Simulador de escoamento multif��sico em po��os de petróleo (SEMPP)

The multiphase flow occurrence in the oil and gas industry is common throughout fluid path, production, transportation and refining. The multiphase flow is defined as flow simultaneously composed of two or more phases with different properties and immiscible. An important computational tool for the design, planning and optimization production systems is multiphase flow simulation in pipelines and porous media, usually made by multiphase flow commercial simulators. The main purpose of the multiphase flow simulators is predicting pressure and temperature at any point at the production system. This work proposes the development of a multiphase flow simulator able to predict the dynamic pressure and temperature gradient in vertical, directional and horizontal wells. The prediction of pressure and temperature profiles was made by numerical integration using marching algorithm with empirical correlations and mechanistic model to predict pressure gradient. The development of this tool involved set of routines implemented through software programming Embarcadero C++ Builder�� 2010 version, which allowed the creation of executable file compatible with Microsoft Windows�� operating systems. The simulator validation was conduct by computational experiments and comparison the results with the PIPESIM��. In general, the developed simulator achieved excellent results compared with those obtained by PIPESIM and can be used as a tool to assist production systems development

Reforma a seco de metano com catalisadores Ni/MCM-41 sintetizados a partir de fontes alternativas de s��lica

The production of synthesis gas has received renewed attention due to demand for renewable energies to reduce the emissions of gases responsible for enhanced greenhouse effect. This work was carried out in order to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the implementation of nickel catalysts on MCM-41 in dry reforming reactions of methane. The mesoporous molecular sieves were synthesized using as silica sources the tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and residual glass powder (PV). The sieves were impregnated with 10% nickel to obtain the metallic catalysts (Ni/MCM-41). These materials were calcined and characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR) and N2 Adsorption/Desorption isotherms (BET/BJH). The catalytic properties of the samples were evaluated in methane dry reforming with CO2 in order to produce synthesis gas to be used in the petrochemical industry. The materials characterized showed hexagonal structure characteristic of mesoporous material MCM-41 type, being maintained after impregnation with nickel. The samples presented variations in the specific surface area, average volume and diameter of pores based on the type of interaction between the nickel and the mesoporous support. The result of the the catalytic tests showed conversions about 91% CO2, 86% CH4, yelds about 85% CO and 81% H2 to Ni/MCM-41_TEOS_C, and conversions about 87% CO2, 82% CH4, yelds about 70% CO and 59% H2 to Ni/MCM-41_PV_C. The similar performance confirms that the TEOS can be replaced by a less noble materials

Estudo da inje����o de CO2 em reservat��rios carbon��ticos de dupla-porosidade

As rochas carbon��ticas ocupam, numa vis��o global, um expressivo volume da crosta terrestre. De maneira geral, pode-se dizer que essas rochas est��o presentes nas diversas unidades litoestatigr��ficas da Terra. Os reservat��rios carbon��ticos s��o reservas naturalmente fraturadas que exigem uma abordagem diferenciada na modelagem em programas de simula����o num��rica. Os modelos de dupla porosidade s��o descritos por fun����es de tranfer��ncias que modelam o fluxo de ��leo entre matriz e fraturas. Em um reservat��rio carbon��tico naturalmente fraturado o sistema de fraturas �� determinante no escoamento de fluidos dentro da reserva. Os maiores reservat��rios carbon��ticos do mundo est��o situados no Oriente M��dio e na Am��rica do Norte. As maiores reservas de ��leo brasileiras encontradas neste tipo de reservat��rio est��o localizadas nos campos do Pr��-Sal. No Pr��-Sal, um volume significativo de di��xido de carbono �� produzido juntamente com o ��leo. A disponibilidade de um volume considerav��l de di��xido de carbono derivado da produção de ��leo no Pr��-Sal favorece a utiliza����o dos processos de EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) por inje����o de gás. O processo de inje����o de di��xido de carbono vem sendo utilizado em uma grande quantidade de projetos pelo mundo. A afinidade existente entre o ��leo e o di��xido de carbono causa uma frente misc��vel entre as duas fases causando inchamento e vaporiza����o do ��leo dentro do reservat��rio. Para o estudo, foi utilizado um modelo base de reservat��rio de dupla-porosidade, desenvolvido pela CMG para o 6�� Projeto de Solu����es Comparativas da SPE, que modela sistemas de fraturas e de matriz e a tranfer��ncia de massa fluida entre elas, caracter��sticas de reservat��rios naturalmente fraturados. Foi feita uma an��lise da inje����o de diferentes vaz��es de di��xido de carbono no modelo base e em modelos semelhantes, com aumento e redu����o de 5 e 0.5 pontos nas propriedades de porosidade e permeabilidade da matriz, respectivamente, tendo a produção de ��leo como resultado. A inje����o de 25 milh��es de p��s c��bicos por dia de CO2 foi a vaz��o que obteve a melhor fator de recupera����o

