Efeito do parceiro social sobre a resposta comportamental ao ambiente novo em sagüi comum (Callithrix jacchus)

Algumas pesquisas demonstram que a presença de um parceiro social durante uma situação de risco modula a resposta ao estresse, atenuando seus efeitos negativos. Neste estudo, 8 díades de machos e 8 de fêmeas de sagüi comum (Callithrix jacchus) foram expostos a um ambiente novo, sozinhos e acompanhados de um parceiro de mesmo sexo e idade. Quando submetidos a um ambiente novo em companhia de um animal de mesmo sexo, os machos apresentaram um perfil mais filiativo enquanto as fêmeas foram mais competitivas entre si. Os resultados mostram que a resposta comportamental é sexualmente dimórfica, e que machos e fêmeas utilizam diferentes estratégias quando confrontados com situações desafiadoras no ambiente natural Abstract Some researches demonstrate that the presence of a social partner during a challenging situation modulates the stress response, decreasing its negative effects. In this study common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) males and females were exposed to a new environment, alone or in companion of a social partner of the same sex and age. When submitted to new environment in companion of a same-sex social partner males showed more affiliation whereas females performed agonistic behaviors. The results show that behavioral response is sexually dimorphic and that males and females used different strategies when facing challenging situations in natural conditions

Efeito da idade materna sobre os resultados perinatais

Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a idade materna e a ocorrência de resultados perinatais adversos na população do Rio Grande do Norte. Métodos: foram analisados os registros oficiais de 57.088 nascidos vivos no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte no ano de 1997. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos do Ministério da Saúde. A população estudada foi dividida em Grupos I, II e III, segundo a faixa etária materna: 10 a 19, 20 a 34 e 35 anos ou mais, respectivamente. As variáveis analisadas foram: duração da gestação, peso ao nascer e tipo de parto. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o teste c2. Resultados: observamos uma maior incidência de parto pré-termo no Grupo I (4,3 %), em comparação ao Grupo II (3,7%) (p = 0,0028). A taxa de cesariana foi menor nos Grupos I e III, em comparação ao Grupo II (p<0,0001). Evidenciamos freqüência significativamente maior de recém-nascidos de baixo peso nos Grupos I (8,4%) e III (8,3%), quando comparados ao Grupo II (6,5%) (p<0,0001). Conclusões: a gravidez nos extremos da vida reprodutiva esteve associada com maior freqüência de parto pré-termo e baixo peso ao nascer, entretanto, com relação ao tipo de parto, foi observada maior freqüência de parto normal do que no grupo de gestantes com idade entre 20 e 34 anos

Avaliação histomorfométrica do efeito do ultrasom pulsado nas falhas ósseas provocadas em fêmures de rato: estudo experimental

SILVA, J. S. P. Avaliação histomorfométrica do efeito do ultrasom pulsado nas falhas ósseas provocadas em fêmures de rato: estudo experimental . 2000. 85 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2000.

Pré-condicionamento isquêmico em diferentes tempos e seu efeito na translocação bacteriana induzida por isquemia e reperfusão intestinal em ratos

Para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tempos de pré-condicionamento isquêmico (IPC) em translocação bacteriana intestinal (BT). MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos Wistar pesando 280 ± 27g foram divididos em cinco grupos. No grupo IV (n = 6), a laparotomia foi realizada e a artéria mesentérica superior foi obstruído por um microclampe atraumática durante 30 minutos. Nos quatro grupos de pré-condicionamento (n = 6 cada) antes dos 30 minutos de isquemia-reperfusão (I / R), os ratos foram submetidos a IPC para duas, cinco, dez e 15 minutos, seguido pelo mesmo momento da reperfusão. A fim de avaliar se o tempo de pré-condicionamento influenciaram o surgimento de translocação bacteriana, as amostras de nódulos linfáticos mesentéricos, fígado e baço foram colhidas em condições estéreis, 24 horas após os procedimentos para a quantificação de unidades formadoras de colónias de bactérias por grama de tecido (CFU / g). O sangue foi recolhido para a medição de citoquinas. RESULTADOS: No grupo I / R, o total de CFU / g em gânglios linfáticos mesentéricos, baço, fígado, bem como o soro de TNF-a, IL-1A e IL-6 foram significativamente mais elevados do que nos outros grupos (p <0,05). Pré-condicionamento por 15 minutos significativamente atenuada BT e citocinas séricas quando comparado a outros períodos de pré-condicionamento (p <0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados sugerem que o pré-condicionamento como um fator chave para reduzir a translocação bacteriana intestinal em I / R. Numa escala de dois a 15 minutos, o melhor tempo de pré-condicionamento isquémico pela atenuação da translocação bacteriana foi de 15 minutos

