à-dire, dans un certain temps et espace

História, filosofia e espaços: a idéia de ocidente em Oswald Spengler

This article claim to estabilish a epistemologic discourse from the science history´s point of view in a moment where its statute,methods , approachs and possibility conditions, in history´s crisis period, depares itself in risk, as universitary institutions as european´s social imagination about knowing for excellence. Our spotlight though is the concept of space, a strong question to a timeless snip, once philosophy and History renounced this concept due to the time question, so commum used until nowdays in both discourses. From this perspective, we search to elucidate Spengler´s history and space point of view, attempting to the occidental idea produced by the author, tapping to the symbolical and discursive dynamics and its dialogic relation with westerner´s political and cultural in the end of XIX century toward second great war. Thereby Spengler´s effort was always crucial to define concepts of history, science, art, space,civilizations, culture, city, country and mainly discussing spenglerian relation to social-political facts that sorrounded him. And finally, his project of cientific revolution, which was displayed by Spengler as a challenge to History of science´s paradigm

História, memória e espaços: experiências dos ex-combatentes de Parelhas-RN na defesa do litoral brasileiro durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial

The present essay has how I aim to analyse the memories of the ex-combatants of Parelhas-RN, specially of the components of the Força de Vigilância e Segurança do Litoral - FVSL, protagonists of the Brazilian participation in the scenery of the Second World war. Along this we looked to understand in which surrounding geographicalpartner these men were living before the War and what were the consequences of a brusque change of space owing to the convocation for the Armed Brazilian Strength in that historical context. The defense of the Brazilian coast during the War was not a so simple task, I have in mind the precariedade logistics of the Armed Strength, the attacks of submarines of the Axle that killed hundreds of civilians and Brazilian soldiers and the net of espionage mounted by Germany in Brazil. Leaving from the notion of collective memory and estrangement in Maurice Halbwachs, we will use the oral history like principal methodology, with the end of rescue these underground memories what also will make possible us the vision realizes that the protagonists themselves have of the event, besides the use of documents, photos, maps and any sort of fountains that make possible us to rebuild the scenery of Parelhas in the beginning of the War and the trajectory of life of his veterans

O Comitê pela anistia no Rio Grande do Norte e a Associação Norte-Rio-Grandense de Anistiados Políticos como espaços de história, memória e política(1979-2001)

This work is about a search that takes the Comitê pela Anistia no Rio Grande do Norte and the Associação Norte-Rio-Grandense de Anistiados Políticos as Political Spaces capable of expressing History, Memory and Politic. And has as main objective analyzing the amnesty process in the State from these Spaces of political struggle and of resistance, from the 1970s until the early 2000s. The discussion of amnesty and struggle for rights and remedies are still present today on the political agenda of the country, which demonstrates the importance and the incompleteness of the amnesty. Beyond the oral sources, which are essential for understanding periods of oppression, we also used written sources, such as digital and printed newspapers, laws, meeting minutes, pamphlets of political parties, magazines, theses, dissertations, among others. We made the crossing of oral sources with written guides us as Paul Thompson, highlighting the importance of Memory, especially of Collective Memory in line with the perception of Maurice Halbwachs. Work the concept of history approached by Jacques Le Goff and Politic from the perspective of Hannah Arendt. And consider the space from the approach taken by Doreen Massey

A escrita do tempo e a poética do espaço:história e espaço no livro Geografia do Brasil Holandês de Luís da Câmara Cascudo

In 1956, Luís da Câmara Cascudo published his book Geografia do Brasil Holandês. In this book, he studied and described a space - the Dutch Brazil - from a geographical and historical perspective. To do this, he articulated both perspectives from the point of view of his own reading of the History of Nordeste , establishing a dialogue with the historiographical tradition of the study of the Dutch Brazil in Pernambuco. When portraying the Dutch presence in Nordeste, Cascudo articulated a drama in which the Dutch would have their history described as a typically tragic plot, portrayed as if they were already condemned to failure in advance. To this tragedy he opposed a predominantly comic Portuguese plot, as if the Portuguese victory over the Dutch was as desirable as inevitable for the space of Nordeste . When narrating the clash between the Dutch and the Portuguese for the space of Nordeste , however, Cascudo ended up delineating his own place of speech, as a spokesperson for the identity of the potiguar space in opposition to the pernabucano space described by Freyre and Gonsalves de Mello. In this way, the space of Rio Grande do Norte would have its own identity, constructed from de Dutch absence and constituted from the Portuguese legacy contrarily to the space of Pernambuco, narrated from an articulation and a conciliation of the Flemish and Lusitan legacy, even though highlighting the latter. While the Dutch would had been a constant presence in the history of Pernambuco for Freyre and Gonsalves de Mello, they wouldn t have gone beyond legend in the space of Rio Grande do Norte, removed from its geography and erased from its history. When describing de geography of the potiguar space, therefore, Cascudo articulates the inexistence of the History of a time dominated by the Fleming with the search of a Portuguese space, trough the narration of its origins and constitution, as well as the registry of the characteristics of its legacy

Parahyba ou João Pessoa? Um estudo sobre a função social da História

Este trabalho é uma discussão sobre as funções sociais da História e da Memória. Para tanto, foi pensado diante do 80º aniversário da Revolução de 1930, marco da (re)fundação da capital paraibana, pois esta memória e a produção historiográfica a respeito do tema nos é bastante instigante. Falar de João Pessoa, seja da cidade, seja do indivíduo; no que se refere aos episódios de 1930, é tocar em um assunto bastante passional, onde chegar a um consenso é algo extremamente improvável. O objetivo deste trabalho é problematizar as funções sociais da História e suas utilizações, notadamente por meio do nosso objeto de estudo, buscando contribuir para a compreensão de como a memória e a escrita da História são frutos do trabalho constante das sociedades que as engendram. Estudar sobre a produção da memória e da historiografia bem como a função da escrita da História sobre esses episódios, entendendo-os como espaços específicos de disputas, notadamente sobre os embates de memórias nos últimos dez anos, trazendo novas reflexões sobre as funções sociais destas memórias

Contando o passado, tecendo a saudade: a construção simbólica do engenho açucareiro em Jose Lins do Rego (1919-1943)

In this work I have searched the symbolical sense of a specific place. I have started from the theoretical assumption that places are social relations resulting from material and symbolical conditions developed in a certain time and by certain factors. In this sense, I have analyzed the symbolical aspect of sugar plantation from some literary works created by the writer José Lins do Rego from the state of Paraíba. I intend to analyze the symbolical dimension senses, values and images used by this writer to show the sugar plantation. Giving special attention to the works from the named cycle of sugar plantation , I have searched for the senses and meanings used in José Lins do Rego literary discourse to create a fictional sugar plantation, showing this place in a specific way. Based in cultural history, I have used several sources: literary works, prefaces of books, memory works, journalistic works, letters written by intellectual men and history books. My time of analysis is from 1919 the beginning of José Lins do Rego s intellectual activity - until 1943 publication of Fogo Morto, last literary work that I have analyzed. In symbolical terms, what is sugar plantation, this place that has totally touched José Lins do Regos life and literary work? That was the structural question that has determined the present research