An��lise param��trica do m��todo de inje����o alternada de ��gua e CO2(WAG) em reservat��rios de petróleo

After the decline of production from natural energy of the reservoir, the methods of enhanced oil recovery, which methods result from the application of special processes such as chemical injection, miscible gases, thermal and others can be applied. The advanced recovery method with alternating - CO2 injection WAG uses the injection of water and gas, normally miscible that will come in contact with the stock oil. In Brazil with the discovery of pre-salt layer that gas gained prominence. The amount of CO2 present in the oil produced in the pre-salt layer, as well as some reservoirs is one of the challenges to be overcome in relation to sustainable production once this gas needs to be processed in some way. Many targets for CO2 are proposed by researchers to describe some alternatives to the use of CO2 gas produced such as enhanced recovery, storage depleted fields, salt caverns storage and marketing of CO2 even in plants. The largest oil discoveries in Brazil have recently been made by Petrobras in the pre -salt layer located between the states of Santa Catarina and Esp��rito Santo, where he met large volumes of light oil with a density of approximately 28 �� API, low acidity and low sulfur content. This oil that has a large amount of dissolved CO2 and thus a pioneering solution for the fate of this gas comes with an advanced recovery. The objective of this research is to analyze which parameters had the greatest influence on the enhanced recovery process. The simulations were performed using the "GEM" module of the Computer Modelling Group, with the aim of studying the advanced recovery method in question. For this work, semi - synthetic models were used with reservoir and fluid data that can be extrapolated to practical situations in the Brazilian Northeast. The results showed the influence of the alternating injection of water and gas on the recovery factor and flow rate of oil production process, when compared to primary recovery and continuous water injection or continuous gas injection

Nova t��cnica para obten����o de fraturas com alt��ssima condutividade em po��os de petróleo

Increase hydrocarbons production is the main goal of the oilwell industry worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing is often applied to achieve this goal due to a combination of attractive aspects including easiness and low operational costs associated with fast and highly economical response. Conventional fracturing usually involves high-flowing high-pressure pumping of a viscous fluid responsible for opening the fracture in the hydrocarbon producing rock. The thickness of the fracture should be enough to assure the penetration of the particles of a solid proppant into the rock. The proppant is driven into the target formation by a carrier fluid. After pumping, all fluids are filtered through the faces of the fracture and penetrate the rock. The proppant remains in the fracture holding it open and assuring high hydraulic conductivity. The present study proposes a different approach for hydraulic fracturing. Fractures with infinity conductivity are formed and used to further improve the production of highly permeable formations as well as to produce long fractures in naturally fractured formations. Naturally open fractures with infinite conductivity are usually encountered. They can be observed in rock outcrops and core plugs, or noticed by the total loss of circulation during drilling (even with low density fluids), image profiles, pumping tests (Mini-Frac and Mini Fall Off), and injection tests below fracturing pressure, whose flow is higher than expected for radial Darcian ones. Naturally occurring fractures are kept open by randomly shaped and placed supporting points, able to hold the faces of the fracture separate even under typical closing pressures. The approach presented herein generates infinite conductivity canal held open by artificially created parallel supporting areas positioned both horizontally and vertically. The size of these areas is designed to hold the permeable zones open supported by the impermeable areas. The England & Green equation was used to theoretically prove that the fracture can be held open by such artificially created set of horizontal parallel supporting areas. To assess the benefits of fractures characterized by infinite conductivity, an overall comparison with finite conductivity fractures was carried out using a series of parameters including fracture pressure loss and dimensionless conductivity as a function of flow production, FOI folds of increase, flow production and cumulative production as a function of time, and finally plots of net present value and productivity index