Efeito da sinvastatina na sepse abdominal de ratos diabéticos

Analisar se o pré-tratamento com sinvastatina em modelo experimental de sepse abdominal é benéfico em ratos diabéticos. Métodos: Cinquenta e seis ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em: grupo não diabético (n-28) e grupo diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina (n=28). Sepse abdominal por ligadura e punção do ceco foi induzida em 14 ratos diabéticos e em 14 não diabéticos. Os demais 28 animais foram alocados em grupo sham. Os grupos de ratos com sepse e os sham (cada com sete animais) foram tratados com microemulsão oral de simvastatina (20 mg kg-1 day-1) e solução salina 0,9%, respectivamente. Sangue periférico foi usado para dosagem de TNFa, IL-1b, IL-6, proteína C reativa, procalcitonina, contagem de leucócitos e neutrófilos em todos os animais. A análise estatística foi realizada pela ANOVA e teste de Tukey, com p<0,05. Resultados: A sinvastatina reduziu a mortalidade nos ratos diabéticos. Os valores séricos de TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, proteína C reativa, procalcitonina, leucócitos e neutrófilos mostraram-se mais baixos nos ratos diabéticos e não diabéticos com sepse, tratados com sinvastatina, do que nos tratados com solução salina. Conclusão: A sinvastatina teve efeito antiinflamatório, que pode ter resultado em proteção contra a sepse em ratos diabéticos

análise experimental do efeito da diversificação em carteiras de ações: a relação entre risco e quantidade de ativos sob a ótica da estratégia ingênua

The objective is to analyze the relationship between risk and number of stocks of a portfolio for an individual investor when stocks are chosen by "naive strategy". For this, we carried out an experiment in which individuals select actions to reproduce this relationship. 126 participants were informed that the risk of first choice would be an asset average of all standard deviations of the portfolios consist of a single asset, and the same procedure should be used for portfolios composed of two, three and so on, up to 30 actions . They selected the assets they want in their portfolios without the support of a financial analysis. For comparison we also tested a hypothetical simulation of 126 investors who selected shares the same universe, through a random number generator. Thus, each real participant is compensated for random hypothetical investor facing the same opportunity. Patterns were observed in the portfolios of individual participants, characterizing the curves for the components of the samples. Because these groupings are somewhat arbitrary, it was used a more objective measure of behavior: a simple linear regression for each participant, in order to predict the variance of the portfolio depending on the number of assets. In addition, we conducted a pooled regression on all observations by analyzing cross-section. The result of pattern occurs on average but not for most individuals, many of which effectively "de-diversify" when adding seemingly random bonds. Furthermore, the results are slightly worse using a random number generator. This finding challenges the belief that only a small number of titles is necessary for diversification and shows that there is only applicable to a large sample. The implications are important since many individual investors holding few stocks in their portfolios

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda do inseticida metomil e o seu efeito sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase do peixe Danio rerio