Gest��o compartilhada de P&D em petróleo:a intera����o entre a Petrobr��s e a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

This work addresses the relationship between University-Firm aims to understand the model of shared management of R&D in petroleum of Petrobras with UFRN. This is a case study which sought to investigate whether the model of cooperation established by the two institutions brings innovation to generate technical-scientific knowledge and contribute to the coordination with other actors in the promotion of technological innovation. In addition to desk research the necessary data for analysis were obtained by sending questionnaires to the coordinators of projects in R&D at the company and university. Also, interviews were conducted with subjects who participated in the study since its inception to the present day. This case study were analysed through the Resource-Based View and Interorganizational Networks theory. The sample data also stands that: searches were aligned to the strategic planning and that 29% of R&D projects have been successful on the scope of the proposed objectives (of which 11% were incorporated into business processes); which was produced technical and scientific knowledge caracterized by hundreds of national and international publications; thesis, dissertations, eleven patents, and radical and incremental innovations; the partnership has also brought benefits to the academic processes induced by the improved infrastructure UFRN and changing the "attitude" of the university (currently with national prominence in research and staff training for the oil sector). As for the model, the technical point of view, although it has some problems, it follows that it is appropriate. From the viewpoint of the management model is criticized for containing an excess of bureaucracy. From the standpoint of strategic allocation of resources from the legal framework needs to be reassessed, because it is focused only on the college level and it is understood that should also reach the high school given the new reality of the oil sector in Brazil. For this it is desirable to add the local government to this partnership. The set of information leads to the conclusion that the model is identified and named as a innovation of organizational arrangement here known as Shared Management of R&D in petroleum of Petrobras with UFRN. It is said that the shared management model it is possible to exist, which is a simple and effective way to manage partnerships between firms and Science and Technology Institutions. It was created by contingencies arising from regulatory stand points and resource dependence. The partnership is the result of a process of Convergence, Construction and Evaluation supported by the tripod Simplicity, Systematization and Continuity, important factors for its consolidation. In practice an organizational arrangement was built to manage innovative university-industry partnership that is defined by a dyadic relationship on two levels (institutional and technical, therefore governance is hybrid), by measuring the quarterly meetings of systematic and standardized financial contribution proportional to the advancement of research. These details have led to the establishment of a point of interaction between the scientific and technological-business dimension, demystifying they are two worlds apart

Metodologia para avalia����o de cinem��tica de part��culas gasosas em fluidos de viscosidade vari��vel com o tempo e sua aplica����o na constru����o de po��os de petróleo

Many challenges have been presented in petroleum industry. One of them is the preventing of fluids influx during drilling and cementing. Gas migration can occur as result of pressure imbalance inside the well when well pressure becomes lower than gas zone pressure and in cementing operation this occurs during cement slurry transition period (solid to fluid). In this work it was developed a methodology to evaluate gas migration during drilling and cementing operations. It was considered gel strength concept and through experimental tests determined gas migration initial time. A mechanistic model was developed to obtain equation that evaluates bubble displacement through the fluid while it gels. Being a time-dependant behavior, dynamic rheological measurements were made to evaluate viscosity along the time. For drilling fluids analyzed it was verified that it is desirable fast and non-progressive gelation in order to reduce gas migration without affect operational window (difference between pore and fracture pressure). For cement slurries analyzed, the most appropriate is that remains fluid for more time below critical gel strength, maintaining hydrostatic pressure above gas zone pressure, and after that gels quickly, reducing gas migration. The model developed simulates previously operational conditions and allow changes in operational and fluids design to obtain a safer condition for well construction

Monitoramento da morfologia costeira em setores da bacia potiguar sob influ��ncia da indústria petrol��fera utilizando geod��sia de alta precis��o e laser esc��ner terrestre

The objective of this Doctoral Thesis was monitoring, in trimestral scale, the coastal morphology of the Northeastern coast sections of Rio Grande do Norte State, in Brazil, which is an area of Potiguar Basin influenced by the oil industry activities. The studied sections compose coastal areas with intense sedimentary erosion and high environmental sensitivity to the oil spill. In order to achieve the general objective of this study, the work has been systematized in four steps. The first one refers to the evaluation of the geomorphological data acquisition methodologies used on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of sandy beaches. The data has been obtained from Soledade beach, located on the Northeastern coast of Rio Grande Norte. The second step has been centered on the increasing of the reference geodetic infrastructure to accomplish the geodetic survey of the studied area by implanting a station in Corta Cachorro Barrier Island and by conducting monitoring geodetic surveys to understand the beach system based on the Coastline (CL) and on DEM multitemporal analysis. The third phase has been related to the usage of the methodology developed by Santos; Amaro (2011) and Santos et al. (2012) for the surveying, processing, representation, integration and analysis of Coastlines from sandy coast, which have been obtained through geodetic techniques of positioning, morphological change analysis and sediment transport. The fourth stage represents the innovation of surveys in coastal environment by using the Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), to evaluate a highly eroded section on Soledade beach where the oil industry structures are located. The evaluation has been achieved through high-precision DEM and accuracy during the modeling of the coast morphology changes. The result analysis of the integrated study about the spatial and temporal interrelations of the intense coastal processes in areas of building cycles and destruction of beaches has allowed identifying the causes and consequences of the intense coastal erosion in exposed beach sections and in barrier islands

IIRSA: outro passo na pilhagem, exploração e (des) integra����o dos povos e territ��rios sul-americanos

La llamada Iniciativa para la Integraci��n de Infraestructura Regional Suramericana (IIRSA) es un acuerdo multinacional celebrado entre los 12 pa��ses de Am��rica del Sur desde el a��o 2000, materializado a trav��s de 10 ejes de comercializaci��n orientados a la construcci��n de varios proyectos de infraestructura, que incluye la construcci��n de una enorme red de energ��a, de comunicaci��n y transporte. Estos proyectos han sido financiados principalmente por los organismos multilaterales (BID, CAF, FONPLATA) profundizando la dependencia econ��mica y pol��tica de los pa��ses involucrados, en especial mediante el aumento de la deuda externa, las empresas transnacionales garantizar��n la infraestructura necesaria para la explotaci��n m��s acentuada de nuestros recursos naturales y de la mano de obra barata, asegurando el abastecimiento de sus mercados. En este sentido, el discurso de crecimiento econ��mico regional crear�� los mecanismos necesarios para la reproducci��n ampliada del sistema capitalista, mediante la promoci��n de la liberalizaci��n de los mercados internacionales, tales como intenta los Estados Unidos a trav��s del ��rea de Libre Comercio de las Am��ricas. En realidad, es un Desarrollo Regional de los pa��ses del Norte, un plan estrat��gico de ordenamiento territorial construido por transnacionales y dictado por el imperialismo de Norteam��rica. Bajo la direcci��n del gobierno de Brasil ha sido implementado sigilosamente, para que los jefes de Estado, sin nombrarlo, ejecuten sus planes de desarrollo como parte de esta tan evidente estrategia de saqueo, entusiasmados y convencidos de que ser��n generosamente recompensados. Proclaman e inauguran proyectos de infraestructura que las empresas multinacionales y transnacionales consideran indispensables para el saqueo de los recursos naturales que a��n quedan, despu��s de cinco siglos de explotaci��n continua de Am��rica Latina. En este sentido, nuestra investigaci��n se volvi�� hacia el an��lisis de lo sector energ��tico de lo Eje Per��-Brasil-Bolivia, por considerarlo de suma importancia para el mantenimiento de la explotaci��n y consolidaci��n hegem��nica de las corporaciones multinacionales en Am��rica Latina