Methomyl (Lannate®) is an insecticide from the carbamate group, frequently used in pest control in various types of crops. This compound works inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The use of physicochemical and ecotoxicological analysis is the most efficient strategy for the correct characterization and control of residues of metomil. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the acute toxicity of methomyl in 96 hours of exposure and, through a sublethal assay of 5 hours, to assess its effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase present in brain and squeletic dorsal muscle of the Danio rerio fish. The results showed that the LC50-96 found to D. rerio was 3.4 mg/L and it was found through the average of four definitive tests. In vitro assays were used to test the inhibitory action of methomyl directly over soluble AChE, extracted from the squeletic dorsal muscle, with maximum inhibition of 68.57% to the insecticide concentrations of 0.2 mg/L. In sublethal tests with D. rerio, inhibitory effect of methomyl was found over the soluble form of AChE in the squeletic dorsal muscle, both in one and five hours of fish exposure to the insecticide. In both period, the average values of inhibition were around 61%. In the same condition, no significant inhibitory effect of methomyl soluble and membrane AChE of the D. rerio was observed in the 0.42, 0.85, 1.70 and 2.50 mg/L concentrations and in both times of fish exposure

Efeito dos nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) sobre o desenvolvimento da Gracilaria birdiae: crescimento e possível uso como biofiltro

Marine shrimp farming has grown exponentially during the last years in Brazil. In spite of the promising economical situation, this activity is facing an increasing criticism due to its environmental impact. Thus, the necessity of alternatives to mitigate environmental degradation caused by this activity. An alternative that is being studied is the policulture that is the integrated culture of two or more organisms, normally one of them a filtering organism. Among filtering organisms, macroalgae are very practicable because they are efficient in the removal of the exceeding nutrients of the water and do not leave residues in the water. Besides, the integrated culture with macroalgae allows the economical exploration of the seaweed (for the manufacture of jelly and jam, for the dairy industry, pharmaceuticals, etc.) along with possibility of a sustainable aquaculture. In the present experiment, the development of the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae, the influence and tolerance of this species to the environmental parameters, and its absorption efficiency in relation with the three kinds of macronutrients (NH4+, NO3- and PO4-3) found in the effluents of marine shrimp farming was studied. The experiment was divided in two parts: a laboratorial part and one part carried under natural conditions. The water used in the laboratory trial was collected in the shrimp ponds of Tecnarão farm and distributed in aquaria containing 20 g of G. birdiae. In the field trial, 0.5 kg of G. birdiae was inserted in PVC cages cultivated in the farm. The results of the study showed a modest growth of G. birdiae, probably due to its low tolerance to highly eutrophicated environments. However, the removal of nutrients was very expressive. Ammonia was reduced in approximately 34 %. Ortho-phosphate showed a reduction of 93.5 %. The capacity of biofiltration of the NO3- by the macro algae was of 100 %, showing that G. birdiae is a seaweed-filtered with a high level of removal for this nutrient under laboratorial conditions. In spite of the low growth of the macro algae in the experiment, the results in relation to the removal of nutrients of the water was encouraging, suggesting that this species can be an efficient biofilter and thus, a strong candidate to be used in a sustainable aquaculture

Efeito do consumo de farinha de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum) no crescimento de ratos Wistar e relação com a digestibilidade de globulinas e fatores antinutricionais protéicos

Linseed is an important oilseed consumed raw as nutritional supplement, that although represents a rich source of nutrients, its nutritional value could be impaired due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In this study, protein fractions from raw linseed flour were extracted and isolated being obtained 12% of albumins, 82% of globulins, 5% of glutelins and 1% of prolamins. These proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE and albumins showed low molecular mass protein bands around 21 kDa and minor bands, similar to that of trypsin inhibitor; Globulins presented protein bands with high molecular masses, which possibly are constituents of multimeric proteins, such as legumins. After determination of the centesimal composition of raw linseed, it was used as exclusive protein source for young rats to evaluate its effect on animal growth. The results showed negative effects on rat growth (weight gain 73% less than the control group) and reduction of intestinal villus (35%), that could be related with in vitro and in vivo globulin digestibility and proteinaceous antinutritional factors (mammalian digestive enzymes inhibitors and lectins) in albumin fraction. Native globulins showed, by SDS-PAGE, low susceptibility in vitro to trypsin and chymotrypsin, however presented high degradation by pancreatin. Thermal treatment of globulins for 5 and 15 minutes at 100ºC improved considerably its digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin. Globulins presented 93.2% in vivo digestibility, similar to the control protein. Albumin fraction had high trypsin inhibition activity (100%) and chymotrypsin inhibition of 28.3%; haemagglutinating activity was not detected. The results of this study indicate the negative action of trypsin inhibitors on animal growth, but can not be discarded its combined action with other antinutritional factors, which could compromise the raw linseed utilization as an alternative food

Avaliação do efeito citotóxico da lectina da esponja marinha Cliona varians contra células de leucemia mielóide crônica

In this study, a BCR-ABL expressing human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cell line (K562) was used to investigate the antitumoral potential of a novel lectin (CvL) purified from the marine sponge Cliona varians. CvL inhibited the growth of K562 cells with an IC50 value of 70 g/ml, but was ineffective to normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the same range of concentrations tested (180 g/ml). Cell death occurred after 72 h of exposure to the lectin and with sign of apoptosis as analysed by DAPI staining. Investigation of the possible effectors of this process showed that cell death occurred in the presence of Bcl-2 and Bax expression, and involved a caspase-independent pathway. Confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated a major role for the lysosomal protease cathepsin B in mediating cell death. Accordingly, pre-incubation of K562 cells with the cathepsin inhibitor L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) abolished the cytotoxic effect of CvL. Furthermore, we found upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and down-modulation of p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFB) expression in CvL-treated cells. These effects were accompanied by increased levels of p21 and downmodulation of pRb, suggesting that CvL is capable of cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these findings suggest that cathepsin B acts as death mediator in CvL-induced cytotoxicity possibly in a still uncharacterized connection with the membrane death receptor pathway

Purificação e caracterização parcial de uma Fucana C de Dictyota mentrualis e estudo do seu efeito antiinflamatório e nociceptivo

In recent years, sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae have emerged as an important class of natural biopolymers with potential application in human and veterinary health care, while taking advantage of the absence of potential risk of contamination by animal viruses. Among these, fucans isolated from the cell walls of marine brown alga have been study due to their anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. These biological effects of fucans have been found to depend on the degree of sulfation and molecular size of the polysaccharide chains. In the present study, we examined structural features of a fucan extracted from brown alga Dictyota menstrualis and its effect on the leukocyte migration to the peritoneum. The sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from the brown seaweed by proteolytic digestion, followed by sequential acetone precipitation producing 5 fractions. Gel lectrophoresis using 0.05 M 1,3-diaminopropane-acetate buffer, pH 9.0, stained with 0.1% toluidine blue, showed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides in all fractions. The chemical analyses demonstrated that all fractions are composed mainly of fucose, xylose, galactose, uronic acid, and sulfate. Electrophoresis in agarose gel in three different buffers demonstrated that the fraction 2.0v have only one population of fucan. This compound was purify by exclusion molecular. It has shown composition of fucose, xilose, sulfate and uronic acid in molar ration of 1.0: 1.7: 1.1: 0.5 respectively. The effect of this heterofucan on the leukocyte migration was observed 6h after zymozan (mg/g) administration into the peritoneum. The heterofucan showed higher antimigratory activity, it decrease the migration of leukocyte in 83.77% to peritoneum. The results suggest that this fucan is a new antimigratory compound with potential pharmacological appications

Efeito Da Suplementação Materna Com Palmitato De Retinila Sobre A Concentração De Retinol No Colostro Em Condições De Jejum E Pós-Prandial.