An��lise jur��dico-constitucional do fomento aos campos maduros de produção de petróleo no Brasil

The oil activities in Brazil had been started in an intensive way in the end of the 30 s and in the beginning of the 40 s. Many of the brazilians fields discovered in the past are nowadays in decline. They are called ―mature fields‖. These fields, because of the decline situation that characterizes them, are not interesting for the majors. The majors want the big fields and big productions. On the other hand, they could be interesting for the small and medium enterprises. The mature oil fields are instruments of development, they have oil and the oil production is an activity connected with many social and economics benefits: jobs, taxes, royalties, etc. The Brazilian State, in this context, needs to realize actions to promote the activities in the mature oil fields, especially with the work of the small and mediums enterprises. Many of the onshore brazilian mature fields are located at the Northeast, a region matched by many social and economic problems. The activities in the mature fields of the Northeast Region could solve some of its problems. The present research analyses the mature oil fields and its situations in Brazil, making criticisms and suggestions. The methodology adopted is theoretical and descriptive, with literature review, case law and legislation (Constitui����o Federal de 1988, ―Law of the Oil‖). This research examines the following points: mature fields rounds and its documents, name and definition of the mature fields, definition of small and medium enterprises, environmental aspects, concentration of certain activities of the sector and the royalties

O princ��pio constitucional da redu����o das desigualdades regionais e os campos maduro-marginais de petróleo: aspectos regulat��rios e fiscais

Under the circumstances of the desestatization that penetrate Brazilian economy in the 90‟s, new features in the monopoly of oil by the Union were designed by the constitutional amendment number 9. of 1995. This deep change in the legal regime of oil sector brought the possibility of entrance to small and medium size producers in this industry, especially through the production activities developed in mature and marginal fields of oil, which are located mainly in northeast region of Brazil. Considering that the intervention of state over the economy finds its guidelines and limits in Federal Constitution disposals, the present work investigated in which way states regulation, mainly through taxation rules, has obeyed the constitutional regime in force, and specially, the reduction of regional inequalities principle. By mean, firstly, of an analysis of central concepts (mature fields, marginal fields, small and medium size producers) we observed that the imprecision over the conceptual aspect has constituted an obstacle to a specific states‟ regulation, directed to this newborn class of producers, whose growth has been pursuit by the state. That is verified in the case of concession procedures, and also, concerning the taxation system applied to small and medium size producers. Examining the main constitutional principles related to this universe which are the legality, equality, privileged treatment to small enterprises, contributive capacity, and reduction of regional inequalities we conclude that it is legally possible, a truly specific regulation, including a special taxation regime, to the small and medium size producers whose activities are concentrate over mature-marginal fields, aiming the concretization of the Brazilian state main goals

A indústria petrol��fera nacional e potiguar: uma an��lise a partir da tecnologia em E&P

O trabalho analisa a Indústria Petrol��fera em tr��s ambientes de atua����o, mundial, nacional e estadual, a partir da observa����o de sete vari��veis, a saber: car��ter do petróleo; risco; economia de escala; integra����o; barreiras; tecnologia e ambiente. O estudo busca perceber as intera����es e os transbordamentos das vari��veis selecionadas em cada um dos ambientes citados, em raz��o os aspectos econ��micos e institucionais presentes nesta atividade, cujos resultados atingem diversos setores da economia e da sociedade como um todo e balizam o pr��prio processo de inova����o da mesma. O estudo est�� alicer��ado no arcabou��o te��rico neoschumpeteriano acerca dos aspectos voltados para concorr��ncia e inova����o, al��m da quest��o institucional, e se ap��ia em dados da Ag��ncia Nacional do Petróleo (A.N.P.), Minist��rio de Minas e Energia (MME), Movimento de Combate �� Corrup����o Eleitoral / Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (MCCE/TSE), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), International Energy Agency (IAE), Institut Fran��ais P��trole (IFP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Avalia-se que em termos de caracteriza����o da indústria petrol��fera nos tr��s ambientes considerados (mundial, nacional e local), h�� certa similitude no que se refere ao comportamento destas vari��veis, com pequenas modifica����es suscitadas por fatores como grau de desenvolvimento e complexidade da atividade; resultado do ambiente concorrencial e inovativo; e, pelas influ��ncias institucionais acerca de atividades e grau de inser����o das mesmas no ambiente socioecon��mico onde est��o localizadas a atividade produtiva e o seu entorno

Modelagem de dados de falhas de equipamentos de sub-superf��cie em po��os de petróleo da Bacia Potiguar

This master��s thesis presents a reliability study conducted among onshore oil fields in the Potiguar Basin (RN/CE) of Petrobras company, Brazil. The main study objective was to build a regression model to predict the risk of failures that impede production wells to function properly using the information of explanatory variables related to wells such as the elevation method, the amount of water produced in the well (BSW), the ratio gas-oil (RGO), the depth of the production bomb, the operational unit of the oil field, among others. The study was based on a retrospective sample of 603 oil columns from all that were functioning between 2000 and 2006. Statistical hypothesis tests under a Weibull regression model fitted to the failure data allowed the selection of some significant predictors in the set considered to explain the first failure time in the wells

Fatores de sucesso no desenvolvimento de novos produtos em pequenas empresas: um estudo de caso em um fabricante de equipamentos para gás natural veicular

This study presents itself as a contribution to the solidification of the Natural Gas industry, within the scope of the development of new products. The goal of this paper is to analyze the factors that lead to the success of new products through the evaluation of the activities done during the process of development of these products in the Natural Gas sector. To achieve this goal a case study was done in a small company of this segment. At first, as a basis for the study, a bibliographical research was done with books, theses, dissertations, monographies, publications in national and international periodicals, congress annals and publications in the internet related to the subject. Afterwards, a case study was done, aiming at the acquisition of further knowledge about the real process of development of products in a small company of the Natural Gas sector, allowing for the performance of the evaluation. The case study was done at Gas Project and Systems do Brasil, a company that works with the development of electronic equipment to the conversion of car engines to natural gas, through direct observations and interviews with the person responsible for the development and management of products. Through the evaluation of the process it was observed that the activities related to it are done in an informal way and some activities are considered unnecessary for their success. The results also suggest an emphasis in the technological activities, something that was not observed in the activities related to the market. The instruments used in this evaluation prove to be efficient to evaluate the process of development of new products in other companies, including those of different areas. Taking into account the relevance of the studied theme to the strengthening of the Natural Gas industry, it is necessary to do further complementary studies

An��lise comparativa de modelos de maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos: uma contribui����o ao estudo da maturidade organizacional em setores de engenharia

The purpose of this dissertation is to formulate guidelines for the improvement of maturity models, or the development of new ones, aiming at its application to project departments. The maturity of project management has become critical for organizations that develop projects and want to stand out in the market they serve. For this purpose, maturity models provide paths in order to guarantee that the institutionalization of project management is achieved in the best possible way. Generally, these models assess the organization, define its current situation in managing projects and propose steps to be performed in the search of more advanced levels of maturity. With the objective of contributing to the improvement of maturity models for specific cases, a bibliographical research was conducted for the preparation of a comparative analysis matrix and performed a case study for application of two maturity models (MMGP and PMMM levels 2 and 3), selected based on criteria found in the literature, in an engineering department of an oil company. The case study supported the realization of a comparative analysis of models, from which guidelines were formulated for improvement. The results showed that thedepartment is evaluated in a medium stage of maturity, recording significant progress in some dimensions assessed. They also found that the results of applying the two models are presented as complementary, although the model is highlighted by the greater depth of MMGP diagnostic, considering many variables in their levels of maturity than model PMMM (levels 2 and 3).Finally, directions have been formulated that contribute to the improvement of maturity models, taking in account the organizational environment in which this work was developed