Vitamin A is important in many essential body processes and its deficiency results in serious consequences for human health. Breast milk is the only source of this vitamin for children that are exclusively breastfed. Analysis of vitamin A in mother s milk is important because its concentration is related to maternal vitamin A status and to its ingestion by the mother during pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of maternal supplementation with retynil palmitate on the concentration of colostrum retinol under fasting and postprandial conditions. A total of 149 nursing mothers were recruited at the Januário Cicco Maternity School (Natal, Brazil) and allocated to two groups: Comparison (n = 69) and Test (n = 80). Blood and colostrum (in fasting and postprandial conditions) samples were collected up to 24hs after delivery. Serum retinol and colostrum levels were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The serum retinol level of 41.6 ± 12.7μg/dL (mean ± standard deviation) indicates adequate biochemical nutritional status. Colostrum retinol level was not influenced by serum retinol levels under any of the conditions established. In the colostrum, the retinol concentration in the unsupplemented test group was 67.3 ± 37.7 μg/dL under fasting and 80.3 ± 35.1 μg/dL under postprandial conditions (p<0.05), showing an increase of 19.3%. In the supplemented test group the values were 102.6 ± 57.3 μg/dL and 133.4 ± 78.3 μg/dL under fasting and postprandial, respectively (p<0.05), representing an increase of 30%. Considering that under fasting conditions most of the vitamin A transported to the milk originates in the retinol binding protein (RBP), the postprandial increase in colostrum retinol suggests a different transport mechanism of retinol to maternal milk from that performed by RBP. This situation becomes more evident under supplementation conditions.

Efeito inseticida de vicilinas isoladas de sementes de erythrina velutina em condições de semi-campo para moscas das frutas (ceratitis capitata)

Chitin-binding vicilins from legume seeds (Erythrina velutina. Canavalia ensiformes and Phaseolus vulgares) were isolated by ammonium sulfate followed by affinity chromatography on a chitin column. Effect of these vicilins on female adults of Ceratitis capitata was examined by bioassay and in a semi-field assay model. Mechanism of action of the vicilins was determined by in vivo digestibility and chitin affinity. Among the tested vicilins, E. velutina when added to diet caused strong effect on mortality at 10% dose. This insecticidal property was tested in a semi-field assay which showed the same effect observed in laboratory conditions, where doses of 10% and 15% were lethal to female adults of C. capitata. These deleterious effects were not only associated to the binding to chitin structures present in peritrophic membrane, but principally to its low digestibility in the C. capitata digestive tract. This fact was confirmed because chiting binding proteins as WGA and the other tested vicilins were not toxic to female adults of C. capitata due susceptibility of these proteins to digestive enzymes of the insects. By other side EvV was more resistant to digestive enzymes, causing deleterious effects on female adults of C. capitata. These results showed that EvV may be part of the pest management programs or an alternative in plant improvement program in the population control of this fruticulture pest

Efeito da salinidade da água do mar no rendimento, composição e atividades biológicas de frações polissacarídicas da Chlorophyta Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata

Seaweeds sulfated polysaccharides have been described as having various pharmacological activities. However, nothing is known about the influence of salinity on the structure of sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweed and pharmacological activities they perform. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity of seawater on yield and composition of polysaccharides-rich fractions from green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, collected in two different salinities beaches of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, and to verify the influence of salinity on their biological activities. We extracted four sulfated polysaccharides-rich fractions from C. cupressoides collected in Camapum beach (denominated CCM F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0), which the seawater has higher salinity, and Buzios beach (denominated CCB F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0). Different from that observed for other seaweeds, the proximate composition of C. cupressoides did not change with increased salinity. Moreover, interestingly, the C. cupresoides have high amounts of protein, greater even than other edible seaweeds. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the yield of polysaccharide fractions of CCM and its CCB counterparts, which indicates that salinity does not interfere with the yield of polysaccharide fractions. However, there was a significant difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio of F0.3 (p<0.05) and F0.5 (p<0.01) (CCM F0.3 and CCB F0.5 was higher than those determined for their counterparts), while the sulfate/sugar ratio the F1.0 and F2.0 did not change significantly (p>0.05) with salinity. This result suggested that the observed difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio between the fractions from CCM and CCB, is not merely a function of salinity, but probably also is related to the biological function of these biopolymers in seaweed. In addition, the salinity variation between collection sites did not influence algal monosaccharide composition, eletrophoretic mobility or the infrared spectrum of polysaccharides, demonstrating that the salinity does not change the composition of sulfated polysaccharides of C. cupressoides. There were differences in antioxidant and anticoagulant fractions between CCM and CCB. CCB F0.3 (more sulfated) had higher total antioxidant capacity that CCM F0.3, since the chelating ability the CCM F0.5 was more potent than CCB F0.5 (more sulfated). These data indicate that the activities of sulfated polysaccharides from CCM and CCB depend on the spatial patterns of sulfate groups and that it is unlikely to be merely a charge density effect. C. cupressoides polysaccharides also exhibited anticoagulant activity in the intrinsic (aPTT test) and extrinsic pathway (PT test). CCB F1.0 and CCM F1.0 showed different (p<0,001) aPTT activity, although F0.3 and F0.5 showed no difference (p>0,05) between CCM and CCB, corroborating the fact that the sulfate/sugar ratio is not a determining factor for biological activity, but rather for sulfate distribution along the sugar chain. Moreover, F0.3 and F0.5 activity in aPTT test was similar to that of clexane®, anticoagulant drug. In addition, F0.5 showed PT activity. These results suggest that salinity may have created subtle differences in the structure of sulfated polysaccharides, such as the distribution of sulfate groups, which would cause differences in biological activities between the fractions of the CCM and the CCB

Estado nutricional e efeito da vitamina A na resposta imune frente à infecção por Leishmania Infantum

Nutritional status is an important determinant to the response against Leishmania infection, although few studies have characterized the molecular basis for the association found between malnutrition and the disease. Vitamin A supplementation has long been used in developing countries to prevent mortality by diarrheal and respiratory diseases, but there are no studies on the role of vitamin A in Leishmania infection, although we and others have found vitamin A deficiency in visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Regulatory T cells are induced in vitro by vitamin A metabolites and are considered important cells implicated T CD4+ cell suppression in human VL. This work aimed to examine the correlation of nutritional status and the effect of vitamin A in the response against Leishmania infantum infection. A total of 179 children were studied: 31 had active VL, 33 VL history, 44 were DTH+ and 71 were DTH- and had negative antibody to Leishmania (DTH-/Ac-). Peripheral blood monuclear cells were isolated in a subgroup of 10 active VL and 16 DTH-/Ac- children and cultivated for 20h under 5 different conditions: 1) Medium, 2) Soluble promastigote L. infantum antigens (SLA), 3) All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), 4) SLA + ATRA and 5) Concanavalin A. T CD4+CD25highFoxp3+, T CD4+CD25-Foxp3- and CD14+ monocytes were stained and studied by flow cytometry for IL-10, TGF-β and IL-17 production. Nutritional status was compromised in VL children, which presented lower BMI/Age and retinol concentrations when compared to healthy controls. We found a negative correlation between nutritional status (measured by BMI/Age and serum retinol) and anti-Leishmania antibodies and acute phase proteins. There was no correlation between nutritional status and parasite load. ATRA presented a dual effect in Treg cells and monocytes: In healthy children (DTH-/Ac-), it induced a regulatory response, increasing IL-10 and TGF-β production; in VL children it modulated the immune response, preventing increased IL-10 production after SLA stimulation. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between BMI/Age and IL-17 production and negative correlation between serum retinol and IL-10 and TGF-β production in T CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ cells after SLA stimulus. Our results show a potential dual role of vitamin A in the immune system: improvement of regulatory profile during homeostasis and down modulation of IL-10 in Treg cells and monocytes during symptomatic VL. Therefore, the use of vitamin A concomitant to VL therapy might improve recovery from disease status in Leishmania infantum infection